Question 1

Fertilization of an ovum by a spermatozoon occurs in which of the following structures?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Fertilization typically occurs in the ampulla of the fallopian (uterine) tube; cervix and vagina are passageways, ovary is the site of ovulation, and implantation occurs in the uterus.

Question 2

What is the diameter of fetal skull that presents at vulva during normal labour?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In normal labour with a well‑flexed vertex presentation, the head delivers through the vulva in the suboccipitobregmatic diameter (~9.5 cm).

Question 3

Which of the following is/are indication(s) of antepartum fetal surveillance?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: All listed conditions—maternal chronic medical disorders, postterm pregnancy, and multiple gestations—are recognized indications for antepartum fetal surveillance (e.g., NST/BPP) due to increased fetal risk.

Question 4

Major indication/s of operative deliveries?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: All listed are recognized indications for operative delivery: malpresentation/malposition, maternal hypertensive disorders or nonreassuring fetal heart rate pattern, and fetopelvic/cephalopelvic disproportion.

Question 5

A 12 months of amenorrhea in women over age 45 years in the absence of biological or physiological causes?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Menopause is defined clinically as 12 consecutive months of amenorrhea not due to other causes, typically occurring after age 45.

Question 6

One of the following is not an etiology of postmenopausal bleeding?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Postmenopausal bleeding occurs after cessation of menses; pregnancy is not a cause. Known causes include endometrial hyperplasia, malignancy, and occasionally submucosal fibroids.

Question 7

An AUB which is characterized by excess, frequent, irregular and prolonged menses is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Menometrorrhagia is heavy, prolonged uterine bleeding occurring at irregular intervals (both at and between menses). Menorrhagia is heavy but regular menses, metrorrhagia is intermenstrual bleeding, and dysmenorrhea is painful menses.

Question 8

All of the following are risk factors for MTCT?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: All listed factors increase the risk of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of infections such as HIV: high maternal viral load, antiretroviral resistance leading to inadequate suppression, and prolonged rupture of membranes (>4 hours). Therefore, All is correct.

Question 9

Normal menstrual cycle?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Each statement reflects normal menstrual parameters: cycle interval 21–35 days (average 28), duration typically 3–5 days with a wider normal range, and blood loss 30–80 mL averaging about 50 mL; therefore, All is correct.

Question 10

Female factors of infertility?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: All listed categories and percentages correctly represent female infertility factors; therefore the inclusive option is correct.

Question 11

A disorder in which progressive adenomatous enlargement of the prostate gland that occurs with aging is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Benign prostatic hyperplasia is age-related adenomatous enlargement of the prostate.

Question 12

How long is the ovum thought to remain viable after ovulation?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The oocyte remains viable for about 24 hours after ovulation; among the choices, 24 to 36 hours best reflects this physiologic window. Sperm survive 48–72 hours, not the ovum.

Question 13

Difficult labor is called?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Dystocia means difficult or abnormal labor. Dyspepsia is indigestion, dyspareunia is painful intercourse, and dyspnea is shortness of breath.

Question 14

Hypertensive disorder of pregnancy is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Eclampsia is a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy; tachycardia and bradycardia are heart rate abnormalities, not hypertensive disorders.

Question 15

W/ro Abebech is a 24 years old G1P2A0 mother who had her last menstrual period 11 weeks ago. She presents to Arbaminch General Hospital with bleeding and passage of tissues per vagina. Her bleeding is associated with lower abdominal pain. While the midwife is doing vaginal examination the cervix is not open. The most likely diagnosis is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: First-trimester bleeding with passage of tissue and cramping most strongly indicates incomplete abortion. Threatened abortion has no tissue passage; inevitable abortion requires an open cervix; ectopic pregnancy typically does not involve expulsion of intrauterine tissue.

Question 16

The layer which undergoes profound changes during the menstrual cycles and disintegrates and shed during menstruation and after parturition (delivery of a baby) is called?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The stratum functionalis of the endometrium is the layer that undergoes cyclical changes and is shed during menstruation and postpartum; the basal layer remains to regenerate it.

Question 17

From which layer of the endometrium does regeneration take place?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Endometrial regeneration after menstruation arises from the basal layer (stratum basalis). The compacta and spongiosa are functional layers that are shed, and the zona pellucida is part of the oocyte, not the endometrium.

Question 18

What is the normal pH of the vagina?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Normal vaginal pH in reproductive-age women is acidic, about 3.8–4.5. Among the options, 5.1 is the only acidic and closest value.

Question 19

Which is the most common and ideal female pelvis shape?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The gynecoid pelvis is the typical female pelvis; it has a rounded inlet and roomy dimensions, making it the most common and ideal shape for vaginal delivery.

Question 20

Where does fertilization of the ovum typically take place in the female reproductive system?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Fertilization most commonly occurs in the ampulla of the fallopian tube (oviduct) before the zygote travels to the uterus.

Question 21

Which hormone is primarily responsible for preparing the uterus for pregnancy?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Progesterone from the corpus luteum prepares and maintains the endometrium for implantation and early pregnancy, whereas estrogen promotes proliferation and oxytocin causes uterine contractions.

Question 22

Which hormone is called the pregnancy maintaining hormone?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Progesterone from the corpus luteum and later the placenta stabilizes the endometrium and suppresses uterine contractions, thereby maintaining pregnancy.

Question 23

What is the name of the procedure described?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: A vasectomy is the male sterilization procedure that involves cutting or occluding the vas deferens; orchidectomy removes a testis, circumcision removes the foreskin, and salpingectomy removes a fallopian tube.

