Question 1

Pernicious anemia is due to deficiency of?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Pernicious anemia is a megaloblastic anemia caused by vitamin B12 deficiency, most commonly due to autoimmune loss of intrinsic factor from gastric parietal cells, leading to impaired B12 absorption in the terminal ileum. This results in defective DNA synthesis and macrocytosis. Neurologic manifestations (e.g., peripheral neuropathy, subacute combined degeneration) can occur in B12 deficiency and help distinguish it from folate deficiency. Therefore, the best answer is vitamin B12.
Category reason: The question tests the biomedical cause of a specific anemia (nutrient deficiency underlying hematologic disease), which is foundational hematology rather than a nursing intervention or prioritization scenario.

Question 2

Deficiency of RBCs is medically termed as?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: A deficiency in red blood cells (or hemoglobin) reduces the blood’s oxygen-carrying capacity and is termed anemia. Leukemia is a malignancy of blood-forming tissues (often affecting white blood cells), not a primary RBC deficiency. Thrombosis is clot formation within a vessel, and hemophilia is a coagulation factor deficiency causing bleeding—neither describes low RBCs.
Category reason: The question tests recognition of a blood disorder term related to red blood cell deficiency, which is a core concept in Hematology rather than a nursing intervention or prioritization scenario.

Question 3

Which RBC has Maximum Nucleus lobes?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Although the stem incorrectly says “RBC,” the options are leukocyte types and the question is about nuclear lobulation. Neutrophils classically have a segmented nucleus with the most lobes (typically 3–5), giving them the alternate name polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Eosinophils (“acidophils”) and basophils usually have bilobed nuclei, and lymphocytes have a single, round nucleus. Therefore, neutrophils have the maximum nuclear lobes among the options.
Category reason: This is a foundational blood cell morphology question (nuclear segmentation of leukocytes), which falls under Hematology rather than nursing care decision-making.

Question 4

Which of the following is an important cause of a reduced neutrophil count?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Viral infections commonly cause neutropenia through transient bone marrow suppression and/or peripheral destruction/sequestration of neutrophils. In contrast, bacterial infections typically produce neutrophilia (increased neutrophils) as part of the acute inflammatory response. Corticosteroids usually increase circulating neutrophil counts via demargination. Splenectomy tends to increase blood cell counts because the spleen’s sequestration/removal function is reduced.
Category reason: This question tests causes of changes in neutrophil count (neutropenia vs neutrophilia), which is a core topic in blood and immune cell disorders, best categorized under Hematology.

Question 5

Which blood group is called the universal donor?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason:Type O negative red blood cells lack A, B, and Rh (D) antigens, making them least likely to trigger an immune reaction when transfused. Therefore, O-negative blood can be safely given to patients of any blood type in emergencies.
Category reason:This question focuses on blood group antigens and transfusion compatibility, which falls under the study of blood and its components.

Question 6

Sickle cell anemia occurs due to abnormal:

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Sickle cell anemia is caused by a genetic mutation in the beta-globin chain that produces abnormal hemoglobin S (HbS). When deoxygenated, HbS polymerizes, distorting red blood cells into a sickle shape, leading to hemolysis and vaso-occlusion. The primary abnormality is therefore in hemoglobin, not white blood cells, platelets, or plasma.
Category reason: The question tests the underlying cause/pathogenesis of a blood disorder (abnormal hemoglobin structure in sickle cell disease), which is foundational hematology/biomedical knowledge rather than a nursing intervention or prioritization scenario.

Question 7

Which mineral deficiency causes Anemia?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Iron deficiency is the most common cause of anemia worldwide because iron is required for hemoglobin synthesis and normal red blood cell production. When iron stores are low, hemoglobin production falls, leading to microcytic, hypochromic anemia. Copper deficiency can also cause anemia but is a less common and less classically tested mineral cause compared with iron. Zinc deficiency is not a typical primary cause of anemia.
Category reason: This question tests a foundational cause of anemia related to blood formation and hemoglobin synthesis, which is primarily a Hematology topic rather than a nursing intervention/priority scenario.

