Question 1

One gram of Protein gives ........kcal?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Protein provides approximately 4 kilocalories per gram because its metabolic oxidation yields this consistent energy value across dietary sources. This is a foundational principle of human nutrition and macronutrient energy balance.

Question 2

Essential fatty acid?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Essential fatty acids are those not synthesized adequately in the body and must be obtained from diet. Standard nutrition texts list linoleic, linolenic, and arachidonic acids as essential (arachidonic is especially essential in infants), so all listed are considered essential.

Question 3

Riboflavin deficiency causes?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Riboflavin (vitamin B2) deficiency classically presents with cheilosis (angular stomatitis), glossitis, and seborrheic dermatitis. Mental deterioration is associated with niacin deficiency (pellagra), and weight loss is nonspecific.

Question 4

The sugar found in milk is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Lactose is the primary carbohydrate (milk sugar) present in milk and is a disaccharide composed of glucose and galactose.

Question 5

The main storage form of carbohydrate in the body is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In humans, excess glucose is stored as glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscle; fructose, ribose, and a generic "sugar" are not storage polymers.

Question 6

Which of the following is the indigestible portion of our diet that is essential to the health of the digestive system?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Roughage (dietary fiber) is the indigestible component of plant foods that promotes bowel motility and supports digestive health.

Question 7

Molar ratio of sodium to glucose in WHO ORS is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The WHO low-osmolarity ORS contains 75 mmol/L of sodium and 75 mmol/L of glucose, giving a 1:1 molar ratio.

Question 8

Which nutrient is essential for the maintenance of osmotic pressure?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Plasma proteins, especially albumin, create colloid oncotic pressure that maintains intravascular fluid balance; fats, carbohydrates, and vitamins do not have this effect.

Question 9

The subgroup of lipids is known as ____________?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Fats are a common subcategory of lipids; proteins and carbohydrates are separate macronutrient classes, and enzymes are mostly proteins.

Question 10

The anti-beri-beri factor is called?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Beriberi results from thiamine deficiency; the antiberiberi factor is thiamine, which is vitamin B1.

Question 11

Which of the following vitamins contains cobalt?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) contains cobalt as part of its corrin ring; other listed vitamins do not.

Question 12

Eating maize alone may lead to which of the following disease conditions?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: A maize-only diet is deficient in niacin and tryptophan, leading to niacin deficiency (pellagra).

Question 13

Which vitamin deficiency is associated with the manifestations shown in the photograph?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Niacin deficiency causes pellagra, which is characterized by photosensitive dermatitis (often in sun-exposed areas), along with diarrhea and dementia. The described manifestations correspond to niacin deficiency.

Question 14

What is milk deficient in?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Dietary milk is a poor source of both iron and vitamin C, while it contains ample phosphorus and vitamin A. Therefore, the correct pair of nutrients deficient in milk is iron and vitamin C.

Question 15

Scurvy is a disease caused by a deficiency of which vitamin?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Scurvy results from vitamin C deficiency, which impairs collagen synthesis, leading to bleeding gums and poor wound healing.

Question 16

What mineral makes bones strong?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Bone matrix is mineralized primarily by calcium (as calcium phosphate/hydroxyapatite), which provides hardness and strength.

Question 17

The daily requirement of niacin is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The adult niacin requirement is about 14–16 mg of niacin equivalents; many references round this to 20 mg. Among the choices, 20 mg is the accepted daily requirement.

Question 18

The nurse is discussing meal planning with the mother of a 2-year-old. Which of the following statements, if made by the mother, would require further instruction?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Processed meats like hot dogs pose a choking hazard for toddlers due to their shape and texture; they should be avoided or cut into very small pieces.

Question 19

A 15-month-old child fed on cow's milk with severe wasting and bipedal edema presents with poor appetite. Diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Edema with a poor appetite indicates kwashiorkor, while severe wasting indicates marasmus; together these features define marasmic-kwashiorkor, hence both.

Question 20

Which of the following is false about kwashiorkor?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Kwashiorkor features include flaky-paint dermatosis, easily pluckable hair, and marked hypoalbuminemia. The liver shows fatty infiltration with hepatomegaly, not atrophic changes; hence, option B is false.

Question 21

What is the richest source of vitamin B1?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Thiamine (vitamin B1) is concentrated in the bran and outer layers of cereals; polishing rice and wheat removes it, making the outer layer the richest source.

Question 22

Amino acids which cannot be synthesized by the body are called ________?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Amino acids that the body cannot synthesize must be obtained from the diet and are termed essential amino acids.

Question 23

An emaciated child with a monkey-like face and wasting of tissue and muscle is seen in?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Marasmus presents with a severe calorie deficiency causing marked emaciation, monkey-like facies, and generalized tissue and muscle wasting. Kwashiorkor typically has edema and a moon face rather than extreme wasting.

Question 24

Which condition is caused by a deficiency of vitamin B1?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency leads to beriberi. Rickets is due to vitamin D deficiency; bone infection and myopia are unrelated.

