Question 1

Leukemia is a cancer of which body system?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Leukemia is a malignancy of the blood-forming tissues leading to abnormal blood cells; it is classified as a blood cancer.

Question 2

Which is responsible for the red color of human blood?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The iron-containing heme pigment of hemoglobin in red blood cells imparts the red color to human blood; plasma is straw-colored, WBCs are colorless, and hemocyanin is a copper-based pigment in some invertebrates.

Question 3

Which organelle is known as the graveyard of RBC?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The spleen removes and destroys senescent red blood cells via splenic macrophages, earning it the name 'graveyard of RBCs.

Question 4

Which of the following is a bleeding disorder?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Haemophilia is an inherited deficiency of clotting factors (e.g., VIII or IX) causing abnormal bleeding; the other options are not primary bleeding disorders.

Question 5

Which medical specialty studies blood?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hematology is the medical specialty devoted to the study of blood and blood-forming tissues; nephrology concerns kidneys, osteology bones, and mycology fungi.

Question 6

What is the typical lifespan of white blood cells?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Most white blood cells, especially neutrophils, have short lifespans of hours to a few days; thus a typical lifespan is under 10 days. Longer-lived lymphocytes are exceptions.

Question 7

Which treatment modalities may be used for immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) during pregnancy?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Management of ITP in pregnancy may include corticosteroids as first-line therapy, IVIG for rapid platelet rise, platelet transfusion for bleeding or peripartum needs, and plasmapheresis in refractory cases; thus all listed options can be used.

Question 8

How many liters of blood does the human body contain?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Average adult blood volume is about 5–6 liters; among the given options, 6 liters is the best answer.

Question 9

What is the main constituent of hemoglobin?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hemoglobin contains heme groups with ferrous iron (Fe2+) at the center that binds oxygen; thus iron is the key constituent.

Question 10

Which is the most sensitive marker of body iron stores?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Serum ferritin best reflects total body iron stores and decreases earliest in iron deficiency, making it the most sensitive marker compared to serum iron, transferrin, or TIBC.

Question 11

What is the typical lifespan of a human red blood cell (RBC)?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Human erythrocytes circulate for about 120 days before being removed by the spleen.

Question 12

Hemophilia is a disorder affecting which component of the blood?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hemophilia results from deficiencies of coagulation factors (e.g., VIII or IX), affecting the clotting cascade rather than platelets or blood cells.

Question 13

Blood group AB composed of?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: AB blood type has both A and B antigens on red blood cells and lacks anti-A and anti-B antibodies in plasma, preventing self-agglutination.

Question 14

Which ion helps in blood clotting?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Calcium ions (factor IV) are essential cofactors in multiple steps of the coagulation cascade, enabling blood clotting; the other ions listed are not required for coagulation.

Question 15

What is the most common cause of anemia worldwide?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Globally, iron deficiency due to inadequate intake and chronic blood loss is the leading cause of anemia, surpassing B12 deficiency, hemolysis, and aplastic anemia.

Question 16

What is the fluid compartment of blood?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Plasma is the liquid portion of blood in which cells are suspended. Lymph and extracellular fluid are separate compartments; intracellular fluid is inside cells.

Question 17

Anemia is caused by a deficiency of which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Anemia is defined by a decreased number of red blood cells or hemoglobin; thus a deficiency of RBCs causes anemia. WBC deficiency is leukopenia, and vitamin D or glucose levels are unrelated.

Question 18

What is the most common blood group?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Type O is the most prevalent ABO blood group in most populations (especially O positive).

Question 19

What is the term for the breakdown of red blood cells?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Haemolysis is the lysis/destruction of red blood cells. Erythropoiesis is RBC production, erythropoietin is the hormone stimulating production, and an erythroblast is an immature RBC.

Question 20

The nurse is assessing a 12 year-old who has Hemophilia A. Which of the following assessment findings would the nurse anticipate finding?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hemophilia A results from deficiency of clotting factor VIII; excess RBCs or WBCs are unrelated, and factor IX deficiency corresponds to hemophilia B.

Question 21

How is the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) affected during pregnancy?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: ESR physiologically rises in pregnancy due to increased fibrinogen and globulins and hemodilution, which enhance rouleaux formation and sedimentation.

Question 22

Which of the following blood proteins regulates the amount of water in plasma?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Albumin is the major plasma protein responsible for colloid oncotic pressure, thereby regulating water balance in plasma.

Question 23

What is thrombocytopenia?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Thrombocytes are platelets; the suffix -penia means deficiency. Therefore thrombocytopenia is a low platelet count.

Question 24

Leukemia is a cancer of which body part?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Leukemia is a malignancy of the blood-forming tissues leading to cancer of the blood and bone marrow; among the options, blood is correct.

Question 25

Koilonychia is found in which of the following anemias?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Koilonychia (spoon nails) is a classic physical finding associated with iron deficiency anemia, not with pernicious anemia, sickle cell disease, or hemophilia.

Question 26

Pernicious anemia is due to deficiency of which substance?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Pernicious anemia results from autoimmune loss of gastric parietal cells leading to intrinsic factor deficiency, which prevents vitamin B12 absorption.

Question 27

What is the most common tumor associated with Neurofibromatosis in children?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Children with neurofibromatosis type 1 have a strong association with juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia due to dysregulated RAS/MAPK signaling, making JMML the most common leukemia/tumor association among the options.