Question 24

Which hormone is best used to assess ovarian reserve?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is produced by granulosa cells of small antral follicles and reflects the remaining follicle pool. It is relatively cycle-independent and is the most reliable single marker of ovarian reserve compared with FSH, LH, or inhibin B, which vary by cycle day.

Question 25

What is the term for failure of the testes to descend into the scrotum?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Failure of testicular descent into the scrotum is termed cryptorchidism (undescended testis).

Question 26

What is the period from conception to birth called?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Gestation is the period of pregnancy from conception to birth; lactation is milk production, menstruation is shedding of the uterine lining, and ovulation is release of an ovum.

Question 27

Which fetal complication is commonly associated with abruptio placentae?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Placental abruption leads to uteroplacental insufficiency and chronic fetal hypoxia, which commonly results in IUGR.

Question 28

Which gland produces milk in nursing mothers?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Milk is produced by the mammary (lactiferous) glands of the breast; adrenal and sweat glands do not produce milk.

Question 29

What is the process of formation of sperm called?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The overall process of sperm production from spermatogonia through meiosis to spermatozoa is spermatogenesis. Spermiogenesis is only the final maturation of spermatids, and oogenesis is egg formation.

Question 30

What is the infection and inflammation of the fallopian tubes called?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Salping- refers to the fallopian tubes and -itis means inflammation; thus salpingitis is inflammation/infection of the fallopian tubes. The other options refer to different structures.

Question 31

The opening of the vagina is often partially covered by a membrane called what?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The hymen is a thin mucous membrane that often partially covers the vaginal opening (introitus).

Question 32

What is the term for excessive vomiting in early pregnancy?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Excessive vomiting in pregnancy is termed hyperemesis (hyperemesis gravidarum).

Question 33

Which part of the female reproductive system is the site where fertilization takes place?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Fertilization most commonly occurs in the ampulla of the uterine (fallopian) tube. The uterus is for implantation, the cervix is a canal, and the isthmus is the narrow segment near the uterus.

Question 34

Which lytic enzyme is released by the sperm?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The sperm’s acrosome releases hyaluronidase, which digests hyaluronic acid between cells of the corona radiata to facilitate penetration.

Question 35

Development of breast in girls during puberty is known as?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Thelarche is the onset of breast development during puberty. Menarche is the first menstruation, menopause is cessation of menses, and mastitis is inflammation of the breast.

Question 36

What is the most common site for ectopic pregnancy?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Most ectopic pregnancies occur in the fallopian tube, with the ampullary segment being the most common site where fertilization also typically occurs.

Question 37

What is the name of the surgical procedure to deliver a baby through the abdomen?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: A cesarean section is the surgical delivery of a baby through incisions in the abdomen and uterus; the other options are unrelated surgeries.

Question 38

What is the normal intrauterine attitude of the fetus?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Fetal attitude describes the relation of fetal parts to each other; the normal attitude is general flexion. Cephalic refers to presentation and longitudinal to lie, while extension is an abnormal attitude.

Question 39

Sher's & Page classification is used for which condition?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Sher and Page described the classic grading system for placenta previa (e.g., marginal/partial/complete; major vs minor).

Question 40

What is the length of the fallopian tube?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The average length of the uterine (fallopian) tube is about 10–12 cm.

Question 41

What is the average blood loss in a normal delivery?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Typical blood loss for an uncomplicated vaginal delivery is about 500 mL; amounts above this define postpartum hemorrhage.

Question 42

Where are sperms stored and become functionally mature?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Sperm are produced in the testes but gain motility and are stored in the epididymis until ejaculation. The vas deferens transports sperm and the seminal vesicles contribute fluid, not maturation.

Question 43

Where does fertilization occur?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Human fertilization normally occurs in the ampulla of the fallopian tube, where the ovum meets sperm.

Question 44

Which hormone is necessary for a positive pregnancy test?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Pregnancy tests detect human chorionic gonadotropin produced by the trophoblast; progesterone, estrogen, and placental lactogen are not the analytes used for standard pregnancy tests.

Question 45

What is the average length of the menstrual cycle?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The typical average menstrual cycle length is 28 days, though normal ranges are about 21–35 days.

Question 46

At what age does menopause, defined as the natural absence of menstrual periods, typically occur?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Average menopause age is about 51 years, and most women experience it between ages 50 and 55.

Question 47

Which structure provides the major support to the uterus and cervix?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The cardinal (transverse cervical) ligaments anchor the cervix and upper vagina to the lateral pelvic walls and provide the primary apical support of the uterus. Round ligaments mainly maintain uterine anteversion; the broad ligament is a peritoneal fold; uterosacral ligaments offer posterior support; Scarpa fascia is unrelated.

Question 48

What is the most common gynecological cause of urinary retention?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Cervical fibroids commonly compress the bladder neck or urethra, making them the most frequent gynecologic cause of acute urinary retention; the other options are less common causes.

Question 49

Which erectile tissue surrounds the urethra?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The corpus spongiosum encases the penile (spongy) urethra and expands distally to form the glans; the paired corpora cavernosa lie dorsally and do not surround the urethra.

Question 50

What is the monthly discharge of blood from the vagina called?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The monthly shedding of the uterine lining with blood through the vagina is called menstruation. Ovulation is release of an egg, abortion is termination of pregnancy, and fertilization is union of sperm and ovum.

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