Question 1

Nephrolithiasis refers to?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Nephrolithiasis literally means the presence of stones in the kidney (nephro = kidney, lith = stone, -iasis = condition). It describes renal calculi formed from crystallized minerals in the urinary tract. This is distinct from infection (pyelonephritis), kidney failure (loss of function), or kidney cancer (malignancy). Therefore, the correct answer is kidney stone.

Question 2

In pyelonephritis, pain is usually felt at?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Pyelonephritis is an infection of the renal pelvis and parenchyma that produces flank pain and costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness due to inflammation stretching the renal capsule. Percussion over the CVA typically elicits pain. Epigastric or chest wall pain suggests gastrointestinal or musculoskeletal causes, and leg pain is not characteristic of pyelonephritis.

Question 3

Blood urea test is related to?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Blood urea (BUN) reflects the concentration of urea in the blood, which is primarily excreted by the kidneys. Elevated levels often indicate reduced glomerular filtration rate or impaired renal function. While urea is produced in the liver, the test is clinically used to assess kidney function and renal perfusion.

Question 4

Burning sensation during urination is a symptom of _____?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: A burning sensation during urination (dysuria) is a hallmark symptom of a urinary tract infection due to inflammation of the urethra and bladder mucosa from bacterial infection. UTIs also commonly present with urinary frequency and urgency. Diabetes, hypertension, and asthma do not typically cause dysuria in the absence of a secondary urinary infection.

Question 5

The main treatment for end-stage renal disease is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In end-stage renal disease, the kidneys can no longer maintain fluid, electrolyte, and waste balance, so renal replacement therapy is required. Dialysis removes uremic toxins and excess fluid, sustaining life until transplantation is possible. Antibiotics, vaccinations, and steroids do not correct kidney failure and are only used for specific comorbid indications. Although transplant is definitive, dialysis is the main ongoing treatment when transplant is not immediately available.

Question 6

Which organ is responsible for filtering blood and removing toxins from the body?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The kidneys filter blood through glomerular filtration and tubular processes, removing metabolic wastes such as urea and creatinine along with many toxins for excretion in urine. They also regulate fluid, electrolyte, and acid–base balance. While the liver metabolizes and detoxifies many substances, the primary organ for filtering blood to remove wastes from the body is the kidney.

Question 7

Mulberry stones are a type of stones seen in?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Mulberry calculi are renal/urinary stones with a rough, nodular surface resembling a mulberry, most commonly composed of calcium oxalate monohydrate. They occur within the urinary tract (kidneys, ureters, bladder). Gallbladder stones are typically cholesterol or pigment stones, and the stomach does not form true calculi (bezoars instead). Therefore, the correct location is the urinary tract.

Question 8

Total filtrate formed in 24 hours in the human kidney is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Normal glomerular filtration rate in adults is about 125 mL/min. Over 24 hours (1,440 minutes), this equals roughly 180 liters of filtrate produced by both kidneys. Most of this filtrate is reabsorbed along the nephron, with only about 1–2 liters excreted as urine. Therefore, the total daily filtrate is approximately 180 litres.

Question 9

Blood is Filtered by?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The kidneys filter the blood via millions of nephrons, where glomerular filtration removes waste products (e.g., urea, creatinine) and excess electrolytes from plasma. Subsequent tubular reabsorption and secretion adjust fluid and solute balance, producing urine. The heart’s role is to pump blood, not to filter it.

Question 10

Yellow color of urine is due to presence of?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Normal urine’s yellow color is primarily due to urochrome (urobilin), a pigment formed from the breakdown of hemoglobin via bilirubin metabolism and excreted by the kidneys. The concentration of urochrome determines the intensity of yellow. Bile pigments may darken urine in pathology, but do not account for normal color. Lymph and cholesterol are not normal urine constituents responsible for its color.

Question 11

Which organ filters blood in human body?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The kidneys are the primary organs that filter the blood via glomerular filtration, removing urea, creatinine, and toxins while regulating electrolytes, fluid, and acid–base balance. The lungs mainly exchange gases, and the heart pumps blood. The liver metabolizes and detoxifies substances but is not the main organ for excreting filtered wastes. Therefore, the kidneys best answer the question.

