Question 1

A bandl's ring indicates?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: A Bandl's ring is a pathological retraction ring between the upper and lower uterine segments seen in obstructed labor. Its presence signifies extreme uterine overdistension and incoordinate contractions, heralding imminent uterine rupture if not relieved. It is not a feature of normal labor and is unrelated to nuchal cord or fetal breech presentation.

Question 2

What is the average diameter of placenta?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: At term the placenta is typically discoid with a diameter of about 15–20 cm and a thickness of 2–3 cm. Options 5 cm and 1 cm are closer to thickness measurements rather than diameter. A 50 cm diameter is unrealistically large and approximates cord length rather than placental size. Therefore, the best answer is 15–20 cm.

Question 3

A baby born at 35 weeks of gestation is classified as?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Preterm birth is defined as delivery before 37 completed weeks of gestation. Term is 37 0/7 through 41 6/7 weeks, and post-term is 42 weeks or more. A gestational age of 35 weeks therefore meets the definition of preterm. Abortion refers to pregnancy loss before approximately 20 weeks or fetal weight under about 500 g.

Question 4

Cryptorchidism means?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Cryptorchidism is the failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum, typically identified at birth. The higher intraabdominal or inguinal temperature can impair spermatogenesis and increase the risk of testicular malignancy if not corrected. Absence of testes is anorchia, extra testes is polyorchidism, and small testes is microorchidism.

Question 5

The landmark for engagement is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Engagement is when the biparietal diameter of the fetal head passes the pelvic inlet and the presenting part reaches station 0. Station is referenced to the ischial spines, which are the narrowest transverse point in the midpelvis and are easily palpable. The ischial tuberosities describe the outlet, while the symphysis pubis and sacral promontory define inlet diameters but are not used to determine engagement.

Question 6

Normal gestational age is considered between?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Term pregnancy is defined as delivery between 37 weeks 0 days and 41 weeks 6 days. Birth before 37 weeks is preterm, while ≥42 weeks is postterm. Therefore, the normal gestational age range is 37–42 weeks.

Question 7

Premature separation of a normally implanted placenta during the second half of pregnancy, usually with severe haemorrhage is known as?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Abruptio placentae is defined as the premature separation of a normally implanted placenta after 20 weeks' gestation and before delivery, often causing significant painful vaginal bleeding and/or concealed hemorrhage. Placenta previa involves placental implantation over or near the cervical os and typically presents with painless bleeding rather than separation. Ectopic pregnancy is implantation outside the uterine cavity, and incompetent cervix causes painless cervical dilation and pregnancy loss without placental detachment. Therefore, the description matches abruptio placentae.

Question 8

What is the stage of expulsion of placenta?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Labor is divided into stages: the first stage is cervical dilation, the second stage is from full dilation to delivery of the baby, and the third stage is from delivery of the baby to delivery of the placenta. Thus, expulsion of the placenta defines the third stage of labor. The fourth stage is the immediate postpartum recovery period.

Question 9

Fallopian tubes connect the overies with the?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The fallopian (uterine) tubes extend from the uterus to the vicinity of the ovaries and provide the passageway for the ovulated oocyte to reach the uterine cavity. Fimbriae sweep the oocyte into the tube, and fertilization typically occurs in the ampulla. Therefore, they anatomically connect the ovaries to the uterus, not to eggs, a zygote, or the vagina.

Question 10

Progesterone is secreted by-?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: After ovulation, the ruptured follicle transforms into the corpus luteum under luteinizing hormone stimulation and secretes progesterone to prepare and maintain the endometrium for implantation. The mature (Graafian) and general ovarian follicles primarily produce estrogen before ovulation. The corpus albicans is a fibrous scar and is not hormonally active.

Question 11

The greatest danger in breech presentation during labour is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In breech presentation, particularly footling breech, there is a large space around the presenting part, increasing the risk of umbilical cord prolapse when membranes rupture. Cord prolapse can rapidly compromise fetal oxygenation due to cord compression, making it a major obstetric emergency. While limb prolapse or precipitate labor may occur, they are less immediately life-threatening than cord prolapse. Therefore, the greatest danger is prolapse of the cord.

Question 12

Which is the main source of estrogen and progesterone after the 3 months of pregnancy-?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: After the first trimester, steroidogenesis shifts from the corpus luteum to the placenta (luteal–placental shift). The placenta synthesizes progesterone from maternal cholesterol and collaborates with the fetal adrenal to produce estrogens, particularly estriol. Thus, beyond about 10–12 weeks (≈3 months), the placenta is the primary source of both progesterone and estrogen.

