Question 1

Structural and functional unit of kidney is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Nephron The nephron is the basic structural and functional unit of the kidney, responsible for filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and urine formation. It includes the renal corpuscle (glomerulus + Bowman’s capsule) and the renal tubule segments. The glomerulus or tubule alone are components of a nephron, not the entire unit. A neuron is a nerve cell and is unrelated to kidney structure/function.
Category reason: This item tests foundational knowledge of kidney anatomy/physiology by asking for the kidney’s basic functional unit, which is core content in the Renal & Urinary System.

Question 2

Which organ regulates water balance in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Kidneys The kidneys are the primary organs responsible for regulating the body’s water balance by adjusting urine volume and concentration via filtration, reabsorption, and secretion in the nephron. They respond to hormones such as antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone to conserve or excrete water and sodium as needed. This regulation maintains plasma osmolality, blood volume, and blood pressure. The liver, lungs, and pancreas have important functions but are not the main regulators of water balance.
Category reason: This question tests foundational knowledge of which organ system controls body water homeostasis through urine concentration and excretion, which belongs to the Renal & Urinary System.

Question 3

(Q) Excretory unit of kidney is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Nephron The nephron is the functional (excretory) unit of the kidney responsible for filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and urine formation. Henle's loop and Bowman's capsule are components of a nephron, not the entire unit. “Glomerular” is an adjective and does not name the full excretory unit.
Category reason: This asks for the functional unit of the kidney, a foundational concept about the renal system’s structure and function rather than a nursing care decision, so it fits NursingScience under Renal & Urinary System.

Question 4

Which is NOT a function of the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Produce Anti diuretic hormone (ADH) ADH is synthesized in the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary, not produced by the kidneys. The kidneys do participate in vitamin D activation (conversion to calcitriol), regulate acid-base balance by adjusting hydrogen ion secretion and bicarbonate reabsorption, and excrete metabolic wastes via urine formation. Therefore, ADH production is the option that is not a kidney function.
Category reason: This question tests foundational knowledge of renal physiology and endocrine-related roles of the kidneys (waste excretion, acid-base regulation, vitamin D activation) versus hormones produced elsewhere, fitting the Renal & Urinary System domain.

Question 5

Q. Glomerulus is a network of...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: C) Capillaries The glomerulus is a tuft (network) of fenestrated capillaries within Bowman’s capsule where blood filtration begins in the nephron. Afferent arterioles deliver blood into this capillary network and efferent arterioles drain it, allowing high hydrostatic pressure to drive filtration. It is not primarily a network of nerves, veins, or generic “cells,” but specifically specialized capillaries for ultrafiltration.
Category reason: This question tests basic kidney structure and function (the glomerulus as a capillary tuft in the nephron), which is foundational content in the Renal & Urinary System.

Question 6

Which organ filters blood to remove nitrogenous wastes and maintain electrolyte balance?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: A) Kidneys The kidneys filter blood through nephrons to remove nitrogenous wastes (e.g., urea and creatinine) and regulate water, sodium, potassium, and acid–base balance. This homeostatic control maintains electrolyte balance and overall fluid volume. The liver detoxifies and produces urea but does not perform primary blood filtration for excretion; lungs remove CO2, and the spleen filters aged blood cells and supports immune function.
Category reason: This question tests organ function in blood filtration and electrolyte regulation, which is foundational renal physiology within the Renal & Urinary System.

Question 7

True or False Protein intake should be restricted in patients with chronic kidney disease.?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: True In chronic kidney disease, reducing protein intake can decrease uremic toxin production and lessen hyperfiltration stress on remaining nephrons, which may slow progression (especially in non-dialysis CKD). Protein goals are individualized by CKD stage and nutritional status to avoid protein-energy wasting. Once a patient is on dialysis, protein needs usually increase to replace losses, but the statement remains generally true for many non-dialysis CKD patients.
Category reason: This item tests foundational knowledge of how kidney dysfunction affects dietary protein handling and uremia management, which is core content within the Renal & Urinary System rather than a nursing action/prioritization scenario.