Question 12

Formation of stones in the kidney is known as...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Kidney stone formation is termed nephrolithiasis. The stones themselves are called renal calculi. Therefore, both terms correctly describe the condition, making 'Both A and C' the best answer.

Question 13

The risk of UTI is more in _____?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: UTIs are more common in females because the female urethra is shorter and closer to the anus, facilitating ascending bacterial infection. Sexual activity and certain contraceptives can further increase risk. Additionally, hormonal changes (e.g., postmenopausal estrogen decline) affect vaginal flora and defenses, contributing to higher incidence.

Question 14

Average daily urine output in adults is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Normal adult urine output averages about 1.2–1.5 liters per day, reflecting a typical fluid intake and renal concentrating ability. Another clinical benchmark is 0.5–1 mL/kg/hr, which translates to roughly 1200–1500 mL/day for most adults. Values like 500 mL indicate oliguria and 3000 mL suggest polyuria. Therefore, 1500 mL is the best answer.

Question 15

The first step in urine formation is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Urine formation begins with glomerular filtration, where plasma is filtered from the glomerular capillaries into Bowman’s capsule to form the filtrate. This precedes tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion, which modify the filtrate’s composition. Micturition is the process of voiding and is not part of forming the filtrate. Therefore, filtration is the first step.

Question 16

Kidney failure is treated by—?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Renal failure leads to accumulation of toxins and fluid–electrolyte imbalances; renal replacement therapy via dialysis removes solutes and excess fluid and is the standard treatment. Chemotherapy is used for malignancies, not renal failure. Surgery alone is not a routine treatment for kidney failure; transplantation (a specific surgical procedure) is an option but is not stated here. Therefore, dialysis is the best single answer.

Question 17

A decrease urine output is called?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Oliguria refers to decreased urine output, typically less than 400 mL/day in adults or under 0.5 mL/kg/hr. Anuria is the near absence of urine production (

Question 18

Which organ stores urine before it leaves the body?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The urinary bladder is a hollow muscular organ that temporarily stores urine produced by the kidneys until micturition. Normal capacity is roughly 400–600 mL, regulated by detrusor muscle contraction and urethral sphincters. The lungs are for gas exchange, the stomach for digestion, and the intestines handle feces—not urine.

Question 19

Nephrons is the functional unit of-?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The nephron is the microscopic functional unit of the kidney. It consists of the glomerulus and renal tubules that carry out filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. These processes form urine and regulate fluid, electrolyte, and acid–base balance. Therefore, the correct organ is the kidney.

Question 20

Glomerulonephritis primarily affects?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Glomerulonephritis is an inflammatory disease of the renal glomeruli, the capillary tufts responsible for filtration. Immune-mediated injury to the glomerular basement membrane and mesangium leads to hematuria, proteinuria, and reduced GFR. The tubules, ureter, and bladder are not the primary sites of pathology in this condition.

Question 21

Puffy face and edema are common in?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Nephrotic syndrome causes massive proteinuria leading to hypoalbuminemia, which lowers plasma oncotic pressure and promotes fluid shift into the interstitial space. This results in generalized edema with characteristic periorbital (puffy face) swelling, especially in the morning. Anemia does not typically cause edema, and pneumonia or asthma primarily present with respiratory symptoms rather than fluid retention.

Question 22

Which of the following is not a symptom of UTI?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Typical lower UTI symptoms include dysuria, urinary frequency, and urgency due to bladder and urethral inflammation. Dyspnea is shortness of breath, a respiratory symptom, and is not characteristic of UTI. While severe infection could cause systemic signs, dyspnea is not a standard presenting symptom of uncomplicated UTI.