Question 13

What is name of first secretion from mother's brest following delivery?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The first breast secretion after childbirth is colostrum, a thick yellowish fluid rich in immunoglobulin A, protein, and minerals that provides passive immunity to the newborn. Sequestrum refers to a fragment of dead bone, not a lactation product. Lochia is postpartum vaginal discharge from the uterus, not breast secretion. "Protein milk" is not a standard clinical term for the initial postpartum breast fluid.

Question 14

Wall of the uterus are Except?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The uterine wall has three layers: the inner endometrium, the muscular myometrium, and the outer serosa (perimetrium). Endocardium is the inner lining of the heart, not a uterine layer. Therefore, among the options, Endocardium is the exception.

Question 15

The length of Fallopian tube is ...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The adult fallopian tube typically measures about 10–12 cm in length from the uterine cornua to the fimbriae. This length accommodates the infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus, and intramural segments that transport the ovum and support fertilization. Values like 5 cm or 8–10 cm are shorter than standard anatomical references, and 15 cm is longer than typical.

Question 16

Starting of menstrual cycle before the age of 10 years, is termed as?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Onset of menses at an unusually early age is termed precocious menarche, reflecting precocious puberty. While classic definitions use

Question 17

What is the common causes of senile vaginitis-?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Senile (atrophic) vaginitis is primarily due to oestrogen deficiency after menopause. Low oestrogen leads to thinning of the vaginal epithelium, loss of glycogen and lactobacilli, and an elevated vaginal pH, predisposing to irritation and infection. While FSH increases in menopause, it is a marker rather than the cause. Androgen deficiency and malnutrition are not the common etiology.

Question 18

The average length of the umbilical cord is...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: At term, the umbilical cord typically measures about 50–60 cm in length, with 55 cm commonly cited as the mean. Among the given choices, 60 cm best represents this average. Cord length outside this range has clinical relevance: short cords (70 cm) increase risk of entanglement and true knots.

Question 19

In pregnancy a pigmented line runs from the pubis to the umbilicus is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The darkened midline from the symphysis pubis toward the umbilicus (often to the xiphoid) seen in pregnancy is the linea nigra, caused by hormone-induced hyperpigmentation. Striae gravidarum are stretch marks due to dermal tearing. Chloasma refers to facial hyperpigmentation (mask of pregnancy). Lochia is postpartum vaginal discharge, not a skin finding.

Question 20

Normal sperm concentration in semen is about-?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Traditional reference standards consider a normal sperm concentration to be about 20 million/mL or higher; values below this are termed oligospermia. Recent WHO manuals cite a lower reference limit around 15–16 million/mL, but many exam references still use the 20 million/mL benchmark. The lower options (5 or 10 million/mL) are subnormal, while 50 million/mL is within normal but not the typical threshold used to define normal concentration.

Question 21

Another name for vasectomy is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vasectomy is a minor surgical procedure that cuts or seals the vas deferens to prevent sperm from entering the ejaculate, thereby producing male sterilization. Orchidectomy (removal of a testis) and oophorectomy (removal of an ovary) are not equivalent to vasectomy. Vasotomy refers merely to an incision into the vas deferens, not the occlusive procedure used for contraception.

Question 22

The sperm are temporarily stored in?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Sperm leaving the testes enter the epididymis, where they mature and are stored temporarily for several days to weeks. The vas deferens primarily conducts sperm from the epididymis during ejaculation rather than serving as a storage site. The vasa recta are capillaries in the kidney and are unrelated to sperm storage. The bladder stores urine, not sperm.

Question 23

A vasectomy involves cutting the _____?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vasectomy is a male sterilization procedure in which the vas deferens is cut and sealed to block sperm from traveling from the epididymis to the urethra. The epididymis is not transected; it stores and matures sperm. Fallopian tubes are female reproductive structures, and the vena cava is a major vein unrelated to the procedure.

Question 24

Color of the cervix is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The normal cervix has a healthy pink color due to its stratified squamous epithelium and underlying vascularity. A red cervix suggests inflammation or irritation, and a yellow appearance would suggest purulent discharge. A bluish hue (Chadwick sign) can occur in early pregnancy due to increased venous congestion. Therefore, the normal color is pink.

