Question 1

How does water (H2O) leave the nephron?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Water is reabsorbed from the nephron passively down the osmotic gradient, especially in the descending limb and collecting duct; filtration moves fluid into the nephron and water is not actively transported.

Question 2

What are the processes responsible for urine production that take place in the nephron?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Urine formation in the nephron primarily involves glomerular ultrafiltration followed by selective tubular reabsorption. Peristalsis is ureteric, and secretion alone is incomplete.

Question 3

Which of the following describes 'Stress Incontinence'?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Stress incontinence is leakage triggered by increased intra-abdominal pressure (e.g., coughing, sneezing, lifting), matching option B.

Question 4

The purification of blood takes place in which organ?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Kidneys filter blood via nephrons to remove wastes and excess fluid, forming urine. Lungs handle gas exchange, the heart pumps blood, and the liver metabolizes/detoxifies but is not the primary blood filter.

Question 5

What percentage of the cardiac output do the kidneys receive?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Renal blood flow at rest is approximately 1.0–1.2 L/min, which is about 20% of cardiac output (commonly cited range 20–25%); the best single choice is 20%.

Question 6

Which part of the nephron is responsible for selective reabsorption?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The proximal convoluted tubule is the primary site of selective reabsorption of glucose, amino acids, bicarbonate, and most water and sodium. The glomerulus filters, the loop of Henle concentrates urine, and the collecting duct adjusts water via ADH.

Question 7

What is the approximate weight of an adult kidney?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Each adult kidney weighs about 120–170 g; the commonly cited average is ~150 g.

Question 8

The nephron is the structural and functional unit of which organ?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The nephron is the basic filtering and reabsorptive unit of the kidney, responsible for urine formation.

Question 9

Which anatomical structure is drained by using a Foley's catheter?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: A Foley catheter is an indwelling urinary catheter inserted via the urethra for continuous drainage of the urinary bladder.

Question 10

The nephron is an integral part of which organ?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney.

Question 11

What causes the yellow color of urine?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The characteristic yellow color of urine is due to urochrome (urobilin), a pigment formed from hemoglobin breakdown.

Question 12

Which of the following describes the cluster of blood capillaries found in each nephron in the kidney?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The glomerulus is the tuft of capillaries within the nephron where filtration occurs; the other choices are not clusters of capillaries.

Question 13

Which of the following conditions is characterized by the presence of kidney stones (renal calculi)?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Nephrolithiasis specifically refers to kidney stones (renal calculi). The other options are inflammatory or structural kidney disorders not defined by stones.

Question 14

In planning care for a child diagnosed with minimal change nephrotic syndrome, the nurse should understand the relationship between edema formation and?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Minimal change nephrotic syndrome causes heavy proteinuria leading to hypoalbuminemia, which lowers plasma oncotic (colloidal) pressure and promotes fluid movement into interstitial tissues, producing edema.

Question 15

Through which human organ is nitrogenous waste primarily eliminated?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Nitrogenous wastes such as urea and creatinine are primarily excreted by the kidneys in urine; sweat and saliva play minimal to no role.

Question 16

Which organ secretes the hormone renin?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Renin is secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney as part of the RAAS. The liver makes angiotensinogen, the adrenals secrete aldosterone, and the pancreas secretes insulin/glucagon.

Question 17

What is the length of the female urethra?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The female urethra is short, measuring about 4 cm in adults (commonly cited as 3–4 cm); 4 cm is the standard value.

Question 18

What is the presence of RBCs in urine known as?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hematuria is the presence of red blood cells in urine. Proteinuria is protein in urine, alkaptonuria involves homogentisic acid, and lithiasis refers to stones.

Question 19

What is the functioning unit of the urinary system?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney where filtration, reabsorption, and secretion occur. The bladder stores urine, the kidney is the organ, and the urethral orifice is an opening.

Question 20

Haemodialysis means cleaning of ________?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hemodialysis is a renal replacement therapy that removes uremic toxins, excess electrolytes, and fluid from the blood using a semipermeable membrane and dialysate. It directly cleanses the bloodstream when kidneys fail to do so. Urine and glomerular filtrate are products of kidney function, not the target of dialysis. Coelomic fluid is unrelated to human renal therapy.

