Question 1

Dilatation of renal pelvis of one or both kidneys due to obstruction is called?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hydronephrosis is the dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces due to urinary outflow obstruction. Hydroureter is dilation of the ureter; pyelonephritis is a kidney infection; peripheral edema is unrelated.

Question 2

The nurse notes documentation in a client's medical record that the client is experiencing anuria. The nurse plans care based on which interpretation?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Anuria is the absence of urine production, typically defined as less than 100 mL in 24 hours.

Question 3

The nurse explains that the autoimmune disease of acute glomerulonephritis is most usually caused by?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis most often follows a streptococcal pharyngeal (upper respiratory) infection, triggering an immune complex–mediated response.

Question 4

Involuntary loss of urine occurring for no apparent reason while suddenly feeling the need to urinate is called?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Sudden intense urge to void with involuntary leakage is characteristic of urge incontinence, typically due to detrusor overactivity. Stress involves leakage with increased abdominal pressure; functional is due to mobility/cognitive issues; reflex relates to neurologic reflex voiding.

Question 5

Which diagnostic test is most sensitive for detecting kidney stones?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Non-contrast helical CT is the most sensitive and specific test for nephrolithiasis, detecting both radiopaque and radiolucent stones better than IVP, KUB, or ultrasound.

Question 6

Length of male urethra is Approximately is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The adult male urethra measures about 18–20 cm in length; the shorter lengths listed match the female urethra or are otherwise incorrect.

Question 7

Which organ is affected in nephritis?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Nephritis means inflammation of the nephron/kidney tissue, so the affected organ is the kidneys.

Question 8

Which characteristic is true about juxtamedullary nephrons?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Juxtamedullary nephrons have long loops of Henle that extend deep into the medulla; they include a thin descending limb and a thin ascending limb (in the inner medulla). They also have larger glomeruli and higher filtration, not smaller or slower.

Question 9

Which organ is removed during a nephrectomy?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Nephro refers to the kidney and -ectomy means surgical removal; therefore a nephrectomy removes a kidney.

Question 10

Which organ is part of the urinary system?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The kidney is a primary organ of the urinary system responsible for filtering blood and forming urine.

Question 11

Structural and functional unite of kidney is called?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The kidney’s structural and functional unit is the nephron; the other choices are components within the nephron.

Question 12

A muscular tube that extends from the kidney to the posterior surface of the bladder is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The ureter is the muscular tube that carries urine from each kidney to the posterior aspect of the urinary bladder.

Question 13

The functional unit of the kidney is the?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtration and urine formation; alveoli are in the lungs, villi are in the intestines, and capillaries are blood vessels.

Question 14

The area of mucous membrane covering the internal surface of the base of the bladder is called?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The trigone is the smooth triangular area of mucosa at the base (floor) of the bladder between the ureteric orifices and the internal urethral orifice. The detrusor is muscle, while apex and base are gross landmarks, and 'mucosal layer' is nonspecific.

Question 15

A muscular tube that extends from the kidney to the posterior surface of the bladder is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The ureter is the muscular tube that carries urine from each kidney to the posterior aspect of the urinary bladder.

Question 16

A muscular tube that extends from the kidney to the posterior surface of the bladder is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The ureter is the muscular tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder, entering on the posterior surface. The other options are not the connecting tube between kidney and bladder.

Question 17

The muscular coat of the bladder is composed of smooth muscle and is arranged as three layers of interlacing bundles known as the?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The bladder wall’s smooth muscle forms three interlacing layers collectively called the detrusor muscle. Trigone is a mucosal area, and the other options are unrelated muscles.

Question 18

Which of the following problems is expected in a client who is in end-stage renal failure?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: End-stage renal failure leads to decreased erythropoietin production, causing normocytic anemia. Thalassemia is a genetic disorder, renal calculi are not a typical ESRD complication, and ESRD more often causes hypertension rather than hypotension.

Question 19

The muscular coat of the bladder is composed of smooth muscle and is arranged as three layers of interlacing bundles known as the?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The bladder wall’s smooth muscle forms three interlacing layers collectively called the detrusor muscle; other options refer to unrelated muscles or a bladder region (trigone).

Question 20

All of the following are the complication of urinary retention Except?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Urinary retention leads to urinary stasis causing calculi, ascending infection such as pyelonephritis, and overflow incontinence with perineal skin breakdown. Heart failure is not a direct complication.

Question 21

Which of the following is a common cause of kidney damage leading to end-stage renal disease?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hypertension chronically damages renal vasculature and glomeruli, making it a leading cause of CKD and ESRD. Asthma, osteoporosis, and migraine are not typical causes of renal failure.