Question 23

The end stage of CKD is also called?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: End-stage chronic kidney disease (stage 5) is characterized by a GFR

Question 24

Which electrolyte is primarily regulated by kidney?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The kidneys tightly regulate sodium balance by adjusting filtration and tubular reabsorption under the influence of the RAAS, aldosterone, and natriuretic peptides. Sodium is the principal extracellular cation and its renal handling determines extracellular fluid volume and blood pressure. Calcium homeostasis is primarily hormonally controlled by PTH and vitamin D with bone and gut involvement, while iron and zinc are trace elements governed mainly by intestinal absorption and storage, not renal excretion.

Question 25

The most common cause of CKD in adults is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of chronic kidney disease in adults, primarily due to diabetic nephropathy. Long-standing hyperglycemia leads to glomerular hyperfiltration, mesangial expansion, and progressive glomerulosclerosis. Hypertension is a major contributor but is typically the second most common cause. Infection and trauma are less common etiologies for CKD.

Question 26

What is the name of the tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The ureter is the paired muscular tube that transports urine from each kidney (renal pelvis) to the urinary bladder via peristalsis. The urethra instead carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. The renal pelvis is a collecting region within the kidney, not the tube to the bladder. The urinary meatus is the external opening of the urethra.

Question 27

Polycystic kidney is a?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Polycystic kidney disease is typically an inherited genetic disorder (most commonly autosomal dominant, less commonly autosomal recessive), characterized by development of multiple renal cysts over time. It is therefore best classified as a congenital/hereditary disorder rather than an infection, malignancy, or primary inflammatory condition. While complications can include infections or inflammation, those are secondary to the underlying cystic disease process.

Question 28

Pain in lower abdomen with frequent urination suggests _____?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Lower abdominal (suprapubic) pain with urinary frequency is classic for a lower urinary tract infection such as cystitis. Inflammation of the bladder mucosa causes dysuria, urgency, and suprapubic discomfort. Asthma and tuberculosis are respiratory conditions and would not typically present with urinary symptoms, and hypertension is often asymptomatic or presents with cardiovascular/neurologic symptoms rather than urinary frequency with pain.

Question 29

Dialysis is related to...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Dialysis is a renal replacement therapy used when the kidneys cannot adequately filter waste products, remove excess fluid, and regulate electrolytes/acid-base balance. Hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis both substitute key kidney functions. Therefore, dialysis is most directly related to the kidney rather than the liver, eyes, or brain.

Question 30

Severe phimosis may lead to which complication?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Severe phimosis is a tight foreskin that can obstruct the urethral meatus and impede urine outflow, leading to poor stream, ballooning of the prepuce, and potentially acute urinary retention. Ongoing obstruction can also predispose to recurrent UTIs and secondary urinary tract complications, but urinary retention is the most direct complication among the options. Liver cirrhosis and asthma are unrelated, and kidney stones are not a typical direct consequence of phimosis.

Question 31

Which electrolyte imbalance is common in CKD?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In chronic kidney disease, the kidneys retain phosphate and have reduced ability to activate vitamin D (calcitriol). Hyperphosphatemia lowers serum calcium, and decreased calcitriol reduces intestinal calcium absorption, together leading to hypocalcemia and secondary hyperparathyroidism (renal osteodystrophy). Hyperkalemia is also common in CKD, but it is not offered; among the listed options, hypocalcemia is the best answer.

Question 32

Where are the nephron structures located?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Nephrons are the functional units of the kidneys, responsible for filtration of blood and formation of urine. They include structures such as the glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule, proximal and distal tubules, and the loop of Henle, all located within renal tissue. The heart and stomach do not contain nephron structures and are not involved in urine production.

Question 33

How much blood is filter by kidney in a day?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: A typical adult glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is about 125 mL/min. Over 24 hours this corresponds to roughly 180 liters of filtrate produced by the kidneys (125 mL/min × 1440 min/day ≈ 180,000 mL/day). Most of this filtered fluid is reabsorbed by the renal tubules, leaving about 1–2 liters as urine.

Question 34

Which lab value indicates renal function?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Serum creatinine is a key marker of kidney filtration and correlates with glomerular filtration rate (GFR); when renal function declines, creatinine typically rises. ALT and bilirubin are primarily indicators of liver injury and bile metabolism, respectively. Amylase is most associated with pancreatic function (e.g., pancreatitis). Therefore, serum creatinine best indicates renal function among the options.