Question 8

Patients with renal failure should avoid potassium-rich foods.?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: True Renal failure reduces the kidneys’ ability to excrete potassium, increasing the risk of hyperkalemia. Hyperkalemia can cause dangerous cardiac dysrhythmias, so limiting potassium intake is a common dietary recommendation, especially in advanced CKD or ESRD. While individual restrictions depend on serum potassium levels and dialysis status, the general principle is to avoid potassium-rich foods when renal potassium clearance is impaired.
Category reason: This tests foundational knowledge about impaired potassium excretion in renal failure and the resulting dietary restriction, which belongs to the Renal & Urinary System.

Question 9

Stone formed in human kidney mostly consist of.

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Calcium oxalate Most kidney stones are calcium-based, and the most common specific composition is calcium oxalate. These stones form when urine becomes supersaturated with calcium and oxalate, promoting crystal aggregation in the urinary tract. Other listed salts (e.g., sodium acetate, magnesium sulphate) are not typical primary constituents of common renal calculi.
Category reason: This question tests the common chemical composition of renal calculi (urolithiasis), which is foundational knowledge about the urinary system rather than a nursing intervention or prioritization scenario.

Question 10

Which organ in the body filters blood?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Kidney The kidneys filter the blood through glomerular filtration, removing waste products (e.g., urea, creatinine), excess electrolytes, and water to form urine. They also help regulate blood pressure and acid–base balance via selective reabsorption and secretion. The heart primarily pumps blood, and the lungs perform gas exchange rather than filtering metabolic wastes from the bloodstream.
Category reason: This question tests basic organ function—specifically which organ filters blood—centered on renal physiology, which belongs to the Renal & Urinary System.

Question 11

What is the main nitrogenous waste excreted by humans?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Urea Humans primarily convert toxic ammonia (from amino acid metabolism) into urea via the hepatic urea cycle. Urea is water-soluble and is the major nitrogen-containing compound excreted in urine. Ammonia is excreted in smaller amounts, uric acid is mainly from purine metabolism, and creatinine reflects muscle metabolism but is not the main nitrogenous waste product by quantity.
Category reason: This tests foundational physiology of nitrogen metabolism and the primary renal excretion product in humans, which best fits the Renal & Urinary System subject rather than a nursing intervention scenario.

Question 12

Dialysis is used to perform the function of?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: KIDNEY Dialysis replaces key renal functions when the kidneys cannot adequately filter blood. It removes metabolic wastes (e.g., urea, creatinine), helps regulate fluid balance, and corrects electrolyte and acid–base disturbances. The stomach and gallbladder are involved in digestion and bile storage, not blood filtration and homeostasis.
Category reason: This question tests the physiologic role that dialysis substitutes for, which is part of kidney function within the renal and urinary system.

Question 13

Most common type of renal stone:

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Calcium oxalate stone Calcium-based stones (especially calcium oxalate) account for the majority of kidney stones in adults. They form when urine is supersaturated with calcium and oxalate, promoted by factors like low urine volume (dehydration), hypercalciuria, and higher oxalate intake/absorption. In contrast, uric acid stones are less common and are linked to persistently acidic urine and hyperuricemia, struvite stones are associated with urease-producing UTIs, and cystine stones are rare due to an inherited transport defect.
Category reason: This question tests epidemiology and composition of kidney stones, a foundational concept in the renal/urinary system rather than a nursing intervention or prioritization task.

Question 14

Which part of the nephron is most responsible for filtration?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Bowman’s capsule Filtration occurs at the renal corpuscle, where plasma is forced from glomerular capillaries into Bowman’s space across the filtration barrier. Bowman’s capsule collects this ultrafiltrate and funnels it into the proximal tubule, making it the nephron structure most directly tied to the filtration step. The loop of Henle primarily concentrates/dilutes tubular fluid via countercurrent mechanisms, while the distal tubule and collecting duct mainly perform regulated reabsorption and secretion (e.g., under aldosterone and ADH).
Category reason: This question tests where glomerular filtration occurs within nephron anatomy/physiology, which is core content of the Renal & Urinary System.

Question 15

Which part of the nephron collects urine?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: It is the tubular segment that receives fluid from distal tubules of multiple nephrons and carries it toward the renal pelvis. Along its course, regulated water and solute reabsorption (influenced by ADH and aldosterone) concentrates the tubular fluid into final urine. Bowman's capsule primarily collects filtrate from the glomerulus, and the PCT is mainly for bulk reabsorption rather than urine collection.
Category reason: This tests foundational renal physiology/anatomy about where final urine is collected and conveyed within the nephron/collecting system, which is best categorized under the Renal & Urinary System.