Question 22

What is the cause of kidney stones?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Kidney stones form from crystallization of minerals and salts in urine (e.g., calcium oxalate, uric acid), not from vitamins or proteins.

Question 23

Which of the following is not a part of the nephron?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Alveoli are air sacs in the lungs, not components of the renal nephron. The glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, and convoluted tubules are parts of the nephron.

Question 24

Elevated serum creatinine and BUN are indicative features of which disease?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Elevated BUN and creatinine indicate reduced glomerular filtration and accumulation of nitrogenous wastes, classic for chronic renal failure.

Question 25

What is the approximate length of the male urethra?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The adult male urethra typically measures about 18–20 cm in length; females have a much shorter urethra (~3–4 cm).

Question 26

What is the total amount of filtrate formed by the kidney per day?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Average GFR is about 125 mL/min, totaling roughly 180 L of filtrate per day.

Question 27

Kidney stones in humans mostly consist of which substance?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The most common renal calculi are composed primarily of calcium oxalate, accounting for the majority of kidney stones.

Question 28

Nephrosis is a disease of which organ?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The prefix nephro- refers to the kidney; nephrosis denotes kidney disease (e.g., nephrotic syndrome).

Question 29

The bladder is part of which system in the body?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The bladder is an organ of the urinary system that stores urine before excretion.

Question 30

Erythropoietin is produced primarily in the?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Erythropoietin is produced mainly by peritubular interstitial cells in the renal cortex in response to hypoxia; the liver contributes minimally (primarily fetal).

Question 31

An elderly client is diagnosed with interstitial cystitis. Which finding differentiates interstitial cystitis from other forms of cystitis?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Interstitial cystitis (painful bladder syndrome) presents with urinary urgency/frequency and pelvic pain but sterile urine cultures; absence of bacteria distinguishes it from infectious cystitis.

Question 32

Which organ removes waste materials from the body?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Kidneys filter the blood to remove metabolic wastes (e.g., urea, creatinine) and excrete them in urine, serving as the primary organ for body waste elimination.

Question 33

What is the approximate length of the male urethra?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The adult male urethra measures about 18–20 cm in length; shorter values match females and longer ranges are inaccurate.

Question 34

What is the function of the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Kidneys filter metabolic waste and excess fluid from the blood to form urine. The heart pumps blood, the pancreas produces most digestive enzymes, and calcium is primarily stored in bones.

Question 35

What is the structural and functional unit of the kidney?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The structural and functional unit of the kidney is the nephron, which is not among the listed options; therefore, 'None of these' is correct.

Question 36

Which organ regulates fluid balance?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The kidneys regulate body fluid balance by adjusting water and electrolyte excretion through filtration and reabsorption, influenced by hormones such as ADH and aldosterone.

Question 37

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The nephron is the kidney’s functional unit responsible for filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and urine formation.

Question 38

The yellow colour of urine is due to the presence of which substance?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Urine’s normal yellow color is due to urochrome (urobilin), a bilirubin breakdown product excreted in urine.

Question 39

The primary cause of anemia in a client with chronic renal failure is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In chronic renal failure, damaged kidneys produce inadequate erythropoietin, reducing bone marrow RBC production and causing normocytic anemia. Iron absorption, RBC destruction, and intrinsic factor deficiency are not primary causes here.

Question 40

Mulberry stones are a type of stones seen in which organ?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Mulberry calculi are calcium oxalate stones with a nodular mulberry-like surface, classically found in the urinary tract (kidneys/ureters/bladder), not in the gallbladder or stomach.

Question 41

Where is urine produced in the body?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Urine is formed in the nephrons of the kidneys by filtration and tubular processing; it is not produced by the liver, lungs, or heart.

Question 42

Which of the following complaints is common in a client with pyelonephritis?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Pyelonephritis (kidney infection) typically presents with flank pain and costovertebral angle tenderness. Suprapubic pain is more typical of cystitis; RUQ/LUQ pain is not characteristic.

Question 43

In which part of the kidney does simple filtration of urine occur?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Primary filtration of blood occurs across the glomerular capillaries into Bowman's (glomerular) capsule; other nephron segments mainly reabsorb or secrete solutes, and the hilum is an entry/exit site.

Question 44

Following a diagnosis of acute glomerulonephritis (AGN) in their 6 year-old child, the parents remark that they are unclear as to how he caught the disease. The nurse's response is based on the understanding that?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Acute post‑streptococcal glomerulonephritis is an immune complex–mediated reaction that follows a prior group A beta‑hemolytic streptococcal infection; it is not a contagious kidney infection.