Question 8

The nurse explains that a bone marrow biopsy is done from which site?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The most common and preferred site for bone marrow aspiration/biopsy in adults is the posterior iliac crest because it provides a large, accessible marrow cavity with a relatively low risk of injury to vital structures. The sternum may be used for aspiration but is generally avoided for core biopsy due to risk of penetrating underlying mediastinal structures. The tibia is mainly used in infants/young children, and the femur is not a typical routine site for marrow biopsy.
Category reason: This question tests knowledge of the hematologic diagnostic procedure site selection (bone marrow biopsy), which is a foundational hematology concept rather than a nursing-prioritization or intervention decision.

Question 9

Which diseases is known as Christmas diseases?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Christmas disease refers specifically to hemophilia B (factor IX deficiency), historically named after the first described patient (Stephen Christmas). Among the options, the closest and correct match is hemophilia. Leukemia, anemia, and cancer are not synonymous with factor IX deficiency and are not known by this eponym. Therefore, hemophilia is the single best answer.
Category reason: The question tests recognition of an eponym for a coagulation disorder (factor IX deficiency), which is a core topic in blood and clotting disorders within Hematology rather than nursing interventions or prioritization.

Question 10

What is the term for low white blood cell count due to chemotherapy?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Chemotherapy commonly suppresses bone marrow, reducing production of white blood cells, especially neutrophils. The specific term for an abnormally low neutrophil count is neutropenia, which is clinically important because it markedly increases infection risk. Leukocytosis is elevated WBC count, lymphadenitis is inflammation of lymph nodes, and leukoplakia refers to white mucosal patches, not blood cell counts.
Category reason: The item tests terminology and basic blood cell concepts (white blood cells/neutrophils and chemotherapy-related marrow suppression), which is a foundational Hematology topic rather than a nursing intervention or prioritization scenario.

Question 11

Cancer of white blood cells or their precursors is called?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Leukemia is a malignant neoplasm of hematopoietic tissue characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of white blood cells and/or their precursors in the bone marrow and blood. Anemia is a decrease in red blood cells/hemoglobin, not a cancer. Thalassemia is an inherited hemoglobin synthesis disorder affecting red cells. Polycythemia refers to increased red blood cell mass (and may be primary or secondary) rather than malignancy of white cell precursors.
Category reason: This question tests recognition of a blood/hematopoietic malignancy (cancer of white blood cells and their precursors), which is a core topic in Hematology.

Question 12

Which blood group is universal Doron?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: O negative red blood cells lack A and B antigens and also lack the Rh(D) antigen, so they are least likely to trigger hemolytic transfusion reactions in recipients of any ABO/Rh type. For this reason, O− is considered the universal donor for packed RBC transfusions in emergencies. In contrast, AB+ is the universal recipient (for RBCs), and O+ cannot be given safely to Rh-negative recipients.
Category reason: This question tests foundational knowledge of ABO and Rh blood group antigen compatibility (universal donor concept) used in transfusion medicine, which falls under Hematology rather than nursing process or patient-care prioritization.

Question 13

Serum is plasma without?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Plasma contains water, electrolytes (salts), proteins, and clotting factors such as fibrinogen and prothrombin. Serum is the liquid portion remaining after blood has clotted, so the clotting factors are consumed/removed during clot formation. Therefore, serum is essentially plasma without clotting factors. Water and salts remain present in both plasma and serum, and hemoglobin is contained within red blood cells rather than the plasma/serum fraction.
Category reason: This item tests a foundational blood component distinction (plasma vs serum) and what is removed during coagulation, which is a core concept in Hematology rather than a nursing intervention/priority question.

Question 14

Leukemia is a cancer of?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Leukemia is a malignancy of blood-forming tissues (bone marrow) characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal leukocytes (white blood cell precursors). This overgrowth crowds out normal hematopoiesis, leading to anemia (low RBCs) and thrombocytopenia (low platelets), but the primary cancerous line is the WBC lineage. Therefore, among the options, WBC is the best answer.
Category reason: The item tests foundational knowledge of what cell line is involved in leukemia, which is a core concept in blood disorders and malignancies. This aligns best with Hematology rather than nursing care decision-making.