Question 16

Which structure in the nephron is responsible for filtration of blood?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Filtration in the nephron occurs at the renal corpuscle, where capillary hydrostatic pressure drives water and small solutes across the filtration barrier into Bowman’s space. The capillary tuft that performs this filtration is the glomerulus; its endothelium, basement membrane, and podocyte slit diaphragms restrict cells and large proteins. The loop of Henle mainly concentrates/dilutes tubular fluid, the collecting duct fine-tunes water and electrolyte balance under hormonal control, and the ureter is not part of the nephron.
Category reason: This question tests foundational structure-function knowledge of where blood filtration occurs in the nephron, which is core content of the Renal & Urinary System.

Question 17

The three processes of urine formation are?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Urine formation is classically described by three nephron processes: filtration at the glomerulus, reabsorption from the tubules back to blood, and secretion from blood into the tubules. Among the options, only one correctly names a required process that occurs at the glomerulus. “Glomerular secretion” is not a standard process; secretion is a tubular function (e.g., H+, K+, and many drugs).
Category reason: This tests foundational kidney physiology—how nephrons form urine—so it fits the Renal & Urinary System domain rather than nursing care decision-making.

Question 18

Which component is normally absent in urine?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Glucose is freely filtered at the glomerulus and is normally completely reabsorbed in the proximal tubule, so it should not be detectable on routine urinalysis. Its presence (glycosuria) typically indicates that plasma glucose has exceeded the renal threshold (e.g., uncontrolled diabetes mellitus) or that tubular reabsorption is impaired. In contrast, urea and creatinine are normal nitrogenous waste products excreted in urine. Protein is generally minimal to none; clinically significant proteinuria is abnormal, but trace amounts can occur.
Category reason: This is a foundational question about normal urine composition and renal handling of solutes, which is primarily tested as Renal & Urinary System science rather than a nursing intervention/prioritization scenario.

Question 19

Which of the following hormones is Not secreted by kidney?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Angiotensin I is formed in the circulation when renin (released by juxtaglomerular cells in the kidney) cleaves liver-produced angiotensinogen; it is not secreted by the kidney itself. The kidney does secrete renin and produces erythropoietin (primarily from peritubular interstitial cells) in response to hypoxia. It also activates vitamin D by converting 25-hydroxyvitamin D to 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol via 1α-hydroxylase in the proximal tubule.
Category reason: This tests endocrine functions of the kidney (renin release, erythropoietin production, and vitamin D activation) and RAAS physiology, which is foundational renal system science rather than a nursing care intervention.

Question 20

Which sequence is correct as urine leaves the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Urine formed in the kidneys drains into the renal pelvis and then travels through the ureters to the urinary bladder for storage. During micturition, it exits the body via the urethra. The other sequences misorder these structures and do not reflect the normal anatomic flow of urine.
Category reason: This question tests the anatomic pathway of urine flow through the urinary tract, which is foundational biomedical knowledge within the Renal & Urinary System.

Question 21

Q. 590: The juxtaglomerular apparatus regulates blood pressure via secretion of:

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: It is released by juxtaglomerular (granular) cells in response to decreased renal perfusion pressure, decreased sodium chloride delivery to the macula densa, or sympathetic stimulation. It initiates the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system by converting angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, ultimately increasing systemic vascular resistance and promoting sodium/water retention to raise blood pressure. The other choices are produced primarily by adrenal cortex (aldosterone), vascular/lung endothelium pathway (angiotensin II from ACE), and posterior pituitary (ADH), not directly by the juxtaglomerular apparatus.
Category reason: This is a foundational physiology question about a kidney structure (juxtaglomerular apparatus) and its hormone/enzyme secretion involved in blood pressure regulation, which fits Renal & Urinary System science content rather than nursing care decision-making.

Question 22

Which organ filters the waste from the blood?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The kidneys filter blood through glomeruli to remove metabolic wastes (e.g., urea, creatinine) and excess water/electrolytes, forming urine. This filtration and subsequent tubular reabsorption/secretion maintain fluid, electrolyte, and acid–base balance. The heart primarily pumps blood, the lungs exchange gases, and the liver mainly metabolizes toxins and produces bile rather than performing the primary blood-filtration function for waste excretion.
Category reason: This question tests foundational knowledge of which organ performs blood filtration and waste excretion, a core function of the renal/urinary system rather than a nursing action or prioritization decision.