Question 45

Which of the following hormones is not secreted by the kidney?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The kidney secretes renin and erythropoietin and activates vitamin D to 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. Angiotensin I is generated in the circulation from angiotensinogen by renin and is not secreted by the kidney.

Question 46

Prerenal failure occurs in which of the following conditions?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Prerenal acute kidney injury results from decreased renal perfusion; reduced cardiac output in heart failure causes prerenal azotemia. The other options are intrinsic (toxic nephropathy, glomerulonephritis) or postrenal (nephrolithiasis) causes.

Question 47

What term is used to describe the fluid in the renal tubules?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Fluid within the renal tubules is termed tubular filtrate (glomerular filtrate). Plasma refers to blood, solvent is nonspecific, and urine is the final product after tubular processing.

Question 48

What is an early adaptation symptom in a client with renal carcinoma?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Painless intermittent hematuria is the most common early sign of renal cell carcinoma. Flank pain and systemic symptoms like nausea occur later; weight gain is not typical.

Question 49

What is the main function of the kidney?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Kidneys maintain fluid and electrolyte balance and excrete metabolic wastes in urine; gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide) is handled by the lungs and vitamin metabolism is not a primary kidney function.

Question 50

What is the cause of pruritus in a patient with chronic kidney disease (CKD)?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: CKD-associated pruritus is primarily due to uremia—accumulation of uremic toxins and metabolic waste products. Hyperkalemia and hypernatremia do not cause pruritus; hyperphosphatemia may contribute, but the underlying uremic state is the key cause.

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Dilatation of renal pelvis of one or both kidneys due to obstruction is called?

The nurse notes documentation in a client's medical record that the client is experiencing anuria. The nurse plans care based on which interpretation?

The nurse explains that the autoimmune disease of acute glomerulonephritis is most usually caused by?

Involuntary loss of urine occurring for no apparent reason while suddenly feeling the need to urinate is called?

Which diagnostic test is most sensitive for detecting kidney stones?

Length of male urethra is Approximately is?

Which organ is affected in nephritis?

Which characteristic is true about juxtamedullary nephrons?

Which organ is removed during a nephrectomy?

Which organ is part of the urinary system?

Structural and functional unite of kidney is called?

A muscular tube that extends from the kidney to the posterior surface of the bladder is?

The functional unit of the kidney is the?

The area of mucous membrane covering the internal surface of the base of the bladder is called?

A muscular tube that extends from the kidney to the posterior surface of the bladder is?

A muscular tube that extends from the kidney to the posterior surface of the bladder is?

The muscular coat of the bladder is composed of smooth muscle and is arranged as three layers of interlacing bundles known as the?

Which of the following problems is expected in a client who is in end-stage renal failure?

The muscular coat of the bladder is composed of smooth muscle and is arranged as three layers of interlacing bundles known as the?

All of the following are the complication of urinary retention Except?

Which of the following is a common cause of kidney damage leading to end-stage renal disease?

What is the cause of kidney stones?

Which of the following is not a part of the nephron?

Elevated serum creatinine and BUN are indicative features of which disease?

What is the approximate length of the male urethra?

What is the total amount of filtrate formed by the kidney per day?

Kidney stones in humans mostly consist of which substance?

Nephrosis is a disease of which organ?

The bladder is part of which system in the body?

Erythropoietin is produced primarily in the?

An elderly client is diagnosed with interstitial cystitis. Which finding differentiates interstitial cystitis from other forms of cystitis?

Which organ removes waste materials from the body?

What is the approximate length of the male urethra?

What is the function of the kidneys?

What is the structural and functional unit of the kidney?

Which organ regulates fluid balance?

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

The yellow colour of urine is due to the presence of which substance?

The primary cause of anemia in a client with chronic renal failure is?

Mulberry stones are a type of stones seen in which organ?

Where is urine produced in the body?

Which of the following complaints is common in a client with pyelonephritis?

In which part of the kidney does simple filtration of urine occur?

Following a diagnosis of acute glomerulonephritis (AGN) in their 6 year-old child, the parents remark that they are unclear as to how he caught the disease. The nurse's response is based on the understanding that?

Which of the following hormones is not secreted by the kidney?

Prerenal failure occurs in which of the following conditions?

What term is used to describe the fluid in the renal tubules?

What is an early adaptation symptom in a client with renal carcinoma?

What is the main function of the kidney?

What is the cause of pruritus in a patient with chronic kidney disease (CKD)?

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