Question 1

Which vitamin deficiency may cause night blindness?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamin A is required to form retinal, a component of rhodopsin in rod cells that mediates vision in low light. Deficiency impairs dark adaptation and causes night blindness (nyctalopia). Vitamin B12 deficiency leads to megaloblastic anemia and neuropathy; vitamin C deficiency causes scurvy; vitamin D deficiency causes rickets/osteomalacia.

Question 2

Nutrient that help in tissue repair is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Protein provides essential amino acids for collagen synthesis and cell proliferation, which are central to wound healing and tissue repair. Adequate protein supports fibroblast activity and immune function in the repair process. Carbohydrates and fats mainly supply energy, and while certain vitamins assist healing, they are not the primary structural building blocks. Therefore, protein is the best single choice.

Question 3

Fats under the skin, Extensive oedema and swelling of body parts. These are related to?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Kwashiorkor is protein-energy malnutrition characterized by edema from hypoalbuminemia with relative preservation of subcutaneous fat. Children present with swollen body parts and pitting edema. In contrast, marasmus shows severe wasting with loss of subcutaneous fat and no edema. "Proteinemia" is nonspecific and does not explain these findings.

Question 4

Vitamin B1 is also known as?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamin B1 is the chemical name thiamine. Niacin is vitamin B3, riboflavin is vitamin B2, and folic acid is vitamin B9. Thiamine deficiency leads to beriberi and Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome.

Question 5

Weak eyesight is due to deficiency of?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamin A is essential for formation of rhodopsin in the retina, enabling low-light vision. Deficiency leads to night blindness and xerophthalmia, progressing to visual impairment. Vitamins B, C, and D are important for other functions but are not primary causes of visual loss from deficiency. Therefore, vitamin A deficiency best explains impaired eyesight in this context.

Question 6

Protein deficiency causes?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Kwashiorkor is a form of severe protein malnutrition characterized by hypoalbuminemia leading to edema, fatty liver, and skin/hair changes. It results from inadequate protein intake despite sufficient caloric intake. Rickets is due to vitamin D deficiency, scurvy is due to vitamin C deficiency, and goitre is primarily due to iodine deficiency.

Question 7

Vitamin 'D' prevents?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamin D promotes intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate and is essential for bone mineralization. Deficiency causes rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults, both bone disorders. Thus adequate vitamin D prevents bone diseases rather than tooth, eye, or skin diseases.

Question 8

Vitamin B1 is also called?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamin B1 is the vitamin name for thiamine. Thiamine functions as thiamine pyrophosphate, a coenzyme in carbohydrate metabolism. Deficiency causes beriberi and Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome. Riboflavin is B2, niacin is B3, and folic acid is B9.

Question 9

Scientific name of vitamin C is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamin C is chemically known as L-ascorbic acid. It functions as a water‑soluble antioxidant and a cofactor for enzymes involved in collagen synthesis and catecholamine production. Deficiency leads to scurvy, characterized by impaired wound healing and bleeding gums, underscoring its identity and role.

Question 10

Which vitamin is produced in the skin by sunlight?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Ultraviolet B light converts 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin to previtamin D3, which then becomes cholecalciferol (vitamin D3). Vitamins A, B, and C are not synthesized in the skin via sunlight and are primarily obtained from the diet. Vitamin D is essential for calcium and phosphate homeostasis and bone health.

Question 11

Weakness of bones in elderly occurs due to deficiency of?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamin D deficiency reduces intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate, leading to poor bone mineralization. In adults, this causes osteomalacia and contributes to fragility and bone pain, especially in older adults who have decreased cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D. Therefore, deficiency of vitamin D is the classic cause of bone weakness in the elderly.

Question 12

Retinol is the scientific name for which vitamin?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Retinol is the alcohol form of vitamin A and is part of the retinoid family along with retinal and retinoic acid. It plays key roles in vision (as retinal in rhodopsin), epithelial integrity, and immune function. By contrast, vitamin D is cholecalciferol/ergocalciferol, vitamin E is tocopherols/tocotrienols, and vitamin K is phylloquinone/menaquinones.

Question 13

Which vitamin helps in increasing body immunity?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamin C supports innate and adaptive immune function by enhancing neutrophil chemotaxis and phagocytosis, supporting epithelial barrier integrity, and acting as an antioxidant that protects immune cells from oxidative stress. Deficiency is associated with increased susceptibility to infections and poorer outcomes. Vitamins A and D also modulate immunity, but Vitamin C is the most classically linked to boosting immune defense. Vitamin K primarily functions in coagulation, not immunity.

Question 14

Beriberi is caused by a diffiiciency of vitamin?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Beriberi results from deficiency of vitamin B1 (thiamine). Thiamine is a cofactor for enzymes in carbohydrate metabolism, including pyruvate dehydrogenase, α‑ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, and transketolase. Deficiency impairs energy production, leading to peripheral neuropathy (dry beriberi) and cardiomyopathy with edema or high‑output heart failure (wet beriberi).