Question 21

Structural and functional unit of kidney is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The nephron is the structural and functional unit of the kidney, consisting of the glomerulus and renal tubules. It performs filtration, reabsorption, and secretion to form urine and regulate fluid-electrolyte balance. A neuron is a nervous system cell, lungs are respiratory organs, and Schwann cells are glial cells of the peripheral nervous system, so these do not apply to kidney structure.

Question 22

Which organ is primarily responsible for regulating water balance in the body?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The kidneys regulate body water balance by adjusting water reabsorption and excretion in the nephron, producing dilute or concentrated urine as needed. These processes are tightly controlled by hormones such as antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone, which modulate water and sodium handling. While the heart and lungs influence circulation and acid-base status, and the liver handles metabolism, the kidneys are the primary organs controlling fluid osmolality and volume.

Question 23

PH of normal urine is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Normal urine is slightly acidic with an average pH around 6, reflecting renal excretion of hydrogen ions and ammonium. The physiologic range is roughly 4.5–8 depending on diet and acid–base status. A pH of 9 is unusually alkaline and may suggest contamination or urea-splitting organisms, while 2 and 12 are not compatible with normal urine.

Question 24

In human each kidney has large numbers of filtration units called ___?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Each kidney contains about one million nephrons, the functional filtration units. The nephron includes the glomerulus and tubular system where blood is filtered and urine is formed. Neutrons are subatomic particles, neurons are nerve cells, and Neptune is a planet—none relate to renal filtration.

Question 25

Absence of urine secretion is known as?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Anuria is the complete absence of urine production, typically defined as less than 50–100 mL of urine in 24 hours. Dysuria refers to painful or difficult urination, pyuria is the presence of pus (white blood cells) in urine, and hematuria is blood in the urine. Therefore, the term that denotes absence of urine secretion is anuria.

Question 26

Length of male urethera is approximately is-?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The adult male urethra runs from the bladder neck to the external urethral meatus and averages about 18–20 cm in length. It includes prostatic, membranous, and spongy (penile) segments that together total this distance. Shorter lengths (2–4 cm) correspond to the female urethra, and the other ranges are not anatomically accurate for adult males.

Question 27

Fluid balance is regulated by?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The kidneys are the primary regulators of body fluid balance by adjusting filtration, reabsorption, and secretion to control water and electrolyte excretion. Hormonal systems (ADH, aldosterone, ANP) act mainly on the kidneys to conserve or excrete water and sodium, thereby controlling plasma osmolality and volume. While the brain influences thirst and ADH release, the final regulation of fluid balance occurs at the kidneys.

Question 28

Function of kidney is..?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The kidneys’ primary function is filtration of blood at the glomerulus to form filtrate, which is then modified by tubular reabsorption and secretion to maintain fluid, electrolyte, and waste balance. Absorption is primarily a gastrointestinal process. Distribution is a pharmacokinetic term. “Purification” is a vague lay term and not the precise physiological function.

Question 29

Ureter is also known as a...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The ureter is a muscular duct that transports urine from the renal pelvis of each kidney to the urinary bladder via peristaltic contractions. Therefore, it is accurately described as a duct or tube. It is not a vein (which carries blood) and is unrelated to the pharynx or larynx, which are structures of the upper respiratory tract.

Question 30

Which organ stores urine?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The urinary bladder is a hollow muscular organ that temporarily stores urine received from the kidneys via the ureters until voluntary voiding occurs. The detrusor muscle and sphincters regulate continence and micturition. The liver handles metabolism and detoxification, the stomach aids digestion, and the heart pumps blood—none of which store urine.

Question 31

The functional unit of the kidney is called a........?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The nephron is the kidney’s functional unit responsible for filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and urine formation. The glomerulus is only a component of the nephron (within the renal corpuscle). The renal corpuscle itself is just the glomerulus plus Bowman’s capsule, not the whole functional unit. The calyx is a collecting structure that drains formed urine from papillae, not the site of renal function.

Question 32

The Main function of the kidney is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Kidneys filter the blood via glomerular filtration with subsequent tubular reabsorption and secretion to excrete metabolic wastes such as urea, creatinine, and toxins in urine. This maintains fluid, electrolyte, and acid–base balance. While kidneys influence blood pressure through the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system and produce hormones, their primary function is waste removal.