Question 15

Anemia in pregnancy is mainly due to deficiency of?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The most common cause of anemia in pregnancy is iron deficiency due to increased maternal blood volume expansion and higher iron requirements for fetal growth and placental development. Dietary intake and iron stores often do not meet these increased demands, leading to microcytic, hypochromic anemia. Calcium, sodium, and potassium deficiencies are not primary causes of anemia in pregnancy.
Category reason: This item tests foundational knowledge about the common etiology of anemia during pregnancy (a blood disorder mechanism) rather than a nursing intervention or prioritization decision, fitting Hematology.

Question 16

Which blood cells fight infection?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: White blood cells (WBCs), or leukocytes, are the primary cells responsible for immune defense and fighting infections through mechanisms like phagocytosis and antibody-mediated responses. Red blood cells (RBCs) mainly transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. Platelets are involved in blood clotting, and plasma is the fluid component carrying proteins and cells rather than being an infection-fighting cell type.
Category reason: This question tests foundational knowledge of blood components and their functions, which is a core Hematology topic rather than a nursing judgment/intervention scenario.

Question 17

Myeloma is a disease of?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Multiple myeloma is a malignancy of plasma cells (terminally differentiated B lymphocytes) within the bone marrow. These clonal plasma cells overproduce a monoclonal immunoglobulin (M protein) and suppress normal hematopoiesis and antibody production. The disease commonly causes lytic bone lesions, anemia, recurrent infections, renal impairment, and hypercalcemia (CRAB features). Therefore, myeloma is a disease of plasma cells.
Category reason: The item tests foundational knowledge of which blood/immune cell type gives rise to myeloma, which is a hematologic malignancy concept rather than a nursing intervention or prioritization decision.

Question 18

The nurse is caring for a patient with a deficiency in cobalamin, vitamin B12. Which of the following conditions is associated with this deficiency?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) deficiency classically causes megaloblastic anemia and can be due to lack of intrinsic factor from autoimmune gastritis, which is termed pernicious anemia. This results in impaired DNA synthesis in rapidly dividing cells, producing macrocytosis and hypersegmented neutrophils, and may also cause neurologic symptoms (e.g., paresthesias) from demyelination. The other options correspond to different vitamin deficiencies: beriberi (thiamine/B1), cheilosis (often riboflavin/B2), and pellagra (niacin/B3). Therefore, pernicious anemia is the condition associated with B12 deficiency.
Category reason: The question tests the biomedical association between a specific vitamin deficiency (B12/cobalamin) and a hematologic disease state (pernicious/megaloblastic anemia), which is foundational blood and anemia knowledge within Hematology rather than a nursing intervention decision.

Question 19

Which is the rarest blood group type?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: AB negative is generally the rarest among the common ABO/Rh blood groups in most populations. It combines the least common ABO type (AB) with Rh negativity, which is also less prevalent than Rh positivity. In contrast, O positive and B positive are relatively common, and A negative is typically more common than AB negative. Therefore, AB-ve is the best answer.
Category reason: This question tests prevalence and classification of ABO/Rh blood groups, a foundational concept about blood typing and compatibility within hematology rather than a nursing intervention or clinical decision.

Question 20

Soru 2 Which blood group is known as the universal donor?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Blood group O negative lacks A, B, and Rh antigens, making it least likely to cause an immune reaction when transfused to recipients of any blood type. Therefore, it is considered the universal donor.
Category reason: This question tests knowledge of blood groups, antigens, and transfusion compatibility, which falls under Hematology.

Question 21

The study of blood is called?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hematology is the branch of medical science that studies blood, blood-forming organs, and blood diseases. It includes evaluation of formed elements (RBCs, WBCs, platelets) and plasma components as well as disorders like anemia and leukemia. Histology is the study of tissues in general, cardiology focuses on the heart, and neurology focuses on the nervous system.
Category reason: This is a foundational discipline/terminology question asking which field studies blood, which most directly maps to the NursingScience subject Hematology rather than a patient-care NCLEX decision.