Question 25

Which condition is characterized by sunken features, loss of subcutaneous fat, muscle wasting, and body weight below 40 percent?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Marasmus is a severe energy deficiency causing marked wasting with loss of subcutaneous fat and a sunken, emaciated appearance; weight is markedly below that expected. The other options do not present this constellation of features.

Question 26

What is the richest natural source of vitamin A?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Cod liver oil is an animal source rich in preformed vitamin A (retinol) and is more concentrated in it than plant sources like carrots or peas, making it the richest natural source among the options.

Question 27

How many calories per kilogram does an infant require?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Infants typically require about 100–120 kcal/kg/day; thus, 120 kcal/kg is the best answer among the choices.

Question 28

The concentration of K+ in ORS is ___ mEq/L.?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: WHO reduced-osmolarity ORS contains potassium 20 mEq/L (with Na 75, Cl 65, glucose 75, and citrate 10).

Question 29

Non-energy-supplying nutrients are?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamins, minerals, and water do not provide calories; only carbohydrates, fats, and proteins supply energy.

Question 30

The sugar found in milk is ... ?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Lactose is the disaccharide commonly known as milk sugar; galactose is a component of lactose; glucose is blood sugar, and fructose is fruit sugar.

Question 31

...... is also known as table sugar?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Table sugar is sucrose, a disaccharide of glucose and fructose. Maltose is malt sugar, lactose is milk sugar, and glucose is blood sugar.

Question 32

1 g of glucose gives ... kcal of energy?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Carbohydrates, such as glucose, yield approximately 4 kcal per gram.

Question 33

Richest source of vitamin B12?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamin B12 is found in animal products; the richest sources include meat (especially liver) and eggs. Fruits and green leafy vegetables are poor sources, and milk contains less than meat and eggs.

Question 34

The body's most preferred energy source is...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Glucose from carbohydrates is the body’s primary and preferred fuel, especially for the brain and red blood cells; protein is protein-sparing, and fat is used after carbs.

Question 35

The main function of vitamin C is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is a cofactor for the hydroxylation of proline and lysine in collagen formation; its key role is in collagen synthesis.

Question 36

Beriberi is a disease caused by a deficiency of?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Beriberi is due to a deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B1). The other options are vitamins B12, B6, B5, and B2, which cause different deficiency states.

Question 37

Which of the following nutrients help in tissue repair?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Proteins provide amino acids needed for building and repairing body tissues; carbohydrates and fats mainly supply energy, and vitamins support processes but are not the primary nutrient for tissue repair.

Question 38

Best source of vitamin E?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant found in the highest amounts in vegetable oils (e.g., wheat germ, sunflower, safflower). Green leafy vegetables contain some; fortified milk is primarily a source of vitamin D; and fish liver oil is rich in vitamins A and D.

Question 39

Which vitamin deficiency causes beriberi?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Beriberi results from thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency, affecting carbohydrate metabolism and neural and cardiac function.

Question 40

Which vitamin deficiency can affect your sleep?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Niacin (vitamin B3) deficiency can disturb tryptophan–serotonin–melatonin pathways, leading to sleep disturbances.

Question 41

Which disorder is caused by a protein deficiency?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Kwashiorkor is due to severe protein deficiency; scurvy is vitamin C deficiency and anaemia is typically due to iron, B12, or folate deficiency.

Question 42

Which vitamin or mineral is human milk not rich in?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Breast milk contains adequate vitamins A, C, and E, but its iron content is low (though highly bioavailable). Thus iron is the exception.

Question 43

What is 'fat' also known as in nursing terminology?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Dietary and stored fat is primarily in the form of triglycerides; melanin is pigment, poikelothermic relates to temperature regulation, and chitin is a polysaccharide.

Question 44

Which vitamins promote healthy functioning of the eyes?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamin A (retinol) is essential for rhodopsin formation in the retina; deficiency causes night blindness and xerophthalmia, so it promotes healthy eye function.

Question 45

Which of the following contains a larger quantity of vitamin C?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Among the listed fruits, lemon contains the highest vitamin C content (about 50 mg/100 g), exceeding bananas, grapes, and figs.

Question 46

Eggs are a rich source of?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Eggs are a well-known complete, high-quality protein source; while they contain vitamins, they are primarily recognized for their protein content.

Question 47

Which vitamin is found in citrus fruits?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Citrus fruits are rich sources of ascorbic acid, known as Vitamin C.

Question 48

The highest incidence of marasmus is seen in?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Marasmus, a severe calorie deficiency form of protein-energy malnutrition, occurs most commonly in infants under 1 year, often related to early weaning and inadequate caloric intake.

Question 49

Vitamin was discovered for the first time by?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The discovery and naming of vitamins are credited to Casimir Funk (1912). Among the given choices, "Hunk" is a misspelling closest to Funk and is the best match.

Question 50

The risk of stomach cancer has been linked to a deficiency of?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamin C acts as an antioxidant that inhibits formation of carcinogenic nitrosamines in the stomach; deficiency increases gastric cancer risk.

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