Question 1

Parkinson’s disease mainly affects —?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder with loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the basal ganglia. The resultant dopamine deficiency in the brain leads to motor features such as tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia. Thus, the primary site of pathology is the brain, not bones, muscles, or lungs.

Question 2

Total number of cranial nerves in human body?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Humans have 12 pairs of cranial nerves, numbered I through XII, that arise from the brain and brainstem. These include sensory, motor, and mixed nerves such as the optic (II), trigeminal (V), and vagus (X). Counts like 10, 14, or 17 pairs are incorrect and do not match standard neuroanatomy. Therefore, the correct total is 12 pairs.

Question 3

Alzheimer’s disease mainly affects —?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Alzheimer’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive loss of neurons in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. This leads to early impairment in short-term memory and learning, followed by broader cognitive decline. Bones, eyes, and lungs are not primarily affected by the disease process.

Question 4

The largest nerve in the body is —?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The sciatic nerve is the largest and longest nerve in the human body, formed from L4–S3 nerve roots and measuring up to about 2 cm in width. It travels from the pelvis through the gluteal region down the posterior thigh, eventually dividing into the tibial and common fibular nerves. The optic and vagus nerves are cranial nerves and are not the largest by diameter, and 'spinal nerve' is a general term rather than a single nerve.

Question 5

The outermost layer of the brain is called —?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The cerebral cortex is the thin outermost layer of the cerebrum composed of gray matter and responsible for higher cognitive functions such as perception, language, and decision-making. The medulla and pons are parts of the brainstem, not cortical layers. The cerebellum is a separate posterior brain structure involved in coordination, not the outer layer of the cerebrum.

Question 6

Which lobe controls hearing and smell?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The temporal lobe houses the primary auditory cortex (Heschl's gyrus) responsible for processing sound. It also contains key olfactory regions such as the uncus and piriform cortex involved in smell perception. Frontal lobe is primarily motor and executive, parietal processes somatosensory input, and occipital is visual.

Question 7

The nervous system that controls involuntary actions is —?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary functions such as heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, and pupillary responses. It operates through sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions to maintain homeostasis without conscious control. The somatic nervous system governs voluntary skeletal muscle movement, while 'peripheral' and 'central' are structural divisions rather than the specific controller of involuntary actions.

Question 8

Hydrocephalus mainly occurs due to?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hydrocephalus is the pathologic accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the ventricular system, leading to increased ventricular size and intracranial pressure. It results from obstruction of CSF flow, impaired absorption at arachnoid granulations, or rarely overproduction by the horoid plexus. Decreased cerebral blood flow, hypoxia, and hypoglycemia can injure brain tissue but do not cause hydrocephalus.

Question 9

Which part of brain controls emotions?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Emotional processing is primarily mediated by the limbic system, including structures such as the amygdala, hippocampus, and hypothalamus. These regions integrate emotional responses, motivation, and memory. The pons and medulla regulate vital autonomic and respiratory functions, while the term cerebrum is too broad and not specifically responsible for emotion control.

Question 10

Which part of neuron carries impulses away from cell body?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The axon conducts action potentials away from the neuron's cell body toward axon terminals and target cells. Dendrites primarily receive incoming signals toward the soma. A synapse is the junction where communication occurs between neurons, and myelin is an insulating sheath that increases conduction velocity but is not the structure carrying impulses away.

Question 11

Reflex action is controlled by —?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Simple reflexes are mediated by the spinal cord via reflex arcs that connect sensory neurons to interneurons and motor neurons without requiring cortical input. The brain can modulate reflex strength but is not necessary for the immediate response. The heart and lungs have no role in neural control of reflex actions.

Question 12

Which part of neuron is covered by myelin sheath?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In most neurons, the myelin sheath surrounds the axon, formed by oligodendrocytes in the CNS and Schwann cells in the PNS. Myelin insulates the axon and enables rapid saltatory conduction between nodes of Ranvier. Dendrites and the soma are typically unmyelinated, and a synapse is a junctional site rather than a myelinated structure.