Question 22

What is a visible sign of iron deficiency?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Iron deficiency commonly leads to iron-deficiency anemia, reducing hemoglobin and the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood. A typical visible manifestation is pallor of the skin and mucous membranes due to decreased oxyhemoglobin in peripheral tissues. Bluish nails suggest cyanosis (hypoxemia), and red eyes or rash are not characteristic primary signs of iron deficiency.
Category reason: The item tests recognition of a clinical sign resulting from decreased hemoglobin/iron stores, which is a core concept in blood disorders and anemia under Hematology rather than a nursing intervention decision.

Question 23

The nurse is caring for a child undergoing hemoglobin electrophoresis. The nurse knows this test is diagnostic for which condition?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hemoglobin electrophoresis separates and identifies different hemoglobin types (e.g., HbA, HbS, HbC, HbF) based on their movement in an electric field. It is a key confirmatory test for hemoglobinopathies such as sickle cell disease by demonstrating the presence and proportion of HbS. Cystic fibrosis is diagnosed with sweat chloride testing or genetic testing, DVT is evaluated with ultrasound and D-dimer, and HIV is diagnosed with antigen/antibody and confirmatory assays rather than hemoglobin electrophoresis.
Category reason: This item tests knowledge of a laboratory diagnostic test and blood disorders (hemoglobin variants), which is foundational biomedical content in Hematology rather than a nursing intervention/prioritization scenario.

Question 24

Leukemia is cancer of?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Leukemia is a malignancy of the blood-forming tissues (bone marrow) characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal leukocytes (white blood cells) and/or their precursors. This leads to crowding out of normal hematopoiesis, causing anemia (low RBCs), thrombocytopenia (low platelets), and infection risk due to dysfunctional WBCs. Therefore, it is classically described as cancer of WBCs rather than RBCs, platelets, or plasma.
Category reason: The item tests foundational knowledge of what cell line is involved in leukemia, which is a core concept in blood and bone marrow disorders within Hematology rather than a nursing intervention or prioritization scenario.

Question 25

Which blood cells are called “soldiers of the body”?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: White blood cells (WBCs) are considered the “soldiers of the body” because they defend against infection and foreign organisms through immune responses such as phagocytosis and antibody-mediated mechanisms. In contrast, RBCs primarily transport oxygen and carbon dioxide, and platelets mainly function in clotting/hemostasis. Plasma cells are a specific type of B-lymphocyte involved in antibody production, but the general term for the body’s immune defenders in blood is WBCs.
Category reason: This question tests foundational knowledge about the functions of blood cell types and immune defense, which is a core topic within Hematology rather than nursing judgment or patient-care prioritization.

Question 26

Which blood cells are responsible for immunity?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: White blood cells (WBCs, leukocytes) are the primary cellular components of the immune system. They include neutrophils, lymphocytes (B and T cells), monocytes/macrophages, eosinophils, and basophils, which defend against pathogens via innate and adaptive mechanisms. RBCs primarily transport oxygen, platelets mediate hemostasis, and plasma is the fluid component that carries proteins (including antibodies) but is not itself a blood cell.
Category reason: The question tests foundational knowledge of blood components and their functions in immunity, which falls under Hematology rather than nursing clinical decision-making.

Question 27

Blood is formed by?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In postnatal life, hematopoiesis (formation of blood cells) primarily occurs in the red bone marrow, which produces erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets from hematopoietic stem cells. The heart pumps blood but does not form it. The kidneys regulate erythropoiesis indirectly by producing erythropoietin, and the liver is mainly involved in plasma protein synthesis and (fetal) hematopoiesis rather than routine adult blood cell formation.
Category reason: This question tests the foundational concept of hematopoiesis and the primary site of blood cell production, which falls under Hematology rather than nursing care decision-making.

Question 28

Normal Hb level in male according to WHO?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Normal adult male hemoglobin is typically around 13.5–17.5 g/dL, and many nursing references present an approximate range of 14–18 g/dL for males. Options 10–12 and 12–15 g/dL are too low for a normal adult male and overlap anemic ranges, while 18–22 g/dL is generally abnormally high (suggestive of polycythemia or hemoconcentration). Therefore, 14–18 mg/dL (intended as g/dL) is the best match among the choices.
Category reason: This item tests knowledge of normal hemoglobin reference ranges, which is a foundational blood parameter within Hematology rather than a nursing intervention/priority decision.

