Question 1

Which part of the brain controls balance and coordination?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The cerebellum coordinates balance, posture, and fine motor control. The cerebrum handles higher cognition, the medulla oblongata controls vital autonomic functions, and the hypothalamus regulates homeostasis and endocrine activity.

Question 2

Fourth cranial nerve is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The fourth cranial nerve (CN IV) is the trochlear nerve, which innervates the superior oblique muscle.

Question 3

Chemical mediators in the nociceptive pathway are?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Tissue injury releases several substances that sensitize pain receptors (nociceptors); prostaglandins are key chemical mediators that lower the threshold for pain. Enkephalins are inhibitory peptides, kinins act indirectly, and histamine is less specific.

Question 4

Number of cranial nerves in human is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Humans have 12 pairs of cranial nerves, numbered I through XII.

Question 5

Which is the longest nerve in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The sciatic nerve is the longest and thickest nerve, running from the lumbosacral region down to the foot.

Question 6

What is the major neurotransmitter involved in the occurrence of obsessive-compulsive disorder?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: OCD is strongly linked to dysregulation of serotonergic pathways; the effectiveness of SSRIs supports serotonin as the key neurotransmitter.

Question 7

There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves, of which 8 lie in?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Spinal nerves are distributed as: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal pair. Therefore, 8 lie in the cervical region.

Question 8

Which brain structure is responsible for smell?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The olfactory bulb receives and processes olfactory (smell) input. The hippocampus is involved in memory, the cerebellum in coordination, and the medulla in autonomic functions.

Question 9

Which cranial nerve regulates heart rate?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Cranial nerve X (the vagus) provides parasympathetic innervation to the heart, slowing SA and AV nodal activity and regulating heart rate.

Question 10

Voluntary movement disorder: impairment of the ability to perform rapid alternating movements is called ______?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Dysdiadochokinesia is an impaired ability to perform rapid alternating movements, typically due to cerebellar dysfunction.

Question 11

What is the function of the cerebellum in the brain?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The cerebellum fine-tunes voluntary movements and maintains posture, balance, and coordination. Temperature regulation is hypothalamic; memory storage is primarily hippocampal and cortical; initiation of voluntary movement is the motor cortex.

Question 12

What is the largest part of the brain?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The cerebrum comprises the majority of the brain's volume and is the largest brain region, responsible for higher cognitive functions.

Question 13

Speech Centre is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The motor speech center is Broca's area in the dominant inferior frontal gyrus; the premotor and postcentral areas are for motor planning and somatosensation, not speech production.

Question 14

In which part of the brain is the respiratory center situated?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The primary respiratory centers (dorsal and ventral respiratory groups) reside in the medulla oblongata, which generates the basic rhythm of breathing; the pontine centers only modulate it.

Question 15

What is the most common HIV-related neurological complication?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In patients with AIDS, reactivation of Toxoplasma gondii is the most common cause of focal CNS disease, producing brain abscesses and neurologic deficits; primary CNS lymphoma is less common.

Question 16

Which of the following mediators is found mainly in long descending pathways from the midbrain to the dorsal horn?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Descending pain-modulating pathways from the midbrain to the dorsal horn use opioidergic mechanisms, with enkephalins being prominent in these long projections; the other options are not primary mediators of these descending tracts.

Question 17

What is the falx cerebri made of?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The falx cerebri is a vertical sickle-shaped fold of dura mater that separates the two cerebral hemispheres.

Question 18

Chemical mediators in the nociceptive pathway are all of the following except?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Kinins, prostaglandins, and substance P are pronociceptive mediators that activate or sensitize nociceptors. Enkephalins are endogenous opioid peptides that inhibit pain transmission, not mediators that promote nociception.

Question 19

Which neurotransmitter is believed to be decreased in cognitive disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Alzheimer's disease is characterized by the loss of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons, leading to reduced acetylcholine; hence, cholinesterase inhibitors are used to treat symptoms.

Question 20

This is the inability to identify an object by sensation alone?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Astereognosis is the loss of the ability to recognize objects by touch alone; stereognosis is the normal ability. Ataxia is impaired coordination, and apraxia is the inability to perform purposeful movements.

Question 21

Which of the following dopaminergic systems is most closely related to behavior?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Behavior, reward, and motivation are mediated primarily by the mesolimbic and mesocortical (mesofrontal) dopamine pathways; the hypothalamic-pituitary axis controls prolactin, the extrapyramidal system governs motor function, and the medullary CTZ mediates emesis.