Question 13

The part of brain that acts as a relay station is —?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The thalamus is the brain’s principal relay station, transmitting and modulating sensory information (except olfaction) to the cerebral cortex and integrating motor and limbic signals. The cerebellum primarily coordinates balance and motor control. The pons contains tracts and nuclei but is not the major sensory relay to cortex. The medulla controls vital autonomic functions like respiration and cardiovascular regulation.

Question 14

The bundle of nerves at end of spinal cord is called —?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: At the distal end of the spinal cord (below the conus medullaris), the lumbar and sacral nerve roots continue as a bundle called the cauda equina. These nerve roots travel within the lumbar cistern before exiting at their respective foramina. The medulla, pons, and cortex are structures of the brain, not bundles of spinal nerve roots.

Question 15

Inflammation of meninges is called —?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The meninges are the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord; inflammation of these membranes is called meningitis. Arthritis refers to joint inflammation, not the meninges. Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, and neuritis is inflammation of a nerve. Therefore, the correct term is meningitis.

Question 16

The basic unit of the nervous system is —?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The neuron is the structural and functional unit of the nervous system, responsible for receiving, processing, and transmitting electrical and chemical signals. The brain and spinal cord are organs composed of networks of neurons and glial cells. An axon is only a part of a neuron, not the basic unit itself. Therefore, neuron is the best answer.

Question 17

Which part of brain controls voluntary movement?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Voluntary movement is initiated by the primary motor cortex located in the frontal lobe of the cerebrum. The cerebellum coordinates and fine-tunes movements but does not initiate them. The medulla controls autonomic functions like respiration and heart rate, and the thalamus serves primarily as a sensory relay. Therefore, the cerebrum is the structure responsible for voluntary movement control.

Question 18

The liquid that protects brain and spinal cord is —?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) surrounds the brain and spinal cord in the ventricles and subarachnoid space, providing cushioning and buoyancy to protect neural tissue from mechanical injury. It also helps maintain a stable chemical environment and removes metabolic waste. Blood and plasma primarily serve transport and perfusion roles, while synovial fluid lubricates joints, not the central nervous system.

Question 19

Loss of ability to speak due to brain injury is —?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Aphasia is an acquired impairment of language production and/or comprehension due to brain injury, typically involving the dominant hemisphere (e.g., Broca’s or Wernicke’s areas). Loss of the ability to speak specifically reflects expressive aphasia. Amnesia refers to memory loss, ataxia to impaired coordination, and analgesia to absence of pain—none describe language impairment.

Question 20

The spinal cord connects the brain with —?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The spinal cord is part of the central nervous system and serves as the main conduit for sensory and motor information between the brain and the body. It communicates with the rest of the body through spinal nerves, which are components of the peripheral nervous system. Therefore, it functionally connects the brain with the peripheral nerves rather than directly with specific organs, muscles, or bones.

Question 21

Which part of brain controls body temperature?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The hypothalamus contains the preoptic area, the primary thermoregulatory center that integrates core and skin temperature inputs. It coordinates autonomic and endocrine responses such as sweating, vasodilation, shivering, and vasoconstriction to maintain homeostasis. The cerebrum handles higher cognition, the thalamus is a sensory relay, and the pons mainly regulates respiration and sleep, not temperature control.

Question 22

The cerebellum controls —?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The cerebellum integrates proprioceptive and vestibular input to fine‑tune motor activity, enabling balance, coordination, and posture. Damage to this region produces ataxia, dysmetria, and intention tremor. Breathing is primarily regulated by the medulla and pons, emotions by the limbic system, and hunger by the hypothalamus.

Question 23

The white matter of brain is made up of —?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: White matter consists primarily of bundles of myelinated axons; the lipid-rich myelin sheath from oligodendrocytes gives it a whitish appearance and allows rapid signal conduction. In contrast, gray matter contains neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, and many synapses. Therefore, only myelinated axons correctly describe the composition of white matter.