Question 29

All of the following are features of leukemia; EXCEPT?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Leukemia involves malignant proliferation of abnormal leukocytes in the bone marrow, which suppresses normal hematopoiesis. This commonly leads to anemia from reduced red blood cell production, neutropenia with increased infection risk, and thrombocytopenia causing bleeding tendencies. Polycythemia is an increased red blood cell mass, which is not a typical feature of leukemia and instead suggests myeloproliferative disorders like polycythemia vera.
Category reason: The question tests recognition of typical hematologic abnormalities seen in leukemia (cytopenias due to marrow failure), which is foundational blood-disorder knowledge within Hematology rather than a nursing intervention/prioritization scenario.

Question 30

Hemophilia is due to absence of ________?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Classic hemophilia (Hemophilia A) is caused by deficiency/absence of coagulation factor VIII, leading to impaired intrinsic pathway function and poor fibrin clot formation. This results in prolonged aPTT and a tendency toward deep tissue bleeding such as hemarthroses. Factor VII deficiency affects the extrinsic pathway (PT), and factor X deficiency affects the common pathway; neither is the typical cause of hemophilia A. Factor VI is not a clinically used designation (historically referred to activated factor V).
Category reason: The question tests knowledge of blood coagulation factors and the etiology of a bleeding disorder, which is foundational hematology rather than a nursing intervention or prioritization scenario.

Question 31

Haemoglobin is found in............?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hemoglobin is the oxygen-carrying protein located inside red blood cells (erythrocytes), where it binds oxygen in the lungs and releases it to tissues. White blood cells primarily function in immune defense and do not contain hemoglobin as a defining component. Platelets are cell fragments involved in clotting and also do not contain hemoglobin as their main protein content.
Category reason: This is a foundational question about blood components and where hemoglobin is located, which is covered under hematology rather than nursing care decisions.

Question 32

Which of the following is universal donor?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In the ABO blood group system, type O red blood cells lack both A and B surface antigens, so they are least likely to be targeted by naturally occurring anti-A or anti-B antibodies in recipients. Therefore, type O is considered the universal donor for packed red blood cells in basic ABO terms. (More precisely in clinical practice, O negative is the universal donor when Rh factor is also considered.) Hence, among the given options, O is the best answer.
Category reason: This question tests foundational knowledge of blood group antigens and transfusion compatibility, which is a core topic within Hematology rather than a nursing intervention or prioritization scenario.

Question 33

Blood clot is formed by the..?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Platelets are the key cellular component of hemostasis, forming the initial platelet plug by adhering to damaged endothelium and aggregating. They also provide a phospholipid surface that supports activation of the coagulation cascade, leading to fibrin formation and stabilization of the clot. Lymphocytes are immune cells, erythrocytes primarily transport oxygen, and chondrocytes are cartilage cells, none of which initiate clot formation.
Category reason: This is a foundational question about blood components and the mechanism of clot formation (hemostasis), which is primarily studied under Hematology rather than nursing interventions or prioritization.

Question 34

The life span of red blood cells is approximately.?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Mature red blood cells circulate for about 120 days before being removed by macrophages, primarily in the spleen and liver. Their limited lifespan relates to lack of a nucleus and inability to repair membrane and enzyme damage over time. This 120-day turnover is a core hematology concept and underlies monitoring and recovery expectations in anemia and hemolysis.
Category reason: The question tests a factual property of blood cells (RBC lifespan), which is a foundational hematology concept rather than a nursing intervention or clinical judgment scenario.

Question 35

In a child with mild haemophilia A, the factor VIII level is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hemophilia A severity is classified by factor VIII activity: severe is 5% up to about 40%. Therefore, the closest option representing mild hemophilia A is 5% (intended as 5–50% or >5%). Options

Question 36

Largest connective tissue in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Blood is classified as a specialized (fluid) connective tissue because it has an extracellular matrix (plasma) with suspended cells (RBCs, WBCs, platelets). By volume, it is the most abundant connective tissue in the body, comprising about 7–8% of body weight in adults. Skin is an organ composed of multiple tissue types (epithelium, connective tissue, nerves, vessels) rather than being a single connective tissue type.
Category reason: The question tests classification and distribution of tissues in the body, specifically identifying blood as a specialized connective tissue and recognizing its abundance, which fits Hematology rather than nursing care decision-making.