Question 35

Average PH of urine is ______?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Normal urine pH typically ranges from about 4.5 to 8.0, depending on diet, metabolism, and acid-base status. The average (most common) urine pH is slightly acidic, around 6.0. A pH of 7 is neutral and is not the average for urine, while 3 is unusually acidic and 9 is above the usual physiologic range.

Question 36

Urine is produced in?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Urine is formed in the kidneys, where nephrons filter blood to create filtrate and then modify it through reabsorption and secretion to produce urine. The resulting urine drains into the renal pelvis and ureters to the bladder. The liver produces bile, the lungs exchange gases, and the heart pumps blood, none of which are sites of urine production.

Question 37

Where is the glomeruli located in the kidney?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Glomeruli are capillary tufts within renal corpuscles (glomerulus + Bowman’s capsule), and renal corpuscles are located in the renal cortex. The renal medulla primarily contains loops of Henle and collecting ducts, not glomeruli. The renal pelvis is a collecting area for urine, and the renal capsule is the fibrous outer covering, neither of which contains glomeruli.

Question 38

Kidney stones are termed as?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Kidney stones are concretions of mineral salts that form within the kidney collecting system; the medical term for this condition is nephrolithiasis. Nephritis refers to inflammation of the kidney tissue, not stones. Cystitis is inflammation/infection of the bladder, and pyelitis is inflammation of the renal pelvis, neither of which specifically means kidney stones.

Question 39

The most common type of renal stone is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Calcium oxalate stones are the most common kidney stones, accounting for the majority of cases in typical adult populations. They form when urine becomes supersaturated with calcium and oxalate, which can be promoted by low urine volume, hypercalciuria, or high oxalate intake/absorption. Uric acid and struvite stones are less common overall and are more associated with specific conditions (gout/high uric acid; urease-producing UTIs). Cystine stones are rare and occur in cystinuria.

Question 40

Study of kidney?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Nephrology is the medical specialty focused on the kidneys, including their physiology, diseases (e.g., glomerulonephritis, CKD), and medical management such as dialysis. Urology is a surgical specialty covering the urinary tract and male reproductive system, not specifically the medical study of kidney function. Hematology concerns blood disorders, and cytology studies cells in general rather than kidney-specific science.

Question 41

Which type of infection is common in children with phimosis?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Phimosis can trap urine and secretions under the foreskin, promoting bacterial growth and local inflammation (e.g., balanitis) that can ascend the urinary tract. This increases the risk of urinary tract infection in affected children, particularly when hygiene is difficult or urinary flow is obstructed. The other options (lung, ear, eye infections) are not specifically associated with phimosis and do not share this direct anatomic/physiologic pathway.

Question 42

What portion of the nephron extends into the medulla?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The nephron loop (loop of Henle) dips from the renal cortex down into the renal medulla, where it contributes to establishing the osmotic gradient needed to concentrate urine. In contrast, the proximal and distal convoluted tubules are primarily located in the cortex. The papillary duct (duct of Bellini) is part of the collecting duct system, not a component of the nephron itself.

Question 43

What is the medical term for a kidney stone?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: A kidney stone is a solid concretion formed in the kidney and is termed a renal calculus (plural: calculi). Nephrolithiasis refers to the condition of having kidney stones, rather than the stone itself. Nephritis and urethritis describe inflammation of the kidney and urethra, respectively, not stone formation.

Question 44

Urine is produced in?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Urine is produced by the kidneys, where nephrons filter blood to form filtrate and then modify it through reabsorption and secretion. This process regulates fluid balance, electrolytes, and acid-base status while removing metabolic waste (e.g., urea and creatinine). The liver produces bile, the heart pumps blood, and the lungs perform gas exchange rather than urine formation.

