Question 1

The average pH of Urine is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Normal urine is slightly acidic due to metabolic waste products, with a typical average pH around 6. This acidity helps inhibit bacterial growth and reflects normal renal regulation of acid–base balance.

Question 2

Kidney is composed of about millions of functional units?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Each kidney contains approximately 1 million nephrons, the functional filtration units. Together, both kidneys typically contain 2–3 million nephrons, with normal physiologic variation around this range.

Question 3

Filtrate are formed each day by two kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Normal GFR is about 120–125 mL/min; over 24 hours, this equals roughly 180 liters of glomerular filtrate produced by both kidneys.

Question 4

Ureters are layers?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The ureteral wall has three tunics: mucosa (transitional epithelium with lamina propria), muscularis, and an outer adventitia.

Question 5

You're collecting a urine sample from a patient who is experiencing proteinuria due to nephrotic syndrome. As the nurse, you know the urine will appear?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Proteinuria reduces surface tension and commonly produces persistent foam/bubbles; urine may also appear darker.

Question 6

Haematuria means ______?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hematuria is the presence of blood in the urine, i.e., red blood cells in the urine.

Question 7

Which of the following organs is one of the primary regulators of body fluid and electrolyte balance?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The kidneys are the primary organs regulating body fluid volume and electrolyte balance through filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and RAAS-mediated control. The stomach and intestine aid digestion and absorption, and the lungs primarily regulate acid–base balance via CO2.

Question 8

______ is slightly lower than the left one?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The right kidney lies slightly lower than the left because the large right lobe of the liver displaces it downward.

Question 9

Blood dialysis is also called what?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hemodialysis performs filtration and waste removal like the kidneys; the machine is commonly called an artificial kidney.

Question 10

What is the muscular tube that extends from the kidney to the posterior surface of the bladder?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The ureter is a muscular tube that carries urine from the renal pelvis of each kidney to the urinary bladder, entering it on its posterior surface.

Question 11

Electrolyte balance is regulated by?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Kidneys maintain electrolyte homeostasis through filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and hormonal control (e.g., aldosterone).

Question 12

Which organ is primarily responsible for the excretion of waste products?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The kidneys filter the blood to remove metabolic wastes and excess water, forming urine—making them the primary excretory organs.

Question 13

What is the total filtrate formed in 24 hours by the human kidney?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Normal GFR is about 125 mL/min. Over 24 hours, this equals roughly 180 L of filtrate formed by both kidneys.

Question 14

Common symptoms seen in glomerulonephritis include all of the following except?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Glomerulonephritis typically presents with hematuria, decreased GFR, and systemic symptoms such as fatigue. Elevated liver function tests are not characteristic of this renal disorder.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the structure that collects urine in the body?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The urinary bladder serves as the reservoir that collects and stores urine before excretion.

Question 16

The area of the mucous membrane covering the internal surface of the base of the bladder is called?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The trigone is the smooth, triangular area of mucosa on the internal base of the urinary bladder between the ureteric orifices and the internal urethral orifice. Other options refer to general regions or to different tissue layers.

Question 17

What is the normal pH range of urine?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Urine is typically slightly acidic, with an average around pH 6 and a normal range of about 4.5–8.0. Among the options, 5.0 best represents the normal acidic range.

Question 18

The neck of the bladder lies inferiorly and rests on the upper surface of what?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In males, the bladder neck sits directly above and rests on the superior surface of the prostate gland. The other options are endocrine organs located in the neck, brain, or mediastinum and are not anatomically related to the bladder.

Question 19

The cup-shaped part of the nephron is called?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The cup-shaped sac at the beginning of the nephron that encloses the glomerular capillaries is Bowman's (glomerular) capsule.

Question 20

The normal glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in a healthy young adult is approximately?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Normal GFR in a healthy young adult is approximately 120–125 mL/min, so 125 mL/minute is the best answer. Clinical eGFR interpretation often uses 90 mL/min/1.73 m² or higher as normal, but that is a category threshold rather than the classic approximate physiologic value.

Question 21

Ureters are long?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Adult ureters measure approximately 25–30 cm from the renal pelvis to the bladder.

Question 22

Which of the following is not a typical symptom of kidney failure?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Nausea and pruritus are classic uremic symptoms, and sleep disturbances such as insomnia are common in CKD. Hallucinations are not typical and occur only with severe uremic encephalopathy, so they are the least characteristic.

Question 23

Hemodialysis means the cleaning of __________?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hemodialysis is a renal replacement therapy that filters waste and excess fluid from the bloodstream using a dialyzer; it cleans the blood.

Question 24

Urine is continuously formed by the ______?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Urine is continuously produced by the kidneys through filtration and tubular processing.

Question 25

What is nocturia?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Nocturia specifically refers to waking at night to urinate.

Question 26

Which organ can be considered a blood filter?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The kidneys filter the blood via glomerular filtration, removing wastes and regulating fluid-electrolyte balance.

Question 27

The length of the female urethra is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The female urethra is short, approximately 3–4 cm; the standard reference length is about 4 cm.