Question 37

The deficiency of iron in the human body leads to:

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Iron is essential for hemoglobin synthesis in red blood cells, enabling oxygen transport. Deficiency causes reduced hemoglobin and microcytic, hypochromic anemia, presenting with fatigue, pallor, and decreased exercise tolerance. The other options are linked to different deficiencies: goitre (iodine), beriberi (thiamine/B1), and rickets (vitamin D and/or calcium). Therefore, iron deficiency most directly leads to anemia.
Category reason: This question tests the biologic consequence of a nutrient deficiency on red blood cell production and hemoglobin, which is a core topic in Hematology rather than a nursing care/intervention scenario.

Question 38

Bleeding time is prolonged in a person who....?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Bleeding time primarily reflects platelet function and the integrity of primary hemostasis. Aspirin irreversibly inhibits platelet COX-1, reducing thromboxane A2 and impairing platelet aggregation, which prolongs bleeding time (especially with higher doses or frequent use). Coumarin derivatives and factor VIII deficiency mainly affect secondary hemostasis and prolong PT/INR or aPTT rather than bleeding time. Liver disease can impair clotting factor synthesis and platelet production, but the most directly correct option for prolonged bleeding time is aspirin due to platelet dysfunction.
Category reason: This question tests understanding of hemostasis and which disorders/drugs affect bleeding time versus coagulation studies, which is core Hematology.

Question 39

Q. The end product in the process of blood coagulation is - ?????

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The final step of the coagulation cascade is conversion of soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin by thrombin. Fibrin polymerizes and is stabilized (via factor XIII) to form the meshwork that constitutes the definitive blood clot. Prothrombin and thrombin are upstream components, and thromboplastin (tissue factor) is an initiating trigger, not the end product.
Category reason: This question tests knowledge of the coagulation cascade and clot formation end product, which is a core topic in hematology rather than a nursing intervention or prioritization scenario.

Question 40

Hemoglobin is a?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hemoglobin is an iron-containing conjugated protein (a globin protein with heme groups) found in red blood cells. Its primary function is to bind and transport oxygen (and carry some carbon dioxide) in the bloodstream. Lipids, vitamins, and carbohydrates do not match hemoglobin’s structure or role as a globular oxygen-transport molecule.
Category reason: This item tests foundational knowledge about the composition and function of hemoglobin in red blood cells, which is a core topic in blood science rather than nursing interventions or clinical decision-making.

Question 41

Which of the following is a type of white blood cell?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Leukocytes are white blood cells involved in immune defense (e.g., neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils). Erythrocytes are red blood cells that primarily transport oxygen via hemoglobin. Neurons are nerve cells, and hepatocytes are liver parenchymal cells, so neither are blood leukocytes.
Category reason: The item tests identification of blood cell types and terminology (white blood cell vs red blood cell and other body cells), which is a core Hematology concept.

Question 42

The nurse is performing an assessment on a client with possible pernicious anemia. Which data would support the diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Pernicious anemia (vitamin B12 deficiency due to lack of intrinsic factor) commonly presents with glossitis, described as a smooth, red “beefy” tongue. Neurologic symptoms such as numbness/tingling can also occur, but the classic physical assessment finding in the options is the beefy red tongue. A hemoglobin of 12.0 gm/dL is generally within or near normal range for many adults and would not support anemia. Rapid weight loss is nonspecific and not characteristic for diagnosing pernicious anemia.
Category reason: The question tests recognition of clinical manifestations of pernicious (megaloblastic) anemia, a disorder of blood and red cell formation, which falls under Hematology.

Question 43

What is the average life span of platelets in human blood?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Platelets (thrombocytes) typically circulate for about 7–10 days before being removed by the reticuloendothelial system, especially the spleen. Their lifespan reflects normal platelet turnover and is clinically relevant in thrombocytopenia and after platelet transfusion. Options shorter than this underestimate normal survival, while much longer values are inconsistent with established hematology.
Category reason: This question tests a core fact about the normal lifespan/turnover of a blood cell component, which is a foundational Hematology topic rather than a nursing intervention or prioritization scenario.