Question 45

Disease of which of the following structures is most likely to affect electrolyte reabsorption?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Electrolyte reabsorption in the nephron occurs primarily along the renal tubules (proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule, and collecting duct), where sodium, chloride, bicarbonate, potassium, calcium, and water handling are regulated by transporters and hormones (e.g., aldosterone, ADH). Disease affecting these tubular segments disrupts normal reabsorption and secretion, leading to electrolyte imbalances. In contrast, the glomerulus is mainly responsible for filtration, while the renal pelvis and bladder mainly collect/store urine and do not perform significant electrolyte reabsorption.

Question 46

The organ most affected in pyelonephritis type UTI is ____?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Pyelonephritis is an upper urinary tract infection involving the renal pelvis and kidney parenchyma. Therefore, the kidney is the primary organ affected, often causing flank pain, fever, and costovertebral angle tenderness. The other listed organs (heart, liver, brain) are not the primary site of infection in pyelonephritis, though systemic complications like sepsis can secondarily affect other organs.

Question 47

Nephron is structure and functional unit of...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The nephron is the microscopic structural and functional unit of the kidney. It performs filtration of blood at the glomerulus and then selectively reabsorbs and secretes substances along the renal tubules to form urine. Because these key processes of urine formation occur in nephrons, the correct organ is the kidney.

Question 48

Diuresis is a disease of_____?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Diuresis refers to increased urine production and excretion, a process primarily governed by the kidneys. While hormones (e.g., ADH, aldosterone) and fluids influence urine output, the end-organ responsible for forming urine is the kidney. Therefore, the condition/process of diuresis is most directly related to the renal/urinary system.

Question 49

Blood is cleaned by ____?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Blood is primarily “cleaned” by the kidneys through filtration in the glomeruli, removing metabolic wastes (e.g., urea, creatinine), excess water, and electrolytes to form urine. The kidneys also contribute to homeostasis by regulating acid-base balance and fluid volume. While the liver detoxifies many chemicals and metabolizes substances, the organ classically responsible for filtering/cleansing blood of wastes is the kidneys.

Question 50

Excretory unit of kidney is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The nephron is the functional (and excretory) unit of the kidney responsible for filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and urine formation. Henle's loop and Bowman's capsule are individual components of a nephron, not the entire unit. The term "glomerular" refers to the glomerulus (a capillary tuft) and is also only a part of the nephron.

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Nephrolithiasis refers to?

In pyelonephritis, pain is usually felt at?

Blood urea test is related to?

Burning sensation during urination is a symptom of _____?

The main treatment for end-stage renal disease is?

Which organ is responsible for filtering blood and removing toxins from the body?

Mulberry stones are a type of stones seen in?

Total filtrate formed in 24 hours in the human kidney is?

Blood is Filtered by?

Yellow color of urine is due to presence of?

Which organ filters blood in human body?

Formation of stones in the kidney is known as...?

The risk of UTI is more in _____?

Average daily urine output in adults is?

The first step in urine formation is?

Kidney failure is treated by—?

A decrease urine output is called?

Which organ stores urine before it leaves the body?

Nephrons is the functional unit of-?

Glomerulonephritis primarily affects?

Puffy face and edema are common in?

Which of the following is not a symptom of UTI?

The end stage of CKD is also called?

Which electrolyte is primarily regulated by kidney?

The most common cause of CKD in adults is?

What is the name of the tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder?

Polycystic kidney is a?

Pain in lower abdomen with frequent urination suggests _____?

Dialysis is related to...?

Severe phimosis may lead to which complication?

Which electrolyte imbalance is common in CKD?

Where are the nephron structures located?

How much blood is filter by kidney in a day?

Which lab value indicates renal function?

Average PH of urine is ______?

Urine is produced in?

Where is the glomeruli located in the kidney?

Kidney stones are termed as?

The most common type of renal stone is?

Study of kidney?

Which type of infection is common in children with phimosis?

What portion of the nephron extends into the medulla?

What is the medical term for a kidney stone?

Urine is produced in?

Disease of which of the following structures is most likely to affect electrolyte reabsorption?

The organ most affected in pyelonephritis type UTI is ____?

Nephron is structure and functional unit of...?

Diuresis is a disease of_____?

Blood is cleaned by ____?

Excretory unit of kidney is?

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