Question 33

A common symptom of kidney disease is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Chronic kidney disease commonly causes hypertension due to sodium and water retention and increased renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activity. Bradycardia is not a typical feature of renal disease. Hyperglycemia can cause kidney disease (diabetic nephropathy) but is not a symptom of kidney dysfunction itself. Epistaxis can occur in severe uremia but is not common compared with hypertension.

Question 34

What is the average length of ureter?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In adults, the ureter typically measures about 25–30 cm from the renal pelvis to the ureterovesical junction. Standard anatomic references cite an average of roughly 25 cm. Length varies slightly with body habitus and side. This dimension is clinically relevant for procedures such as ureteral stent placement.

Question 35

The main function of the kidney is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The kidneys filter blood through glomerular filtration and tubular processes to excrete metabolic wastes such as urea, creatinine, and toxins in urine. They also regulate fluid, electrolyte, and acid–base balance. While the kidneys influence blood pressure via the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, waste removal is their primary function. Therefore, removing waste products is the best answer.

Question 36

What acid-base imbalance is most likely to occur in acute renal failure?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In acute renal failure the kidneys cannot excrete hydrogen ions and have impaired ammoniagenesis, while bicarbonate reabsorption/regeneration is reduced. This leads to retention of acids and a fall in serum bicarbonate, producing metabolic acidosis (often with an increased anion gap). Respiratory compensation may occur via hyperventilation, but the primary disturbance is metabolic.

Question 37

Peritoneal dialysis is done through?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Peritoneal dialysis uses the peritoneum as a semipermeable membrane. Dialysate is infused into the peritoneal cavity via a catheter (e.g., Tenckhoff), allowing solute and fluid exchange with peritoneal capillaries by diffusion and osmosis. It is not performed through an artery, vein, or the ureter.

Question 38

Burning sensation during urination is a symptom of?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: A burning sensation during urination is dysuria, which is a hallmark symptom of lower urinary tract infection such as cystitis or urethritis. UTIs cause inflammation of the urethral and bladder mucosa leading to pain and burning with voiding. Gastritis and hepatitis involve the gastrointestinal and hepatic systems, and pneumonia is respiratory; none typically cause dysuria.

Question 39

The functional unit of kidney is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The nephron is the kidney’s basic functional unit where filtration, reabsorption, and secretion occur to form urine. The glomerulus, tubules, and loop of Henle are components within a nephron, not standalone functional units. Therefore, only the nephron encompasses all processes required for kidney function.

Question 40

Which of the following is the serum protein fraction most likely to be DECREASED in nephritic syndrome?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Nephritic syndrome is immune complex–mediated and activates complement, leading to hypocomplementemia, especially a fall in serum C3. Complement proteins migrate in the beta globulin region on serum protein electrophoresis. Thus the beta globulin fraction is decreased. Albumin loss is minimal compared with nephrotic syndrome, and alpha2 and gamma globulins are not characteristically reduced.

Question 41

The functional unit of kidney is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The nephron is the kidney’s functional unit that forms urine through glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and secretion. Each kidney contains about a million nephrons, which collectively determine renal function. The glomerulus is only one component of a nephron, while the pelvis and medulla are larger anatomical regions rather than functional units.

Question 42

The covering of kidney is called?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The kidney is directly enclosed by a tough fibrous renal capsule that protects and maintains its shape. The peritoneum lines the abdominal cavity and only covers the anterior surface of the retroperitoneal kidneys. The pleura covers the lungs, and the pericardium surrounds the heart.

Question 43

Which is found in the highest concentration in the urine?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Normal urine’s predominant solute is urea, the liver’s end product of amino acid catabolism, and it is excreted in the greatest amount daily. Creatinine and uric acid are present but at much lower concentrations. Glucose should be absent or only trace in healthy individuals; significant glycosuria indicates pathology such as uncontrolled diabetes. Therefore, urea is found in the highest concentration.

Question 44

Yellow colour of urine due to presence of?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Normal urine’s yellow color is primarily due to urochrome (urobilin), a pigment formed from the breakdown of hemoglobin. Its concentration varies with hydration, deepening the color when urine is concentrated. Bile pigments can darken urine pathologically (e.g., bilirubin in jaundice) but are not responsible for the normal yellow hue. Lymph and cholesterol are not normal urinary pigments.