Question 22

A client is admitted to the intensive care unit after falling on an icy sidewalk and striking the right side of the head. An MRI revealed a right-sided epidural hematoma. Which physical force explains the location of the client's injury?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: A coup injury occurs at the site of impact; the right-sided blow produced a right-sided epidural hematoma. Contrecoup is opposite the impact; acceleration and deceleration describe motion forces but not same-side localization.

Question 23

Damage to the seventh cranial nerve results in?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: CN VII (facial nerve) innervates the stapedius; an injury can produce auditory symptoms such as hyperacusis and tinnitus. The other options reflect CN I (smell), CN III, IV, and VI (eye movements), and CN V (facial pain).

Question 24

Which cell is a dendrite part of?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Dendrites are receptive processes of neurons, present in nerve cells but not in muscle or liver cells.

Question 25

Which artery is the posterior communicating artery a branch of?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In the Circle of Willis, the posterior communicating artery arises from the internal carotid artery and connects it to the posterior cerebral artery.

Question 26

Broca's (motor) aphasia refers to?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Broca's area lesions cause expressive (motor) aphasia, characterized by nonfluent speech with impaired verbal output; patients cannot effectively express themselves while comprehension is relatively preserved.

Question 27

Which nerve is involved in carpal tunnel syndrome?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Carpal tunnel syndrome is caused by compression of the median nerve beneath the flexor retinaculum in the wrist.

Question 28

Claw deformity is caused by injury to which nerve?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Claw hand (ulnar claw) classically results from ulnar nerve injury, with paralysis of the interossei and lumbricals to the ring and little fingers, causing MCP hyperextension and IP flexion.

Question 29

Which body system does cobra venom primarily attack?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Cobra venom is predominantly neurotoxic, blocking neuromuscular transmission and causing paralysis; thus, it mainly affects the nervous system.

Question 30

The innermost layer of the meninges of the spinal cord is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Pia mater is the delicate, innermost meningeal layer that closely adheres to the surface of the brain and spinal cord; the arachnoid is the middle layer, the dura is the outer layer, and the subarachnoid is a space, not a layer.

Question 31

Which kind of pain can be caused by a musculoskeletal injury?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Musculoskeletal structures (bones, joints, muscles, and connective tissues) generate deep somatic pain. Visceral pain is from internal organs, cutaneous pain is from the skin, and referred pain is perceived at a distant site.

Question 32

The somatic nervous system controls?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The somatic nervous system innervates skeletal muscles and is responsible for conscious, voluntary motor control; involuntary functions are controlled by the autonomic nervous system.

Question 33

Which of the following disorders is characterized by uncontrollable episodes of falling asleep during the day?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Narcolepsy is a neurological sleep disorder marked by excessive daytime sleepiness and sudden sleep attacks. The other options do not cause uncontrollable daytime sleep episodes.

Question 34

What is the total number of cranial nerves in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Humans have 12 pairs of cranial nerves (I–XII) emerging from the brain. 31 pairs refer to spinal nerves.

Question 35

Which finding requires the nurse to notify the health care provider before inserting a nasogastric tube in a client with a severe facial injury from a motor vehicle accident?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: A positive halo sign indicates cerebrospinal fluid leakage, commonly associated with a basilar skull fracture. Inserting an NG tube through the nasal passage could breach the cranial cavity, leading to severe brain injury; thus, the provider must be notified immediately.

Question 36

Which cranial nerve connects directly to the cerebrum?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Unlike other cranial nerves, the olfactory nerve (CN I) projects directly to the olfactory cortex of the cerebrum without first synapsing in the thalamus.

Question 37

The cranial nerve that innervates the superior oblique muscle is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The superior oblique extraocular muscle is innervated by cranial nerve IV, the trochlear nerve. The abducens (VI) supplies the lateral rectus; the facial (VII) controls facial expression; the optic (II) is sensory for vision.

Question 38

Which cranial nerve is responsible for closing the jaw?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V3) innervates the muscles of mastication—masseter, temporalis, and medial pterygoid—that close the jaw. The facial nerve controls facial expression, the abducens nerve moves the lateral rectus, and the trochlear nerve controls the superior oblique.

Question 39

Cranial nerve I is assessed in this body part?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Cranial nerve I is the olfactory nerve, which is tested by assessing the sense of smell via the nose.

Question 40

The cutaneous branch of intercostal nerves supplies the?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Cutaneous branches are sensory branches of the intercostal nerves that innervate the skin of the thoracic and abdominal walls; motor supply to the intercostal and abdominal muscles is via muscular branches, not the cutaneous branches.