Question 28

Who first discovered blood groups?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Karl Landsteiner identified the ABO blood group system in 1900–1901, establishing the basis for blood typing and transfusion compatibility.

Question 29

Who discovered the blood group?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Karl Landsteiner discovered the ABO blood group system in 1901.

Question 30

What is the rarest blood group in the Estonian population?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Among the listed options, O negative is the least common blood group in the Estonian population.

Question 31

What is the average life span of a platelet?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Platelets circulate for about 7–10 days on average; 8–9 days is the closest correct range among the options.

Question 32

Which electrolyte is helpful in blood clotting?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Calcium ions (factor IV) are essential cofactors in multiple steps of the coagulation cascade, facilitating blood clotting.

Question 33

Which is the most common type of leukemia in adults?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Chronic lymphocytic leukemia is the most common leukemia in adults; ALL is most common in children, AML is the most common acute leukemia in adults but less common overall than CLL, and CML is less common.

Question 34

Which vitamin promotes the maturation of white blood cells (WBC)?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamin B12 is required for DNA synthesis and normal hematopoiesis, supporting maturation of leukocytes; deficiency leads to impaired WBC development.

Question 35

Which body system is primarily affected by thalassemia?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Thalassemia is an inherited hemoglobin synthesis disorder affecting red blood cells, so the primary system involved is the blood.

Question 36

What is the cancer of the blood known as?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Leukaemia is a malignant proliferation of blood-forming tissues (white cell precursors), i.e., blood cancer. Leukocytopenia is low WBC count, leukocytosis is elevated WBC count, and thrombocytopenia is low platelets.

Question 37

Pernicious anemia occurs due to deficiency of which vitamin?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Pernicious anemia is a megaloblastic anemia caused by vitamin B12 deficiency, typically from lack of intrinsic factor leading to malabsorption.

Question 38

All of the following physiologic reactions are involved in the control of bleeding EXCEPT?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Primary hemostasis and clot formation involve platelet adhesion and release reactions and activation of the coagulation cascade. An "antifibrinolytic system" is not a standard physiologic step of hemostasis; rather, the fibrinolytic system dissolves clots later. Thus this option is the exception.

Question 39

Which of the following substances is synthesized within vessel walls and inhibits thrombogenesis?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Endothelial cells synthesize prostacyclin (PGI2), which causes vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation, opposing thrombogenesis. TXA2 promotes platelet aggregation, and PGE is not the primary antithrombotic mediator.

Question 40

Anaemia is caused due to deficiency of which substance?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Anaemia is defined by a reduced hemoglobin concentration in the blood. Fibrin and thrombin are clotting factors, and neutrophils are WBCs.

Question 41

Which of the following compounds transports oxygen in the blood?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hemoglobin in red blood cells carries oxygen in the bloodstream; myoglobin stores oxygen in muscle, ferritin stores iron, and ceruloplasmin transports copper.

Question 42

In which blood component is the blood group antigen primarily found?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: ABO and Rh blood group antigens reside on the surface membranes of red blood cells; plasma contains the corresponding antibodies, not the antigens.

Question 43

How many liters of blood does an adult man typically have?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Average adult male blood volume is approximately 5–6 liters; the other ranges are unrealistically high.

Question 44

At what age do you anticipate the onset of manifestations related to thalassemia to occur?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In beta-thalassemia major, clinical manifestations appear as fetal hemoglobin declines and adult hemoglobin production is inadequate, typically becoming evident in late infancy to early toddlerhood—commonly by about age 2 years.

Question 45

What type of anemia is present in hemolytic uremic syndrome?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hemolytic uremic syndrome is a thrombotic microangiopathy that causes microangiopathic hemolytic anemia due to RBC fragmentation in small vessels (schistocytes).

Question 46

Which condition is characterized by an abnormal increase in the production of erythrocytes?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Polycythemia is defined by increased red blood cell mass/production; the other options involve leukocytes, decreased RBCs, or platelets.

Question 47

Which kind of blood cells work as the soldiers of the body?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: White blood cells defend the body against infection, functioning as the immune system's 'soldiers.' RBCs carry oxygen, hemoglobin is a protein within RBCs, and platelets aid clotting.

Question 48

Anaemia is caused by man due to the deficeiecy of?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Iron deficiency is the most common cause of anemia worldwide and leads to microcytic, hypochromic red cells due to impaired hemoglobin synthesis. It often results from inadequate intake, malabsorption, or chronic blood loss. Folate deficiency can cause megaloblastic anemia, but it is not the typical primary cause of common anemia. Vitamins A and E are not primary etiologies of anemia.

Question 49

Blood cells are produced in __________?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hematopoiesis primarily occurs in the red bone marrow of flat bones and the proximal ends of long bones, producing red cells, white cells, and platelets. The kidneys do not make blood cells; they produce erythropoietin, which stimulates marrow production. The spleen mainly filters and stores blood cells, and the stomach has no role in hematopoiesis. Therefore, bone marrow is the site of blood cell production.

Question 50

What is the average amount of Blood in human body?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Average adult blood volume is about 70 mL/kg, which is roughly 5 liters for a 70-kg person. Standard references cite a normal range of about 4.5–6 liters depending on sex and body size. Therefore, the best choice is 5–6 liters.

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