Question 23

Which part of nephron filters blood?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Filtration occurs at the renal corpuscle, where glomerular capillaries force water and small solutes across the filtration barrier into the capsular space. Bowman’s capsule receives this ultrafiltrate and is the nephron structure most directly associated with blood filtration. In contrast, the loop of Henle, tubules, and collecting duct primarily modify filtrate via reabsorption and secretion to concentrate urine.
Category reason: This question tests foundational kidney structure–function (where glomerular filtration occurs in the nephron), which is core content of the Renal & Urinary System rather than nursing judgment or patient-care prioritization.

Question 24

The medical term of kidney stones condition is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: This term specifically refers to stones located in the kidney (nephro- = kidney, -lithiasis = stone formation). By contrast, ureterolithiasis refers to stones in the ureter, and cystolithiasis refers to stones in the urinary bladder. Therefore, the correct medical term for kidney stones is the one indicating renal location.
Category reason: This item tests correct medical terminology for a condition within the urinary tract, which is foundational knowledge of the renal/urinary system rather than nursing interventions or prioritization.

Question 25

What is the main symptom of kidney stones?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Renal/ureteral calculi classically cause acute renal colic due to obstruction and ureteral spasm, producing sudden, intense flank pain that can radiate to the groin. Nausea and vomiting can occur from the visceral pain response, but they are secondary symptoms rather than the primary hallmark. Jaundice is associated with hepatobiliary disease and is not a typical manifestation of kidney stones.
Category reason: This question tests recognition of the characteristic clinical presentation of nephrolithiasis, a core concept within the Renal & Urinary System rather than a nursing intervention or prioritization scenario.

Question 26

Which of the following Is the main orgon of the Urinary system?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The kidneys are the primary organs responsible for forming urine by filtering blood, regulating fluid and electrolyte balance, and excreting metabolic wastes. The ureters mainly transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder, and the bladder primarily stores urine prior to elimination. Therefore, the kidney is the main organ of the urinary system among the listed choices.
Category reason: This question tests foundational knowledge of the primary organ and functions within the urinary tract, which is core content of the Renal & Urinary System.

Question 27

The functional unit of the kidney is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: It is the basic structural and functional unit responsible for filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and urine formation. The glomerulus is only one component within it (the filtration capillary tuft). The loop of Henle and collecting duct are segments involved in concentrating urine but do not encompass the full functional unit.
Category reason: This tests foundational knowledge of kidney structure and function, which falls under the Renal & Urinary System.

Question 28

What is the most common complication of peritoneal dialysis?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Peritoneal dialysis uses an indwelling peritoneal catheter, which creates a direct pathway for microorganisms to enter the peritoneal cavity. This makes infection the most frequent and clinically important complication, often presenting with abdominal pain, fever, and cloudy effluent. Strict aseptic technique during exchanges and prompt evaluation of symptoms are critical to prevent morbidity and preserve peritoneal membrane function.
Category reason: This question tests knowledge of a common complication of a renal replacement therapy (peritoneal dialysis), which is core content of the Renal & Urinary System rather than a nursing-priority/action scenario.

Question 29

Substance that is completely resorbed from the kidney under normal physiological conditions is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In normal physiology, filtered glucose is reabsorbed almost completely in the proximal convoluted tubule via sodium-glucose cotransporters, so none should appear in the urine. Glucose appears in urine when plasma levels exceed the renal threshold or proximal tubular reabsorption is impaired. In contrast, sodium and potassium handling is regulated with variable reabsorption/secretion, and urea is only partially reabsorbed and is excreted to eliminate nitrogenous waste.
Category reason: This question tests renal tubular handling and reabsorption of solutes (kidney physiology), which fits best under the Renal & Urinary System subject.