Question 15

Angular stomatitis is mainly due to deficiency of?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Angular stomatitis (angular cheilitis) with fissures at the corners of the mouth is a classic sign of riboflavin (vitamin B2) deficiency. Riboflavin deficiency also causes glossitis and seborrheic dermatitis. Vitamin C deficiency leads to scorbutic gingival bleeding, vitamin D deficiency to rickets/osteomalacia, and vitamin A deficiency to xerophthalmia and hyperkeratosis.

Question 16

Hypoalbuminemia is an example of the?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hypoalbuminemia reflects inadequate protein intake or protein–energy malnutrition, as albumin is a hepatic protein whose level falls with poor nutritional status and inflammation. While CKD may be associated with low albumin from protein losses, hypoalbuminemia is not an example of CKD itself. Diarrhea and constipation are gastrointestinal symptoms rather than classifications of nutritional deficiency. Therefore, it best represents malnutrition.

Question 17

Breast milk is low in?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Human breast milk contains a relatively low concentration of iron (~0.3–0.5 mg/L), although its bioavailability is high. Term infants rely on prenatal iron stores for the first months, which is why exclusive breastfeeding may require iron supplementation after about 4–6 months. Breast milk provides adequate carbohydrates (primarily lactose), sufficient fat, and appropriate protein for infant growth.

Question 18

Which vitamin deficiency can cause headache and fatigue?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Headache and fatigue are common symptoms of anemia. Vitamin B12 deficiency causes megaloblastic anemia due to impaired DNA synthesis, leading to reduced oxygen delivery and resultant fatigue and headaches. Deficiencies of vitamins A, D, and E typically present with ocular problems, bone pain/osteomalacia, or neuropathy/hemolysis rather than this anemia-driven symptom pair.

Question 19

A 2-years-old child is diagnosed with iron deficiency anemia. Which of the following risk factors is the most common cause of anemia in children?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Excessive cow's milk intake in toddlers displaces iron-rich foods and provides very little iron, leading to iron deficiency anemia; risk rises notably when intake exceeds about 24 oz/day, and 35 oz/day is high. Cow's milk can also cause occult intestinal blood loss in some children. Gastric bleeding is a much less common cause in this age group, and maternal iron store depletion pertains to younger infants, not a 2-year-old. The option about excessive meat consumption would not cause iron deficiency.

Question 20

Vitamins are needed ................. to sustain growth and health?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamins are micronutrients required in small amounts to support normal metabolism, growth, and tissue maintenance. Most water-soluble vitamins are not stored in significant amounts and must be consumed daily. Although fat-soluble vitamins can be stored, regular intake is still necessary to meet physiologic needs. Therefore, vitamins are needed daily in smaller quantities.

Question 21

Iodine deficiency causes?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Iodine is required for thyroid hormone synthesis; deficiency reduces thyroid hormone levels, leading to elevated TSH and compensatory thyroid enlargement, or goiter. Beriberi results from thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency. Scurvy is due to vitamin C deficiency. Kwashiorkor stems from severe protein deficiency.

Question 22

Which of the following vitamins is necessary for the wound healing process?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamin C is essential for collagen synthesis via hydroxylation of proline and lysine, a critical step in wound tensile strength and tissue repair. Deficiency leads to impaired wound healing and fragile capillaries as seen in scurvy. Vitamin A supports epithelialization but is not as central to collagen formation as vitamin C. Vitamin D is primarily for calcium balance, and vitamin K is for coagulation, not tissue repair.

Question 23

Night blindness is caused due to the deficiencies of _____ ?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Night blindness (nyctalopia) results from vitamin A deficiency because retinal (derived from vitamin A) is essential for rhodopsin in rod photoreceptors, which mediates vision in low light. Without adequate vitamin A, dark adaptation is impaired. Vitamins C, E, and B are not primary causes of nyctalopia.

Question 24

Deficiency of which of the following vitamins causes excessive bleeding from wounds?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamin K is required for hepatic gamma-carboxylation of clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X (and proteins C and S), enabling effective coagulation. Deficiency results in impaired clot formation, leading to easy bruising and excessive bleeding from wounds with prolonged PT/INR. Vitamins D, E, and A do not primarily affect clotting in this manner; their deficiencies cause bone disease, neurologic/hemolytic issues, and vision/epithelial problems, respectively.

Question 25

Sunlight is main source of?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Ultraviolet B radiation from sunlight converts 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin to cholecalciferol (vitamin D3). This is then hydroxylated in the liver and kidneys to form active calcitriol, which regulates calcium and phosphate homeostasis. Vitamins C, E, and K are primarily obtained from dietary sources, not synthesized via sunlight.

