Question 1

Anaemia may occur due to deficiency of which nutrient?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Iron is essential for hemoglobin synthesis. Deficiency leads to reduced hemoglobin production, resulting in microcytic, hypochromic anemia. This makes iron deficiency one of the most common causes of anemia worldwide.

Question 2

Which anticoagulant is mixed in stored blood?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Stored blood is preserved with acid citrate dextrose (ACD), which chelates calcium to prevent coagulation. Heparin and warfarin are not standard blood bank preservatives, and calcium promotes clotting.

Question 3

Which of the following disorders results from a deficiency of factor VIII?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hemophilia A is caused by a deficiency of coagulation factor VIII; Christmas disease (Hemophilia B) is due to a deficiency of factor IX.

Question 4

Where are blood cells produced?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In adults, hematopoiesis occurs primarily in the bone marrow. The kidney produces erythropoietin, the spleen filters and stores blood cells, and the stomach has no role in blood cell production.

Question 5

1 g of hemoglobin liberates how many mg of bilirubin?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: During heme catabolism, 1 g of hemoglobin yields approximately 34 mg of bilirubin. This value is used to estimate bilirubin production in hemolysis.

Question 6

Which of the following organs is known as the 'graveyard' of RBCs?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Senescent RBCs are primarily removed by splenic macrophages in the reticuloendothelial system; hence the spleen is termed the graveyard of RBCs.

Question 7

What is the lifespan of a red blood cell (RBC)?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Mature erythrocytes circulate for about 120 days before being removed by the spleen and liver. The other options do not reflect normal RBC lifespan (e.g., 7–10 days align with platelets).

Question 8

What is the typical factor VIII level in a child with mild hemophilia A?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Mild hemophilia A is defined by factor VIII activity between 5% and 40% of normal; moderate is 1–5% and severe is

Question 9

What is the typical lifespan of red blood cells, in days?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Mature red blood cells circulate for about 120 days (commonly cited as 90–120 days) before being removed by the spleen and the reticuloendothelial system.

Question 10

Where are new red blood cells (RBCs) produced?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Erythropoiesis occurs in the red bone marrow during postnatal life. The liver is a primary hematopoietic site in the fetus, and the brain does not produce blood cells.

Question 11

How many molecules of oxygen can bind to a single molecule of hemoglobin?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hemoglobin has four heme groups, each capable of binding one O2 molecule; a hemoglobin molecule can carry four oxygen molecules.

Question 12

The function of Albumin is the transport of?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Albumin binds and transports calcium in plasma; iron is carried by transferrin, oxygen by hemoglobin, and water is not carried by albumin.

Question 13

What is the second name of a red blood cell?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Red blood cells are also called erythrocytes; thrombocytes are platelets, and leukocytes are white blood cells.

Question 14

What is the lifespan of a red blood cell?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Mature erythrocytes circulate for about 120 days before being removed by the spleen and reticuloendothelial system.

Question 15

What is the total volume of blood in a normal adult human being?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The average adult blood volume is about 70 mL/kg, typically totaling around 5 liters; thus 5–6 liters is correct.

Question 16

What is the main purpose of white blood corpuscles?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: White blood cells are immune cells whose primary function is to defend the body by fighting infections. Oxygen is carried by red blood cells, nutrients mainly by plasma, and "giving strength" is not a specific function of blood cells.

Question 17

Which type of leukemia is more common in older adults?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: CLL is the most common leukemia in older adults (median age ~70). ALL is primarily pediatric; AML is an acute adult leukemia but less prevalent than CLL in the elderly; CML is less common than CLL.

Question 18

What is the largest blood cell in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Among the listed options, lymphocytes (especially large lymphocytes) are bigger than erythrocytes and platelets; 'nerve cell' is not a blood cell. While monocytes are the largest leukocytes, they are not an option, making lymphocyte the best answer here.

Question 19

Which blood cells are responsible for clotting?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Platelets (thrombocytes) mediate hemostasis by forming the platelet plug and initiating the coagulation cascade; erythrocytes and leukocytes, including neutrophils, do not perform clotting.

Question 20

Blood colour is red due to what?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The red color of blood is due to hemoglobin, an iron-containing protein in red blood cells. Hemoglobin binds oxygen, and its iron-porphyrin complex gives blood its characteristic red hue when oxygenated.

Question 21

The escape of haemoglobin from an RBC is known as?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Escape of hemoglobin from RBCs is called hemolysis (haemolysis). Since that term is not among the options, the correct choice is 'none of these.

Question 22

Leukemia is cancer of the ________?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Leukemia is a malignancy of blood-forming tissues resulting in abnormal white blood cells; thus it is cancer of the blood.

Question 23

Which part of the body produces blood?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Blood cell production (hematopoiesis) occurs in the bone marrow; the heart pumps blood and the lungs oxygenate it but do not make it.

Question 24

What is leukopenia?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Leukopenia refers to a decreased number of leukocytes (white blood cells) in the blood.

Question 25

The lifespan of an RBC is about?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Mature erythrocytes circulate for about 120 days before being removed by splenic macrophages.

Question 26

Neonatal MCV is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Neonates have physiologic macrocytosis with an MCV around 108–110 fL, with a normal range roughly 95–125 fL. The best matching option is 110–125 fL.