Question 30

Which of the following condition has an increased risk of for developing hyperkalemia?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Impaired kidney function reduces urinary potassium excretion, so potassium accumulates in the blood. As renal failure progresses, the ability to maintain electrolyte and acid–base balance worsens, further increasing hyperkalemia risk. In contrast, Cushing’s disease typically promotes hypokalemia via mineralocorticoid effects, and Crohn’s disease more commonly causes hypokalemia from gastrointestinal losses; heart failure can contribute to hyperkalemia mainly through medications or renal hypoperfusion but is less directly causal than kidney failure itself.
Category reason: This question tests the physiologic relationship between renal potassium excretion and serum potassium levels, which is core content of the Renal & Urinary System rather than a nursing care decision.

Question 31

What is the best explanation for the microvilli on the apical surface of the proximal convoluted tubule (pct)?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: c) they increase the surface area and allow for a greater volume of filtrate components to be reabsorbed. The proximal convoluted tubule has a dense brush border of microvilli to maximize membrane surface area for transporters and channels. This structural adaptation supports high-capacity reabsorption of water, electrolytes, glucose, and amino acids from the filtrate back into the body. Microvilli do not propel filtrate (that is mainly due to tubular flow/pressure gradients) and they are not primarily for excreting toxins into plasma.
Category reason: This tests kidney tubule structure-function (microvilli/brush border) and its role in reabsorption, which is foundational renal physiology rather than a nursing intervention decision.

Question 32

As urine is formed it flows through the collecting ducts to enter, in order, the following structures.?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Urine drains from the collecting ducts at the renal papilla into the minor calyces. Minor calyces merge to form major calyces, which then funnel urine into the renal pelvis. The renal pelvis narrows to become the ureter, which carries urine to the bladder.
Category reason: This question tests the anatomical pathway of urine drainage within the kidney and out through the ureter, which is foundational content of the Renal & Urinary System.

Question 33

Erythropoietin is mainly produced by which organ?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Erythropoietin is synthesized primarily by peritubular interstitial cells in the renal cortex in response to hypoxia. It stimulates erythroid progenitor cells in the bone marrow to increase red blood cell production. In chronic kidney disease, reduced production leads to a normocytic, normochromic anemia, supporting the kidney as the principal source in adults.
Category reason: This question tests which organ produces erythropoietin, a core function of the renal system and its role in regulating erythropoiesis.

Question 34

The nurse is preparing to care for a client with a potassium deficit. The nurse reviews the client’s record and determines that the client was at risk for developing the potassium deficit because of which situation?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Gastric suction removes potassium-rich gastrointestinal fluids, leading to ongoing potassium losses and increased risk of hypokalemia. This is a common cause of potassium deficit in clients with prolonged vomiting, diarrhea, or NG suction. By contrast, Addison’s disease typically causes hyperkalemia due to aldosterone deficiency, and potassium-retaining diuretics also increase potassium levels. Sustained tissue damage more often raises serum potassium from cellular release rather than causing a deficit.
Category reason: This question tests causes of hypokalemia related to body fluid and electrolyte balance and potassium handling, which aligns best with renal/electrolyte physiology rather than a nursing-intervention priority scenario.

Question 35

Anuria is defined as?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Anuria refers to the absence of urine output, typically reflecting severe reduction in kidney filtration or complete urinary tract obstruction. It is clinically distinct from oliguria, which is reduced urine output but not complete absence. The other options describe hematuria (blood in urine), polyuria (excessive urine production), and nocturia (increased urination at night).
Category reason: This item tests a definition of a urinary output term, which is foundational knowledge of the renal/urinary system rather than a nursing intervention or prioritization scenario.

Question 36

The primary goal of dialysis in kidney failure is to...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Dialysis replaces key excretory functions of failed kidneys by clearing uremic toxins (e.g., urea, creatinine) and removing excess water to help maintain fluid, electrolyte, and acid–base balance. It is not a treatment for infection or inflammation, and it does not restore damaged renal tissue. In end-stage or severe acute kidney failure, it supports homeostasis and reduces complications like volume overload, hyperkalemia, and uremic symptoms.
Category reason: This question tests the physiologic purpose of dialysis in kidney failure, focusing on renal excretory function and fluid removal, which is foundational content in the Renal & Urinary System.