Question 41

The total volume of CSF is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In adults, the total cerebrospinal fluid volume is about 150 mL (with roughly 500 mL produced per day, circulating and being reabsorbed).

Question 42

The length of the medulla oblongata is about?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The medulla oblongata is only a few centimeters long; among the options, 45 mm is the only size consistent with that length, whereas the centimeter values are far too large.

Question 43

What is the study of the brain called?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Neurology is the study of the brain and nervous system. Nephrology is the study of the kidneys. Neonatology is the study of newborns. Entomology is the study of insects.

Question 44

Translation of physical energy into electrical signals by specialized receptor cells?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Sensory receptor cells convert physical stimulus energy into electrical signals; this process is called transduction.

Question 45

Who treats diseases of the brain and nerves?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Neurologists specialize in diagnosing and treating disorders of the brain and nervous system.

Question 46

Wrist drop is caused by damage to which nerve?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Wrist drop results from paralysis of wrist and finger extensors, which are innervated by the radial nerve; radial nerve palsy causes inability to extend the wrist.

Question 47

In which part of the brain is the respiratory center situated?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Respiratory centers reside in the brainstem—medulla oblongata and pontine centers. Among the choices, the pons is the correct location.

Question 48

The physician has ordered a lumbar puncture for a client with suspected Guillain-Barré syndrome. The client's spinal fluid typically shows?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Guillain-Barre syndrome classically shows albuminocytologic dissociation in CSF: elevated protein with a normal white cell count.

Question 49

How many neurons are lost approximately every minute during an ischaemic stroke?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Time is brain: published estimates show acute ischemic stroke destroys about 1.9 million neurons per minute.

Question 50

Which organ cannot be transplanted?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Brain transplantation is not feasible because the central nervous system cannot be reconnected and preserved; other listed organs (liver, heart, kidney) are routinely transplanted.

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Which part of the brain controls balance and coordination?

Fourth cranial nerve is?

Chemical mediators in the nociceptive pathway are?

Number of cranial nerves in human is?

Which is the longest nerve in the human body?

What is the major neurotransmitter involved in the occurrence of obsessive-compulsive disorder?

There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves, of which 8 lie in?

Which brain structure is responsible for smell?

Which cranial nerve regulates heart rate?

Voluntary movement disorder: impairment of the ability to perform rapid alternating movements is called ______?

What is the function of the cerebellum in the brain?

What is the largest part of the brain?

Speech Centre is?

In which part of the brain is the respiratory center situated?

What is the most common HIV-related neurological complication?

Which of the following mediators is found mainly in long descending pathways from the midbrain to the dorsal horn?

What is the falx cerebri made of?

Chemical mediators in the nociceptive pathway are all of the following except?

Which neurotransmitter is believed to be decreased in cognitive disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease?

This is the inability to identify an object by sensation alone?

Which of the following dopaminergic systems is most closely related to behavior?

A client is admitted to the intensive care unit after falling on an icy sidewalk and striking the right side of the head. An MRI revealed a right-sided epidural hematoma. Which physical force explains the location of the client's injury?

Damage to the seventh cranial nerve results in?

Which cell is a dendrite part of?

Which artery is the posterior communicating artery a branch of?

Broca's (motor) aphasia refers to?

Which nerve is involved in carpal tunnel syndrome?

Claw deformity is caused by injury to which nerve?

Which body system does cobra venom primarily attack?

The innermost layer of the meninges of the spinal cord is?

Which kind of pain can be caused by a musculoskeletal injury?

The somatic nervous system controls?

Which of the following disorders is characterized by uncontrollable episodes of falling asleep during the day?

What is the total number of cranial nerves in the human body?

Which finding requires the nurse to notify the health care provider before inserting a nasogastric tube in a client with a severe facial injury from a motor vehicle accident?

Which cranial nerve connects directly to the cerebrum?

The cranial nerve that innervates the superior oblique muscle is?

Which cranial nerve is responsible for closing the jaw?

Cranial nerve I is assessed in this body part?

The cutaneous branch of intercostal nerves supplies the?

The total volume of CSF is?

The length of the medulla oblongata is about?

What is the study of the brain called?

Translation of physical energy into electrical signals by specialized receptor cells?

Who treats diseases of the brain and nerves?

Wrist drop is caused by damage to which nerve?

In which part of the brain is the respiratory center situated?

The physician has ordered a lumbar puncture for a client with suspected Guillain-Barré syndrome. The client's spinal fluid typically shows?

How many neurons are lost approximately every minute during an ischaemic stroke?

Which organ cannot be transplanted?

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