Question 26

Beriberi is caused by deficiency of?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Beriberi results from deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B1), which impairs carbohydrate metabolism and ATP production, leading to peripheral neuropathy (dry beriberi) and high-output heart failure/edema (wet beriberi). Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) deficiency causes cheilosis and corneal vascularization. Vitamin B3 (niacin) deficiency causes pellagra. Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) deficiency leads to neuropathy and sideroblastic anemia.

Question 27

Which water-soluble vitamin is stored in liver?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamin B12 is a water-soluble vitamin that is uniquely stored in significant amounts in the liver, providing body reserves that can last years. Vitamin C is also water-soluble but is not stored extensively. Vitamins D and K are fat-soluble vitamins, typically stored in adipose tissue and the liver, not classified as water-soluble. Therefore, B12 is the correct choice.

Question 28

Deficiency of Vitamin C causes?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is required for collagen hydroxylation; deficiency impairs connective tissue and capillary integrity, causing scurvy with bleeding gums, petechiae, and poor wound healing. Rickets results from vitamin D deficiency, pellagra from niacin (vitamin B3) deficiency, and night blindness from vitamin A deficiency. Therefore, the deficiency of vitamin C specifically causes scurvy.

Question 29

Pellagra is caused by deficiency of?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Pellagra results from niacin (vitamin B3) deficiency, often associated with inadequate intake or impaired tryptophan-to-niacin conversion. It classically presents with the triad of dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia. Thiamine deficiency causes beriberi/Wernicke–Korsakoff, riboflavin deficiency causes cheilosis and corneal vascularization, and pyridoxine deficiency leads to neuropathy and sideroblastic anemia.

Question 30

Folic acid is also known as?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Folic acid is the synthetic form of folate, designated as vitamin B9. It functions in one-carbon transfer reactions essential for DNA synthesis and cell division. Deficiency causes megaloblastic anemia and increases risk of neural tube defects in pregnancy; B5 (pantothenic acid), B3 (niacin), and B7 (biotin) are different vitamins.

Question 31

Which fat soluble vitamin acts as an anti oxidant?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) is the primary fat-soluble antioxidant in cell membranes. It interrupts lipid peroxidation chain reactions and protects polyunsaturated fatty acids from oxidative damage. It works synergistically with selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase to limit oxidative injury. Therefore, among the fat-soluble vitamins, vitamin E best fits the role of an antioxidant.

Question 32

Breast milk is rich in?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Human breast milk is about 87% water and provides numerous immune factors, especially secretory IgA, lactoferrin, and lysozyme. It is not rich in iron or vitamin D, which is why exclusively breastfed infants often need vitamin D supplementation and later dietary iron. Protein content is moderate and lower than cow’s milk, though fat provides significant calories. Therefore, the best description is that breast milk is rich in water and antibodies.

Question 33

Which of the following is a fat-soluble vitamin?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Fat-soluble vitamins are A, D, E, and K; they are absorbed with dietary fats and stored in the liver and adipose tissue, so they can accumulate and cause toxicity. Vitamin C and the B-complex vitamins (including B6 and B12) are water-soluble and not stored to the same extent. Therefore, among the options, Vitamin K is the fat-soluble vitamin.

Question 34

Vitamin D is also called?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamin D is known as the sunshine vitamin because it is synthesized in the skin upon exposure to UVB sunlight. It helps regulate calcium and phosphate homeostasis for bone health. Anti-bleeding vitamin refers to vitamin K, growth vitamin is commonly associated with vitamin A, and energy metabolism is primarily linked to B-complex vitamins.

Question 35

Vitamin B2 is also known as?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamin B2 is riboflavin, a water‑soluble vitamin that functions as a precursor for the redox cofactors FAD and FMN. Niacin is vitamin B3, thiamine is vitamin B1, and cobalamin is vitamin B12. Therefore, the correct name for B2 is riboflavin.

Question 36

Deficiency of carbohydrate causes?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Carbohydrates are the body’s primary readily available energy source; inadequate intake leads to decreased glucose availability for tissues, causing fatigue and generalized weakness. With carbohydrate deficiency, the body shifts to fat and protein catabolism, which can further contribute to low energy and reduced exercise tolerance. In contrast, rickets is due to vitamin D deficiency, night blindness to vitamin A deficiency, and scurvy to vitamin C deficiency.

Question 37

What is the name of the disease in man arising out of Vitamin B1 deficiency?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency classically causes beriberi, which can present as dry beriberi (peripheral neuropathy, muscle wasting) or wet beriberi (cardiomyopathy, edema, heart failure). The other options correspond to different deficiencies: scurvy and gingivitis are associated with vitamin C deficiency, and pellagra results from niacin (vitamin B3) deficiency. Therefore, beriberi is the correct disease linked to vitamin B1 deficiency.