Question 37

The following DIET is recommended for viral hepatitis, jaundice and chronic RENAL failure-?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In chronic renal failure, protein restriction helps reduce nitrogenous waste (urea) production and can lessen uremic symptoms while slowing progression in some patients, especially before dialysis. In hepatitis/jaundice, excessive protein intake can worsen hyperammonemia and increase risk of hepatic encephalopathy in impaired hepatic metabolism, so moderation/restriction is often advised when liver function is compromised. Adequate calories are typically maintained (often via carbohydrates/fats) to prevent catabolism, but the key shared recommendation across these conditions is limiting protein rather than increasing it. High-protein or low-calorie regimens are generally inappropriate because they can increase metabolic waste or promote muscle breakdown.
Category reason: This question tests foundational nutrition/diet modification related to organ system dysfunction, primarily chronic renal failure, which is a biomedical knowledge topic within the Renal & Urinary System rather than nursing prioritization or interventions.

Question 38

Which of the following conditions are possible causes of prerenal acute renal failure?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Prerenal acute kidney injury results from decreased renal perfusion, typically due to intravascular volume depletion or reduced cardiac output. Extensive burns can cause large fluid shifts (third spacing) and hypovolemia, which lowers renal blood flow and GFR, precipitating prerenal azotemia. In contrast, calculus and prostatic hypertrophy primarily cause postrenal obstruction, and cardiogenic shock is also prerenal but the item format here appears to require a single best choice.
Category reason: The question tests causes and mechanisms of prerenal acute renal failure, focusing on renal perfusion pathophysiology rather than nursing interventions or prioritization, so it fits NursingScience under the Renal & Urinary System.

Question 39

Hormone secreted by the kidney _

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The kidneys (peritubular interstitial cells) produce this hormone in response to renal hypoxia to stimulate red blood cell production in the bone marrow. In chronic kidney disease, decreased production leads to normocytic anemia. By contrast, melatonin is produced by the pineal gland and insulin is produced by pancreatic beta cells.
Category reason: This is a foundational organ-function question about an endocrine product of the kidneys, which fits Renal & Urinary System content rather than a nursing care decision.

Question 40

A nurse is reviewing laboratory values for a client who has systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Which of the following values should give the nurse the best indication of the client's renal function?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: It best reflects glomerular filtration rate because it is produced at a relatively constant rate and is primarily cleared by the kidneys. In SLE, renal involvement (lupus nephritis) can reduce filtration, causing this value to rise and more directly indicate impaired kidney function. BUN is more affected by hydration status, protein intake, and GI bleeding, making it less specific. Serum sodium and urine specific gravity reflect fluid and concentrating status rather than overall filtration function.
Category reason: This item tests interpretation of a laboratory marker that best indicates kidney filtration function, which is foundational renal physiology/diagnostics rather than a nursing intervention scenario; therefore it fits Renal & Urinary System.

Question 41

A nurse is reviewing the laboratory report of a toddler who has hemolytic uremic syndrome. Which of the following findings should the nurse expect?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hemolytic uremic syndrome causes acute kidney injury from microangiopathic processes, leading to reduced glomerular filtration and retention of nitrogenous wastes. This typically raises BUN and creatinine rather than keeping them in a low/normal range. It also commonly produces hematuria and proteinuria with urinary sediment abnormalities such as casts. Anemia in HUS is expected due to hemolysis, so a low hemoglobin is consistent rather than “elevated.”.
Category reason: This question tests expected laboratory changes associated with renal impairment in hemolytic uremic syndrome (elevated BUN/azotemia and abnormal urinalysis), which is foundational renal pathophysiology rather than a nursing intervention decision.

Question 42

Fluid and electrolyte balance is regulated is _?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The kidneys are the primary organs controlling fluid volume and electrolyte concentrations by filtering plasma and selectively reabsorbing or excreting water, sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate. They also regulate acid–base balance via hydrogen ion secretion and bicarbonate handling. Hormonal systems acting on the kidneys (e.g., ADH, aldosterone, RAAS, natriuretic peptides) fine-tune these processes to maintain homeostasis.
Category reason: This question tests foundational knowledge of which organ system regulates fluid and electrolyte homeostasis, which is primarily a function of the renal system rather than a nursing action or care decision.