Question 45

Glomerulus is a part of?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The glomerulus is a tuft of capillaries located within the nephron of the kidney. It works with Bowman’s capsule to form the renal corpuscle, where blood filtration begins. This structure is essential for producing the ultrafiltrate that becomes urine, not a component of the heart, lungs, or liver.

Question 46

A sediment with moderate hematuria and RBC casts most likely results from?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Red blood cell casts form within renal tubules and indicate bleeding from the nephron, most classically due to glomerular inflammation. Acute glomerulonephritis presents with hematuria, RBC casts, and variable proteinuria and hypertension. Pyelonephritis typically shows WBC casts, nephrotic syndrome shows heavy proteinuria with fatty casts, and lower urinary tract obstruction may cause hematuria but not casts.

Question 47

Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The hallmark of nephrotic syndrome is heavy proteinuria (>3.5 g/day) due to glomerular podocyte injury and increased permeability. This leads to hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia. Hematuria is more typical of nephritic syndromes, polyuria is not characteristic, and glycosuria suggests hyperglycemia or proximal tubule defects rather than nephrotic syndrome.

Question 48

Urine is stored in?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Urine is produced by the kidneys, passes down the ureters, and is stored in the urinary bladder until micturition. The ureters are conduits, not storage sites. The urethra only conducts urine from the bladder to the exterior during voiding. The lungs are unrelated to urine storage.

Question 49

Urea is excreted by?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Urea is the primary nitrogenous waste formed in the liver via the urea cycle and is eliminated predominantly by the kidneys through glomerular filtration and tubular handling, exiting the body in urine. The lungs excrete carbon dioxide and water vapor, not urea. The skin may excrete minimal urea in sweat, but it is not the main route. The liver synthesizes urea rather than excreting it.

Question 50

The infection of renal pelvis and kidney is called?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Pyelonephritis is an infection of the renal pelvis and kidney parenchyma, typically from an ascending urinary tract infection. The prefix 'pyelo-' refers specifically to the renal pelvis. Nephritis is a broader term for kidney inflammation that does not specify the pelvis. Cystitis involves the bladder, and urethritis involves the urethra.

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How does water (H2O) leave the nephron?

What are the processes responsible for urine production that take place in the nephron?

Which of the following describes 'Stress Incontinence'?

The purification of blood takes place in which organ?

What percentage of the cardiac output do the kidneys receive?

Which part of the nephron is responsible for selective reabsorption?

What is the approximate weight of an adult kidney?

The nephron is the structural and functional unit of which organ?

Which anatomical structure is drained by using a Foley's catheter?

The nephron is an integral part of which organ?

What causes the yellow color of urine?

Which of the following describes the cluster of blood capillaries found in each nephron in the kidney?

Which of the following conditions is characterized by the presence of kidney stones (renal calculi)?

In planning care for a child diagnosed with minimal change nephrotic syndrome, the nurse should understand the relationship between edema formation and?

Through which human organ is nitrogenous waste primarily eliminated?

Which organ secretes the hormone renin?

What is the length of the female urethra?

What is the presence of RBCs in urine known as?

What is the functioning unit of the urinary system?

Haemodialysis means cleaning of ________?

Structural and functional unit of kidney is?

Which organ is primarily responsible for regulating water balance in the body?

PH of normal urine is?

In human each kidney has large numbers of filtration units called ___?

Absence of urine secretion is known as?

Length of male urethera is approximately is-?

Fluid balance is regulated by?

Function of kidney is..?

Ureter is also known as a...?

Which organ stores urine?

The functional unit of the kidney is called a........?

The Main function of the kidney is?

A common symptom of kidney disease is?

What is the average length of ureter?

The main function of the kidney is?

What acid-base imbalance is most likely to occur in acute renal failure?

Peritoneal dialysis is done through?

Burning sensation during urination is a symptom of?

The functional unit of kidney is?

Which of the following is the serum protein fraction most likely to be DECREASED in nephritic syndrome?

The functional unit of kidney is?

The covering of kidney is called?

Which is found in the highest concentration in the urine?

Yellow colour of urine due to presence of?

Glomerulus is a part of?

A sediment with moderate hematuria and RBC casts most likely results from?

Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by?

Urine is stored in?

Urea is excreted by?

The infection of renal pelvis and kidney is called?

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