Question 38

Weak eyesight is due to deficiency of ?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamin A (retinol) is essential for formation of rhodopsin in retinal rod cells and for normal epithelial integrity of the conjunctiva and cornea. Deficiency commonly causes night blindness and can progress to xerophthalmia and keratomalacia, leading to visual impairment. The other listed vitamins are not classically responsible for primary vision loss in the way vitamin A deficiency is.

Question 39

Which vitamin is primarily stored in the liver?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin that is stored in large quantities in the liver (mainly as retinyl esters), serving as the body’s major reserve. Vitamin C is water-soluble and has minimal storage with excess excreted in urine. Vitamin B12 is also stored in the liver, but the classic “primarily stored in the liver” single-best answer in basic nutrition MCQs is vitamin A due to its substantial hepatic stores. Vitamin K has limited body stores and deficiency can develop relatively quickly compared with vitamin A.

Question 40

Amongst fats, the category that should be minimally consumed for a healthy body are?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Saturated fats should be minimized because higher intake is associated with increased LDL cholesterol, which increases atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk. In contrast, mono- and polyunsaturated fats generally improve lipid profiles when they replace saturated fats in the diet. Public health guidance typically recommends limiting saturated fat to a small proportion of total daily calories and prioritizing unsaturated fat sources.

Question 41

This vitamin is essential for vision?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamin A (retinol) is essential for vision because it is a key component of rhodopsin in retinal photoreceptors, enabling low-light (night) vision. Deficiency impairs dark adaptation and can cause night blindness (nyctalopia) and xerophthalmia. The other listed options correspond to other vitamins that do not have this primary role in the visual cycle.

Question 42

Vitamin which Promote Healthy Functioning of Eyes?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamin A is essential for normal vision because retinal (a vitamin A derivative) is required to form rhodopsin in rod photoreceptors for low-light vision. Deficiency can cause night blindness and xerophthalmia, reflecting impaired ocular surface and photoreceptor function. While vitamins B, C, and D support general health, they are not as directly required for the core biochemical processes of vision as vitamin A.

Question 43

Which vitamin deficiency causes scurvy?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Scurvy is caused by vitamin C (ascorbic acid) deficiency, which impairs collagen synthesis. Defective collagen leads to bleeding gums, petechiae/ecchymoses, poor wound healing, and corkscrew hairs. Vitamin C is also important for iron absorption and connective tissue integrity, explaining fatigue and anemia that can occur in scurvy.

Question 44

Which is Bone builder?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Calcium is the primary mineral deposited in bone as hydroxyapatite, providing bone hardness and strength. Adequate calcium intake supports bone mineralization and helps reduce risk of osteopenia/osteoporosis. Protein is important for collagen matrix, but it is not the main mineral “bone builder” compared with calcium. Fat is not a direct structural component required for bone formation.

Question 45

Which one of the following is a protein deficiency disease?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Kwashiorkor is a classic form of severe malnutrition due primarily to inadequate protein intake, often with relatively sufficient calories. It presents with edema (from hypoalbuminemia), fatty liver, growth failure, and skin/hair changes. Night blindness is due to vitamin A deficiency, not protein deficiency, and eczema and cirrhosis are not primary protein-deficiency diseases.

Question 46

A BMI below 18.5 indicates?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: BMI categories define nutritional status based on weight relative to height. A BMI

Question 47

Vitamin D deficiency leads to?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamin D is essential for intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate and for normal bone mineralization. Deficiency in children causes defective mineralization of growing bone and growth plates, leading to rickets (e.g., bone pain, delayed growth, bowed legs). By contrast, scurvy is due to vitamin C deficiency, pellagra to niacin (vitamin B3) deficiency, and kwashiorkor to severe protein deficiency.

Question 48

Pregnant women usually become deficient in...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: During pregnancy, iron requirements increase substantially due to expansion of maternal red blood cell mass and fetal/placental needs, making iron-deficiency anemia common without supplementation. Calcium needs also rise to support fetal skeletal mineralization, and inadequate dietary intake can lead to maternal depletion. Sodium deficiency is not typically expected in normal pregnancy, and magnesium deficiency is less commonly the “usual” deficiency compared with iron and calcium. Therefore, the best answer is calcium and iron.

Question 49

Which vitamin is water-soluble?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin, meaning it dissolves in water and is not stored in large amounts in body fat. In contrast, vitamins A, D, and K are fat-soluble vitamins (stored in the liver and adipose tissue), which increases risk of accumulation and toxicity. Water-soluble vitamins (e.g., vitamin C and the B-complex) typically require more regular dietary intake because excess is excreted in urine.

Question 50

Thiamine is which vitamin?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Thiamine is the common name for vitamin B1. It functions primarily as thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), a coenzyme in carbohydrate metabolism and neuronal function. Deficiency classically leads to beriberi and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, supporting its identification as B1 rather than other B vitamins.

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