Question 24

The gray matter of brain is made up of —?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Gray matter consists predominantly of neuronal cell bodies, along with dendrites, unmyelinated axons, synapses, and glial cells. In contrast, white matter is composed mainly of myelinated nerve fibers (axons). Therefore, among the choices, neuron cell bodies best characterize gray matter. Options C and D are incomplete representations.

Question 25

One side head pain is called?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Unilateral head pain is classically associated with migraine. Migraines often present with pulsating, moderate-to-severe pain on one side of the head and may be accompanied by photophobia, phonophobia, or nausea. Trauma, tumor, and seizure are conditions that can cause headaches but are not specific names for one-sided head pain. Therefore, the best answer is migraine.

Question 26

Which organ is insentive to pain?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Brain parenchyma itself has no nociceptors, so it is largely insensitive to pain when cut, burned, or otherwise directly stimulated. Head pain typically arises from pain-sensitive intracranial and extracranial structures such as the meninges (especially dura), blood vessels, and scalp. In contrast, organs like the heart, lungs/pleura, and liver capsule can generate pain when inflamed, ischemic, or stretched. Therefore, the best answer is Brain.

Question 27

The connection between the two nerve is called?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The functional connection between two neurons is called a synapse, where an electrical signal in the presynaptic neuron is transmitted to a postsynaptic cell. Most synapses are chemical and use neurotransmitters across the synaptic cleft, though electrical synapses also exist. "Joint" and "articulation" refer to connections between bones, not neurons, and "relation" is nonspecific and not an anatomical term for neuronal connection.

Question 28

Which disease causes seizures due to abnormal brain activity?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Epilepsy is defined by recurrent seizures caused by abnormal, excessive, synchronous neuronal activity in the brain. While seizures can occur secondary to conditions like stroke or neurodegenerative disease, those are not primarily defined as a seizure disorder. Paralysis is a motor deficit, not a disease characterized by abnormal electrical brain activity causing seizures. Therefore, epilepsy is the best answer.

Question 29

Which nerve carries messages from eyes to brain?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The optic nerve (cranial nerve II) transmits visual information from the retina to the brain, including signals necessary for sight. The auditory nerve (vestibulocochlear nerve, CN VIII) carries hearing and balance input from the inner ear. The olfactory nerve (CN I) carries smell, and the vagus nerve (CN X) primarily mediates parasympathetic functions and visceral sensation, not vision.

Question 30

Which brain disorder causes tremors and stiffness?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Parkinson’s disease classically presents with resting tremor, rigidity (stiffness), and bradykinesia due to degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. This dopamine deficiency disrupts basal ganglia motor control, producing increased muscle tone and characteristic tremor. Epilepsy primarily causes seizures, stroke typically causes sudden focal neurologic deficits, and meningitis causes fever, headache, and nuchal rigidity rather than chronic tremor and limb stiffness.

Question 31

A common sign of hydrocephalus in infants is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hydrocephalus involves increased cerebrospinal fluid within the ventricles, raising intracranial pressure. In infants, cranial sutures have not fused, so the skull can expand, leading to an enlarged head circumference and often a bulging fontanelle. A sunken fontanelle is more consistent with dehydration, and small head size suggests microcephaly rather than hydrocephalus. Hair loss is not a typical sign of hydrocephalus.

Question 32

Which organ is mainly affected in a stroke?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: A stroke is an acute interruption of blood flow to part of the brain (ischemic) or bleeding into/around the brain (hemorrhagic), leading to brain tissue injury. The resulting neurologic deficits (e.g., weakness, aphasia, vision changes) reflect the affected brain region. While the heart can be a source of emboli and other organs may be impacted secondarily, the primary organ damaged in a stroke is the brain.

Question 33

Stroke is primarily caused by?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: A stroke results from an acute interruption of cerebral blood flow (ischemic stroke) or bleeding into/around brain tissue (hemorrhagic stroke). Both mechanisms directly cause neuronal injury via hypoxia, infarction, or mass effect from hemorrhage. Liver cirrhosis, COPD, and osteoporosis are not primary direct causes of stroke, though some may be associated with risk factors or complications.