Question 28

The nurse caring for a client in shock recognizes that the kidneys' glomerular filtration rate will fall if the client's mean arterial pressure falls below?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Renal autoregulation maintains renal blood flow and GFR over a MAP range of about 80–180 mmHg. When MAP drops below ~80 mmHg, filtration pressure declines and GFR falls.

Question 29

A patient has dark, foamy urine, edema in their extremities, bad breath, and a GFR of 22. What stage of renal disease do they have?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: CKD staging by GFR: Stage 2 (60–89), Stage 3 (30–59), Stage 4 (15–29), Stage 5 (

Question 30

Who treats kidney problems?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: A nephrologist specializes in diagnosing and medically managing diseases of the kidneys.

Question 31

Is the kidney divided into three layers except one?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The kidney’s internal regions are the renal cortex, renal medulla, and renal pelvis. The renal hilum is an entry/exit indentation for vessels and the ureter, not a layer.

Question 32

Is the female urethra only ... inches long and 6 mm in diameter?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The female urethra averages about 4 cm in length (~1.5 inches) and roughly 6 mm in diameter.

Question 33

The functional unit of the kidney is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The nephron is the kidney’s functional unit responsible for filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and urine formation. Medulla, calyces, and hilum are anatomical regions, not the functional unit.

Question 34

Which is not an organ of the urinary system?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Kidneys, ureters, and urethra are parts of the urinary system. The prostate is a male reproductive gland and not a urinary organ.

Question 35

Cystitis is the inflammation of what?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Cystitis literally means inflammation (-itis) of the bladder (cyst-), specifically the urinary bladder.

Question 36

Length of the female urethra?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The adult female urethra measures about 3–4 cm in length; thus 4 cm is correct.

Question 37

The total filtrate formed in 24 hours in the human kidney is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Daily glomerular filtration in adults is about 180 L; most is reabsorbed, leaving ~1–2 L urine.

Question 38

Triad of symptoms in nephrotic syndrome includes all except?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The classic nephrotic triad is heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and edema. Weight loss is not part of this triad; patients often have weight gain due to fluid retention.

Question 39

A nurse interviews the parents of a child recently diagnosed with glomerulonephritis. The nurse understands which information collected during the assessment is most often associated with the diagnosis of glomerulonephritis?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis commonly follows a group A streptococcal throat infection by 1–3 weeks. Trauma, acute GI upset, or allergic symptoms are not typical antecedents.

Question 40

Which patient below is at MOST RISK for developing acute glomerulonephritis?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: A positive antistreptolysin O titer indicates recent group A streptococcal infection, the classic antecedent to post‑streptococcal acute glomerulonephritis in children. The other scenarios are not typical risk factors.

Question 41

Which patient below is NOT at risk for developing nephrotic syndrome?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Goodpasture's syndrome causes a nephritic, rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (anti-GBM), not a nephrotic syndrome. Diabetes mellitus, minimal change disease, and lupus are classic causes/risk factors for nephrotic syndrome.

Question 42

A child come to hospital with complaints characterized by heavy proteinuria, Hypoalbuminemia and edema?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The triad of heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and edema is classic for nephrotic syndrome; nephritic syndrome features hematuria and mild proteinuria, while UTI and renal failure do not present with this specific triad.

Question 43

Risk factor for nephrotic syndrome is............?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Amyloidosis, diabetic nephropathy, and various glomerulonephritides are recognized causes/predisposing conditions for nephrotic-range proteinuria; therefore all listed are risk factors.

Question 44

A teen patient is admitted to the hospital by his physician who suspects a diagnosis of acute glomerulonephritis. Which of the following findings is not consistent with this diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Acute glomerulonephritis typically presents with oliguria, tea-colored hematuric urine, and increased urine specific gravity from concentrated urine. Generalized edema is more characteristic of nephrotic syndrome; AGN usually has periorbital/mild edema, not generalized.

Question 45

A inflammation of the tiny filters in glomeruli, that leads removing excess fluid, electrolytes and waste from your bloodstream and pass them into your urine possibly due to?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Inflammation of the glomeruli is termed glomerulonephritis. Nephrotic syndrome is a clinical syndrome and multiple myeloma is a malignancy, not the primary inflammation of glomeruli.

Question 46

In nephrotic syndrome which infection is more common in children?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Children with nephrotic syndrome are particularly prone to spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, commonly due to Streptococcus pneumoniae, because of ascites and loss of immunoglobulins in urine.

Question 47

The blood vessel leading away the glomerulus is known as-?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In renal physiology, the afferent arteriole brings blood to the glomerulus and the efferent arteriole carries blood away from it.

Question 48

The area of mucous membrane covering the internal surface of the base of the bladder is called?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The smooth triangular mucosal area on the internal base of the bladder, bounded by the ureteric orifices and the internal urethral orifice, is the trigone.

Question 49

Nephrosis is the disease of ......?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Nephrosis refers to degenerative kidney disease (e.g., nephrotic syndrome). The root "nephr-" denotes kidney.

Question 50

Mr. A admitted in ward C with the complaint of acute renal failure, his urine output is less than 400 ml/day, increased BUN, Phos, K. He is in which of the following stage?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Urine output

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