Question 27

An "AB" positive baby is born to an "O" positive mother; the baby shows signs of neonatal icterus. What may be the best explanation?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Type O mothers have anti-A and anti-B IgG antibodies that cross the placenta and hemolyze RBCs of an AB+ infant, leading to neonatal jaundice.

Question 28

The Coombs test is performed to predict which complication in a fetus?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The Coombs (direct/indirect antiglobulin) test detects maternal antibodies against fetal RBCs, used to predict hemolytic disease of the fetus/newborn.

Question 29

The following is the most frequent classic site of internal bleeding associated with haemophilia?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hemophilia commonly causes hemarthroses; bleeding into joint spaces is the classic and most frequent internal bleeding site.

Question 30

In the ABO system, blood group 'O' is characterized by what?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Blood group O erythrocytes lack both A and B antigens; therefore the defining feature is absence of both antigens.

Question 31

Which antibodies are found in the plasma of a person with type A blood?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Type A blood has A antigens on RBCs and naturally occurring anti-B antibodies in plasma; it does not have anti-A.

Question 32

The nursing student is presenting a clinical conference on the cause of beta-thalassemia. The nursing student asks the group, "Which child is at greatest risk of developing this disorder?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Beta-thalassemia is an autosomal recessive hemoglobinopathy most prevalent in people of Mediterranean ancestry; poor iron intake or maternal anemia do not cause thalassemia.

Question 33

A paediatric nurse educator provides a teaching session to the nursing staff about hemophilia. Which of the following pieces of information about this disorder would the nurse plan to include in the discussion?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hemophilia A is caused by a deficiency of clotting factor VIII. The other statements are incorrect: hemophilia is X-linked recessive (not Y-linked); affected males inherit the mutant X from their mothers, and females do not simply inherit hemophilia from mothers.

Question 34

In the context of the ABO blood group, a transfusion of AB blood may be given to a person who has blood type?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: AB RBCs carry both A and B antigens; recipients with anti-A or anti-B antibodies (types O, A, or B) would react. Only AB individuals lack these antibodies and can receive AB blood.

Question 35

Hemorrhagic disease of the newborn is caused by a deficiency of which vitamin?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamin K deficiency impairs activation of clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X, leading to bleeding in newborns (vitamin K deficiency bleeding).

Question 36

What is the minimum amount of blood adequate for exchange blood transfusion?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Exchange transfusion typically uses a double-volume exchange, about 160–180 ml/kg. The minimum adequate amount is 160 ml/kg.

Question 37

Blood volume in preterm neonate is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Preterm neonates have a higher circulating blood volume per kilogram, typically about 90–100 ml/kg; thus 90 ml/kg is the best choice.

Question 38

Which is the most common features of a child with hemophilia?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hemophilia (coagulation factor deficiency) causes deep-tissue bleeding; recurrent bleeding into joints (hemarthrosis) is the hallmark. Petechiae are typical of platelet disorders; bruising can occur but is less characteristic; clubbing is unrelated.

Question 39

Under this circumstance, an antigen antibody reaction will occur. A person with?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Type O recipients have both anti-A and anti-B antibodies; transfusing AB RBCs (bearing both A and B antigens) will provoke a strong antigen–antibody reaction and hemolysis.

Question 40

Human blood types in the ABO blood group are identified by?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: ABO typing is determined by agglutination when RBC antigens react with specific anti-A and anti-B antibodies, an antigen–antibody reaction.

Question 41

If a blood type ends in + (positive) that means?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In blood typing, a plus sign denotes the presence of the Rh (D) antigen on red blood cells; therefore the person is Rh-positive.

Question 42

Megaloblastic anaemia occur due to deficiency of following vitamin-?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Megaloblastic anemia is due to impaired DNA synthesis from folate or vitamin B12 deficiency; among the options only folic acid (vitamin B9) causes this.

Question 43

Which one of the following is granular leucocytes?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Granulocytes are neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. Lymphocytes and monocytes are agranulocytes, and erythrocytes are not leukocytes. Therefore, basophils are the granular leukocytes.

Question 44

Universal Blood donor is......?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Type O negative red cells lack A, B, and Rh(D) antigens, minimizing hemolytic reactions and making it the universal RBC donor type.

Question 45

Hemoglobin is responsible for carrying which gas in the blood?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hemoglobin in red blood cells binds oxygen via its heme iron to transport O2 from the lungs to tissues.

Question 46

What is the average blood volume in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Average adult blood volume is about 70 mL/kg, which is roughly 5 liters for a typical adult.

Question 47

The largest blood cell is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Monocytes are the largest circulating blood cells (about 12–20 μm), larger than erythrocytes and other leukocytes such as basophils and neutrophils.

Question 48

Which organ is the primary site of haematopoiesis in the foetus before mid-pregnancy?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Fetal hematopoiesis transitions from the yolk sac to the liver, which serves as the primary site until mid-gestation; bone marrow predominates later.

Question 49

Hemophilia is a disorder related to?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hemophilia is a hereditary deficiency of clotting factors (VIII or IX) causing impaired blood coagulation, not issues with platelets, RBCs, or WBCs.

Question 50

Bilirubin is a product of-?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Bilirubin is produced from heme catabolism during the breakdown of senescent red blood cells, converting heme to biliverdin and then to bilirubin.

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