Question 34

The most common site of bilirubin deposition in kernicterus is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Kernicterus is bilirubin-induced neurologic dysfunction due to deposition of unconjugated bilirubin in specific brain regions. The classic and most commonly cited site of deposition is the basal ganglia (especially the globus pallidus), leading to extrapyramidal movement abnormalities. Other regions can be involved, but basal ganglia involvement is the hallmark finding compared with cortex, cerebellum, or medulla.

Question 35

Which brain area is most associated with OCD?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Obsessive-compulsive disorder is strongly linked to dysfunction in the cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) circuitry, particularly involving the basal ganglia (striatum/caudate). Abnormal activity in these loops contributes to repetitive thoughts and compulsive behaviors. The hippocampus is primarily associated with memory, the cerebellum with coordination, and the brainstem with vital autonomic functions, making them less directly implicated as the key region in classic OCD models.

Question 36

Which disease is caused by damage to brain cells due to reduced blood flow?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Reduced cerebral blood flow causes ischemia and hypoxia of neurons, leading to brain cell injury and death; this is the core mechanism of an ischemic stroke. A stroke is defined by sudden neurologic dysfunction due to interruption of blood supply (ischemic) or bleeding (hemorrhagic). Diabetes, fever, and asthma do not primarily represent diseases caused by reduced cerebral blood flow damaging brain tissue, even though they may be risk factors or associated conditions.

Question 37

What is a stroke?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: A stroke is an acute neurologic event caused by interruption of blood flow to the brain (ischemic) or bleeding into/around the brain (hemorrhagic), leading to brain tissue injury. For this reason it is commonly referred to as a “brain attack,” emphasizing the urgency similar to a heart attack but involving the brain. The other options describe conditions of different organs/systems and do not define stroke.

Question 38

Which part of the brain is responsible for heartbeat and breathing?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The medulla oblongata contains the primary autonomic control centers for vital functions, including the cardiac (heart rate) and respiratory (breathing) centers. Damage to the medulla can directly impair respiration and cardiovascular regulation, making it essential for life-sustaining reflexes. The pons helps modulate breathing patterns, but the main control for heartbeat and basic breathing rhythm is in the medulla.

Question 39

The carotid sinus is most richly innervated by which nerve?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Baroreceptors in the carotid sinus send afferent impulses primarily via Hering's nerve, a branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), to the medullary cardiovascular centers. This pathway mediates reflex regulation of blood pressure (e.g., increased sinus stretch triggers reflex bradycardia and vasodilation). While the vagus nerve carries major efferent parasympathetic output to the heart, the dominant sensory (afferent) innervation of the carotid sinus is CN IX. Hypoglossal and cervical sympathetic trunk are not the principal afferent pathways for the carotid sinus baroreflex.

Question 40

The largest part of the brain is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The cerebrum is the largest part of the human brain, forming the bulk of brain mass and containing the cerebral cortex and underlying white matter. It is responsible for higher cognitive functions, voluntary motor control, and sensory processing. The cerebellum is smaller and primarily coordinates movement and balance, while the medulla oblongata and thalamus are much smaller brainstem/diencephalic structures.

Question 41

Which structure in the brain is responsible for regulating emotional response?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The amygdala is a key limbic system structure involved in processing and regulating emotions such as fear, anxiety, and aggression, and in linking emotional significance to stimuli. It helps generate autonomic and behavioral responses to emotionally salient events. The hippocampus is primarily responsible for memory formation and contextual learning, the brainstem controls vital autonomic functions, and the cerebellum coordinates motor control and balance.

Question 42

Which type of neuron connects sensory and motor neurons?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Relay neurons (interneurons) are located primarily within the central nervous system and serve as the connecting link between sensory (afferent) neurons and motor (efferent) neurons. They integrate incoming sensory information and help coordinate an appropriate motor response, such as in reflex arcs. Sensory neurons carry signals from receptors to the CNS, and motor neurons carry signals from the CNS to effectors, so neither primarily connects the two pathways. "Axonal neuron" is not a standard functional neuron classification for this role.