Question 25

Spontaneous abortion is defined as the ... loss of product of conception?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Spontaneous abortion (miscarriage) refers to the natural, non-induced loss of the products of conception before fetal viability. Because it occurs without deliberate medical or surgical intervention, it is considered an involuntary loss. Terms like biological or chemical loss are nonspecific, and voluntary loss describes induced/therapeutic abortion, not spontaneous abortion.

Question 26

Which female reproductive organ is also called the Birth canal?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The vagina is the muscular canal extending from the cervix to the external genitalia and serves as the birth canal during delivery. It also allows passage of menstrual flow and receives the penis during intercourse. The cervix is the lower uterine opening, not the canal itself, and the uterine tube and its ampulla are parts of the fallopian tube involved in fertilization, not childbirth.

Question 27

The period after childbirth is called?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The period after childbirth is termed the postnatal or postpartum period. Antenatal and prenatal both refer to the time before birth during pregnancy. Gestation is the duration of pregnancy from conception to birth, not after delivery. Therefore, the correct term for the period following childbirth is postnatal.

Question 28

Which system separates Male and Female?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Biological sex is determined by the structure and function of the reproductive organs (gonads and genital tracts), which differ between males and females. The circulatory system is essentially the same in both sexes aside from size-related variations. The urinary system is also fundamentally similar, though external anatomy may appear different; it does not define sex. Therefore, the reproductive system is what differentiates males and females.

Question 29

The ovaries are suspended by ...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The ovary is attached to the posterior layer of the broad ligament by a short peritoneal fold called the mesovarium, which suspends it. The fallopian tube does not support the ovary; it lies in the mesosalpinx. "Ovarian walls" is not an anatomical suspensory structure, and "ligaments" is nonspecific compared with the precise term mesovarium.

Question 30

Spermicides are used to kill?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Spermicides, such as nonoxynol-9, are surfactants that disrupt the sperm cell membrane, immobilizing and killing sperm to prevent fertilization. They have no effect on ova and do not target hormones or enzymes systemically. Therefore, their intended action is to kill sperm.

Question 31

The copper in Copper-T kills _____?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Copper IUDs release copper ions into the uterine and tubal fluids, which are toxic to sperm—impairing their motility and viability—thus preventing fertilization. The device primarily acts as a spermicidal agent and induces a localized inflammatory reaction hostile to sperm. It does not directly kill the ovum or embryo and is not an abortifacient.

Question 32

Baby Developed Inside the ...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Normal fetal development occurs in the uterus, where the fertilized egg implants into the endometrium and the placenta forms to support growth. The vagina is the birth canal but not the site of development. The cervix is the lower opening of the uterus, functioning as a gate during pregnancy. The ovaries produce oocytes; fertilization typically occurs in the fallopian tube, not the ovary.

Question 33

Gestation period in humans is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Normal human gestation is about 40 weeks from the last menstrual period, which is approximately 280 days or 9 calendar months (10 lunar months). Term pregnancy is considered 37–42 weeks, with 7–8 months representing preterm gestation. Twenty-five months is biologically implausible for humans.

Question 34

Normal gestation period in days?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Normal human pregnancy is dated from the first day of the last menstrual period. Term gestation is 40 weeks, which equals 280 days. Biologically this is about 266 days from conception, but clinically 280 days is standard. Therefore, 280 is the correct value.

Question 35

Labor pains are caused by?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Oxytocin stimulates rhythmic contractions of the uterine myometrium at term, producing the painful sensations of labor. Rising oxytocin levels and increased myometrial oxytocin receptors (primed by estrogen) drive a positive feedback loop via the Ferguson reflex. Estrogen and progesterone modulate readiness of the uterus, but do not directly cause the intense contractions responsible for labor pain. Thyroxine is unrelated to parturition.

Question 36

Which one smallest cell in male ...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The human spermatozoon is the smallest cell produced by males, with a head about 5 µm wide and a total length around 50–60 µm. In contrast, the ovum is the largest human cell (~120 µm diameter) and not produced by males. Neuroglial cells are somatic support cells of the nervous system and are larger than sperm. Therefore, sperm is the smallest cell in males among the options.

Question 37

The average length of menstrual cycle is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The menstrual cycle is counted from the first day of one menses to the first day of the next. While normal cycles range from about 21 to 35 days in adults, the commonly accepted average is 28 days. Ovulation typically occurs around day 14 of a 28‑day cycle, with a luteal phase of about 14 days. Therefore, 28 days is the best single answer.