Question 43

A client developed shock after a severe myocardial infarction and has now developed acute renal failure. The client's family asks the nurse why the client has developed acute renal failure. The nurse should base the response on the knowledge that there was?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Shock after a myocardial infarction commonly causes reduced cardiac output and systemic hypotension, leading to renal hypoperfusion. This produces prerenal acute kidney injury, driven by decreased glomerular filtration from inadequate renal blood flow. If hypoperfusion is prolonged it can progress to ischemic acute tubular necrosis, but the key initiating mechanism in shock is decreased perfusion. Obstruction or renal thrombosis are not the typical primary causes in this scenario.
Category reason: The question tests pathophysiologic understanding of how shock leads to acute renal failure via reduced renal perfusion, which is foundational renal physiology/pathophysiology rather than a nursing intervention or prioritization decision.

Question 44

Amount of Urine Passed Out is more Called -?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Increased volume of urine output is termed polyuria (commonly defined as >3 L/day in adults). Hematuria refers to blood in the urine, not increased quantity. Nephritis is inflammation of the kidneys and describes a disease process rather than a symptom describing urine volume. Therefore the term for passing a large amount of urine is the correct choice.
Category reason: This item tests correct medical terminology for an abnormal urinary symptom (increased urine volume), which is foundational knowledge of the renal/urinary system rather than a nursing intervention decision.

Question 45

What organ removes excess salt from the body?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: They regulate body sodium primarily by filtering blood and then reabsorbing or excreting sodium in the renal tubules under hormonal control (e.g., aldosterone, natriuretic peptides). When sodium is excreted, water often follows, helping control extracellular fluid volume and blood pressure. The heart and liver have important circulatory and metabolic roles but are not the main organs responsible for salt excretion.
Category reason: This tests which organ system is responsible for regulating and excreting electrolytes like sodium, a core function of the renal/urinary system rather than a nursing intervention decision.

Question 46

Which organ removes urea from the blood?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The kidneys filter blood through glomeruli and remove nitrogenous wastes, including urea, into the urine. Urea is produced in the liver via the urea cycle, but its primary elimination from the bloodstream occurs through renal excretion. The heart circulates blood but does not perform waste filtration or excretion.
Category reason: This question tests basic organ function in waste elimination and blood filtration, which is core content of the renal/urinary system in nursing science.

Question 47

What are the echogenic structures within kidney?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Echogenic foci within the kidney on ultrasound most classically indicate renal calculi because stones strongly reflect sound waves and often produce posterior acoustic shadowing. Calcinosis is not a standard ultrasound descriptor for typical intrarenal echogenic foci in this context and is less specific. Renal sinus lipomatosis refers to increased fat in the renal sinus (a central echogenic region), not discrete echogenic structures within the renal parenchyma.
Category reason: This item tests interpretation of a renal ultrasound finding (echogenic intrarenal foci) and its most likely diagnosis, which is foundational renal/urinary system knowledge rather than a nursing intervention or prioritization task.

Question 48

Excretory unit of kidney is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The nephron is the functional (excretory) unit of the kidney, responsible for filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and urine formation. Henle’s loop, Bowman’s capsule, and the glomerulus are individual components within a nephron, each contributing to specific steps of urine production but not constituting the entire unit. Therefore, the most complete and correct choice is the nephron.
Category reason: This item tests foundational knowledge of kidney structure and function—identifying the kidney’s functional unit—so it falls under the Renal & Urinary System in NursingScience rather than clinical nursing decision-making.

Question 49

Descending loop of Henle

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The thin descending limb has high water permeability (via aquaporin channels) and relatively low solute permeability, so water leaves the tubule into the hyperosmotic medulla. This concentrates the tubular fluid as it descends. In contrast, the ascending limb is relatively impermeable to water and is responsible for salt reabsorption, supporting the countercurrent multiplier.
Category reason: This tests renal tubular transport properties within the nephron (loop of Henle), which is foundational kidney physiology under the Renal & Urinary System.

Question 50

Which organ produces urine?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Urine is formed in the nephrons through glomerular filtration followed by tubular reabsorption and secretion, which together regulate fluid volume, electrolytes, and acid–base balance. The bladder does not produce urine; it stores and expels it during micturition. The lungs contribute to acid–base regulation by eliminating CO2 but do not generate urine.
Category reason: This is a foundational question about which organ forms urine, which is core content of the Renal & Urinary System.

Train with a large NCLEX question bank and jump into a full exam-style simulator

Renal & Urinary System NCLEX Practice Test

Continue Learning