Question 44

Which of the following blood types is known as the universal donor?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Type O is considered the universal donor for red blood cell transfusions because its RBCs lack A and B antigens, reducing the risk of an acute hemolytic transfusion reaction in recipients of other ABO types. In practice, the true universal RBC donor is O negative because it also lacks the Rh(D) antigen. Since Rh factor is not included among the options, the best answer here is O.
Category reason: This question tests foundational knowledge of ABO blood group compatibility (antigens/antibodies) and transfusion principles, which falls under Hematology rather than nursing prioritization or intervention decision-making.

Question 45

What is the main protein in red blood cells?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hemoglobin is the predominant intracellular protein in erythrocytes and is responsible for oxygen binding and transport (and contributes to carbon dioxide transport and buffering). Red blood cells are essentially packed with hemoglobin, which gives them their red color and enables efficient gas exchange. Myosin is a muscle contractile protein, keratin is a structural protein in skin/hair, and collagen is a connective tissue protein.
Category reason: The question tests foundational knowledge about the primary protein within red blood cells and its role in oxygen transport, which falls under Hematology rather than nursing care decision-making.

Question 46

Which blood corpuscles is called as soldier of body?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: White blood cells (WBCs, leukocytes) are considered the “soldiers of the body” because they defend against infection and foreign organisms through immune responses such as phagocytosis and antibody-mediated mechanisms. Red blood cells primarily transport oxygen and carbon dioxide, not immune defense. Platelets primarily function in hemostasis and clot formation. Therefore, WBC is the best answer.
Category reason: This question tests foundational knowledge of blood cell functions and immune defense roles, which is core to Hematology rather than nursing care decision-making.

Question 47

Average lifespan of RBC is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The average lifespan of a normal erythrocyte (RBC) in circulation is about 120 days. As RBCs age, membrane deformability decreases and they are removed primarily by macrophages in the spleen (and also liver/bone marrow). This normal turnover is why chronic hemolysis or acute blood loss stimulates increased erythropoiesis and can raise the reticulocyte count. The other durations listed are not the standard physiologic RBC lifespan in adults.
Category reason: The item tests foundational knowledge about blood cell physiology and turnover, which is a core concept within Hematology rather than a nursing care decision or intervention.

Question 48

Which mineral is essential for the formation of hemoglobin?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hemoglobin contains heme groups whose central atom is iron (Fe2+), which binds oxygen reversibly for transport in red blood cells. Without adequate iron, hemoglobin synthesis falls, leading to microcytic, hypochromic anemia. Calcium and zinc are not structural requirements for hemoglobin, and iodine is primarily required for thyroid hormone synthesis.
Category reason: The question tests a foundational concept about hemoglobin composition and the mineral required for red blood cell oxygen-carrying capacity, which is a core topic in hematology.

Question 49

What is the most common cause of Anemia worldwide?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason:  Iron deficiency Iron deficiency is the leading cause of anemia globally, largely due to inadequate dietary intake, impaired absorption, and chronic blood loss (e.g., parasitic infections, menstruation). It results in reduced hemoglobin synthesis and typically causes microcytic, hypochromic anemia. Vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies are important but less common worldwide and primarily cause macrocytic anemia. Anemia of chronic disease is common in specific populations but is not the most common worldwide.
Category reason: This question tests a core fact about the epidemiology and etiology of anemia, a blood disorder topic best categorized under Hematology rather than nursing care decision-making.

Question 50

Leukemia is related to ....?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason:  Blood Leukemia is a malignancy of the blood-forming tissues, primarily involving abnormal proliferation of white blood cell precursors in the bone marrow. This leads to increased abnormal leukocytes in the blood and suppression of normal hematopoiesis (anemia, thrombocytopenia, and infection risk). Therefore, it is fundamentally a blood/hematologic disease rather than a primary brain or lung disorder.
Category reason: This question tests foundational knowledge of what body system/disease category leukemia belongs to, which is a hematologic malignancy affecting blood and bone marrow, fitting Hematology.

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