Question 43

The nerves which carry messages from sense organs to the brain are —?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Sensory (afferent) nerves transmit impulses from receptors in sense organs toward the central nervous system, including the brain. Motor (efferent) nerves carry commands from the CNS to muscles and glands. Mixed nerves contain both sensory and motor fibers but are not defined specifically by carrying messages from sense organs to the brain. “Reflex nerves” is not a standard anatomical classification for this function.

Question 44

Which organ controls all body activities?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The brain is the body’s primary control center, integrating sensory input and coordinating motor output and autonomic functions (e.g., breathing rate, heart rate, temperature regulation, and endocrine control via the hypothalamus-pituitary axis). While the heart, liver, and lungs are essential for circulation, metabolism, and gas exchange, they do not centrally coordinate overall body activities. Therefore, the organ that controls all body activities is the brain.

Question 45

Acetylcholine Antibodies is associated with?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Myasthenia gravis is classically associated with autoantibodies directed against the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor at the neuromuscular junction. These antibodies reduce the number and function of postsynaptic receptors, leading to fatigable skeletal muscle weakness (e.g., ptosis, diplopia, bulbar symptoms). The other options are not characterized by acetylcholine receptor autoantibodies: Budd-Chiari is hepatic venous outflow obstruction, meningitis is infection/inflammation of meninges, and multiple sclerosis is a CNS demyelinating autoimmune disease.

Question 46

The Glasgow Coma Scale assesses?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is a standardized tool used to quantify level of consciousness by scoring eye opening, verbal response, and motor response. While motor response is one component of the GCS, the overall scale is intended to assess and trend consciousness level in patients with altered mental status or brain injury. It does not directly measure pain level or reflexes.

Question 47

Bell's palsy affect the -?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Bell's palsy is an acute, usually unilateral lower motor neuron facial paralysis caused by dysfunction of the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII). CN VII innervates the muscles of facial expression and also carries taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and parasympathetic fibers to lacrimal and salivary glands, explaining associated symptoms like hyperacusis and reduced tearing. The other listed cranial nerves primarily mediate vision (CN II), eye movements (CN III), and facial sensation/mastication (CN V), not facial expression weakness.

Question 48

Wrist drop is caused by damage of which nerve?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Wrist drop results from loss of wrist and finger extension due to paralysis of the extensor muscles of the posterior forearm. These extensors are innervated by the radial nerve (via its deep branch/posterior interosseous nerve). Radial nerve injury classically occurs with humeral shaft fractures or prolonged compression, producing weakness of wrist extension and sensory changes on the dorsum of the hand. Ulnar nerve injury causes claw hand, median nerve injury causes thenar weakness/ape hand, and axillary nerve injury affects shoulder abduction.

Question 49

Which part of the brain processes auditory signals?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Auditory signals are primarily processed in the primary auditory cortex, located in the superior temporal gyrus of the temporal lobe. The temporal lobe also supports higher-level auditory functions such as sound recognition and language comprehension (in the dominant hemisphere). In contrast, the occipital lobe is mainly visual processing, the parietal lobe is largely somatosensory integration and spatial processing, and the frontal lobe is primarily executive function and motor planning.

Question 50

Regarding the nerve supply to the lower limb?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The sciatic nerve supplies the hamstring muscles (primarily via its tibial component), which are responsible for knee flexion; therefore sciatic nerve compression can weaken knee flexion. Option A is incorrect because the posterior thigh is mainly supplied by posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh and sciatic-related sensory, not the femoral nerve (which supplies anterior thigh and medial leg via saphenous). Option C is incorrect because fractures at the fibular neck/proximal fibula commonly injure the common peroneal (fibular) nerve, not the tibial nerve. Option D is incorrect because sensation in the first dorsal web space is supplied by the deep peroneal nerve, whereas the superficial peroneal supplies most of the dorsum of the foot excluding that web space.

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