Question 38

The opening of the vagina is often covered partially by a membrane called ...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The hymen is a thin mucous membrane that partially covers the vaginal opening (introitus) in many individuals at birth. Its size, shape, and presence vary widely and it may be stretched or torn with physical activity, tampon use, or sexual intercourse. The vagina is the canal itself, the uterus is the womb, and the oviduct (fallopian tube) connects the ovary to the uterus—none of which are membranes covering the introitus.

Question 39

The 1st menstruation in a female is called as?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Menarche is the term for a female’s first menstrual period, marking the onset of reproductive capability during puberty. Menopause is the permanent cessation of menstruation after 12 months without a period, typically in midlife. Amenorrhea means absence of menstruation and can be primary or secondary, not the first occurrence.

Question 40

Inflammation of the ovary is termed as?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Oophoritis is the term for inflammation of the ovary (oophor- referring to ovary + -itis meaning inflammation). Hydrocele is a fluid collection within the scrotum, not related to the ovary. Nephritis is inflammation of the kidney. "Fallottitis" is not a standard medical term; inflammation of the fallopian tube would be salpingitis.

Question 41

Fertilization of egg by sperm occurs in ____?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In humans, fertilization typically occurs in the ampulla of the fallopian tube, also called the oviduct. After ovulation, the oocyte is captured by the fimbriae and meets capacitated sperm in the upper third of the tube. The resulting zygote then travels to the uterus for implantation. Fertilization does not occur in the ovary, uterus, or vagina under normal physiology.

Question 42

The Copper-T is inserted into ______?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Copper-T is a copper-bearing intrauterine device (IUD) designed to be placed within the uterine cavity. Copper ions create a local inflammatory reaction that is spermicidal and prevents fertilization. It is not inserted into the vagina, ovary, or fallopian tube.

Question 43

Tubectomy is done in _____?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Tubectomy, also called tubal ligation, is a permanent female sterilization procedure in which the fallopian tubes are cut, tied, or blocked to prevent ova from meeting sperm. It is therefore performed in women as a method of contraception. The male counterpart is vasectomy, which involves the vas deferens.

Question 44

Colostrum is rich in?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Colostrum, the first milk produced postpartum, is high in proteins and immunologic components, especially secretory IgA antibodies, which provide passive protection and coat the newborn’s gastrointestinal tract. It is relatively low in fat and lactose compared with mature milk, and it does not contain high iron levels. Therefore, antibodies are the key constituent present in high amounts.

Question 45

Condom is a ______ method?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Condoms are barrier contraceptives that work only when used, providing reversible and short-term protection against pregnancy and many STIs. They are not permanent like sterilization, and they require no surgery. They are also not a 'natural' method such as fertility awareness.

Question 46

A baby born before 37 weeks is called?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Birth before 37 completed weeks of gestation is defined as preterm. Full-term birth typically refers to 39 0/7 to 40 6/7 weeks, while post-term is 42 weeks or more. Therefore, the correct classification for a baby born before 37 weeks is preterm; the other options are incorrect.

Question 47

The device used by men to prevent pregnancy is ______?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Among the options, the male-controlled contraceptive device is the condom, a barrier that prevents sperm from entering the vagina. An IUCD is a female intrauterine device. A diaphragm is also a female barrier method. The contraceptive pill listed refers to oral hormonal contraception typically taken by women.

Question 48

The term "contraception" means _____?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Contraception literally means "against conception" and refers to methods that prevent fertilization or implantation, thereby preventing pregnancy from occurring. It does not mean terminating an established pregnancy, which is abortion. Thus, the correct definition is prevention of conception.

Question 49

Meconium-stained amniotic fluid may cause?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Meconium-stained amniotic fluid is a sign of fetal distress and can be aspirated by the newborn, leading to airway obstruction and chemical pneumonitis (meconium aspiration syndrome). This results in hypoxemia and respiratory compromise, potentially causing asphyxia. Diarrhea, fever, and weight gain are not typical immediate consequences of meconium-stained fluid in the neonate.

Question 50

The female sterilization operation is done in ______?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Female sterilization is typically performed by tubal ligation, in which the fallopian tubes are cut, tied, or occluded. This prevents sperm from reaching the ovum and blocks fertilization. The uterus, ovary, and vagina are not the targets of the sterilization procedure.

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