Question 1

Which of the following diseases is caused by the deficiency of haemoglobin?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Anaemia results from decreased hemoglobin concentration in blood; the other options are infectious diseases not due to hemoglobin deficiency.

Question 2

A blood disorder in which RBC's, WBC's and platelets are abnormally elevated in the blood is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Polycythemia vera is a myeloproliferative disorder characterized by panmyelosis, causing elevated RBC mass along with leukocytosis and thrombocytosis. Aplastic anemia causes pancytopenia, leukemia primarily elevates WBCs, and thalassemia affects RBCs only.

Question 3

A blood cancer charaterized by increase in number of immature white blood cells is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Leukemia is a malignancy of hematopoietic tissue marked by excessive proliferation of immature white blood cells (blasts). Anemia is low red cells, thalassemia is a hemoglobinopathy, and thrombocytopenia is low platelets.

Question 4

A disease runs in families in which red blood cells form an abnormal crescent shape is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Sickle cell anemia is an inherited hemoglobinopathy in which RBCs assume a sickle (crescent) shape, running in families.

Question 5

Erythropoietin is a hormone produced by the kidney. When the patient is in chronic renal failure, loss of this hormone will result in?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The kidney produces erythropoietin, which stimulates erythropoiesis. In chronic renal failure, reduced EPO leads to decreased RBC production and anemia; the other options are not direct consequences of EPO loss.

Question 6

Red blood cells are NOT responsible for?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: RBCs transport oxygen and some carbon dioxide via hemoglobin, which also gives blood its red color. Defense against infection is the role of white blood cells, not red blood cells.

Question 7

Which types of anemia seen jaundice?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Jaundice occurs when there is increased breakdown of red blood cells, leading to elevated unconjugated bilirubin—typical of hemolytic anemia. Iron deficiency and aplastic anemia do not cause jaundice; megaloblastic anemia may have mild jaundice but hemolysis is most prominent in hemolytic anemia.

Question 8

Which of the following risk factors are associated with developing complications in patients with Christmas disease?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Anticoagulants increase bleeding risk in hemophilia B (Christmas disease), raising the likelihood of complications. The other options are not direct modifiable risk factors for complications.

Question 9

What is the life span of fetal red blood cells compared to adult red blood cells?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Adult erythrocytes survive ~120 days, whereas fetal RBCs have a shorter lifespan of about 80–90 days due to their hemoglobin type and rapid turnover in the perinatal period.

Question 10

An autosomal recessive blood disorder in which blood doesn't clot normally because it lacks sufficient blood-clotting proteins (clotting factors) factor VIII and IX is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Deficiency of clotting factors VIII (hemophilia A) and IX (hemophilia B) causes hemophilia, leading to impaired coagulation. Leukemia and pernicious anemia do not involve clotting factor deficiency; thalassemia affects hemoglobin, not factors VIII/IX.

Question 11

Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia is also known as which type of anemia?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamin B12 deficiency impairs DNA synthesis in erythroid precursors, producing large, immature megaloblasts—i.e., a megaloblastic macrocytic anemia.

Question 12

What is Blood ________?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Blood is a specialized connective tissue composed of cells suspended in plasma; it is not an organ, water, or a gland.

Question 13

The commonest leukemia in adults is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Chronic lymphocytic leukemia is the most common leukemia in adults; ALL is most common in children, AML is the most common acute leukemia in adults, and CML is less common.

Question 14

What is the life span of a red blood cell (RBC)?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Mature erythrocytes circulate for approximately 120 days before being removed by the spleen.

Question 15

A blood disorder in which RBC’s, WBC’s and platelets are declined in the blood is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Pancytopenia (simultaneous decrease in RBCs, WBCs, and platelets) is characteristic of aplastic anemia due to bone marrow failure.

Question 16

You encourage the patient with cobalamin deficiency to seek treatment because untreated pernicious anemia may result in which serious complication?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Pernicious anemia (cobalamin deficiency) was historically fatal without treatment; severe megaloblastic anemia and neurologic/cardiac complications can progress to death. Thus the most serious complication is death.

Question 17

A pregnant client at 29 weeks gestation with a hemoglobin level of 5 g/dL and macrocytic red blood cells is most likely experiencing which condition?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Macrocytic (megaloblastic) anemia in pregnancy is most commonly due to folate deficiency; thalassemias are microcytic and sickle cell disease is not macrocytic.

Question 18

What is the possible explanation for a 4-year-old boy with sickle cell disease presenting with pain and swelling in small bones and necrosis of femoral head and tibia that resolved after one week?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Painful swelling of small bones and bone infarction/avascular necrosis that resolves over days is classic for a vaso-occlusive (painful) crisis in sickle cell disease.

Question 19

Which factor of Virchow's triad is most prominently applicable to a 65-year-old female patient with obesity, hypertension, previous deep vein thrombosis, and recent hip replacement surgery?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The patient has risk factors for all three elements of Virchow's triad: stasis from obesity and postoperative immobility, hypercoagulability suggested by prior DVT and age, and endothelial injury from recent hip surgery.

Question 20

Which type of leukemia is most commonly seen in older adults?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: CLL predominates in the elderly and is the most common leukemia in older adults; ALL is mainly pediatric, and CML/AML occur in adults but are less common than CLL in this age group.

Question 21

A blood cancer characterized by increase in number of immature white blood cells is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Leukemia is a malignant proliferation of leukocytes with accumulation of immature white blood cells (blasts). The other options involve red cells or platelets and are not cancers of immature WBCs.

Question 22

Which of the following symptoms is typical of Hodgkin's disease?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hodgkin lymphoma typically presents with painless lymphadenopathy and B symptoms such as night sweats, fever, and weight loss; fatigue is common. Option B fits; painful nodes (A) are atypical, GI symptoms (C) are nonspecific, and weight gain (D) is contrary to expected weight loss.

Question 23

Which blood disorder is characterized by a deficiency in vitamin B12 or folate leading to anemia?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Deficiency of vitamin B12 or folate causes megaloblastic anemia; the option explicitly naming B12/folate deficiency anemia is correct. The other options represent iron deficiency, a genetic hemoglobinopathy, and increased RBC mass.

Question 24

Why is Bart's hydrops fetalis lethal?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hb Bart’s (γ4 tetramers) has extremely high oxygen affinity, so it binds O2 but fails to release it to fetal tissues, causing severe hypoxia and hydrops fetalis.

Question 25

Which is the smallest white blood cell?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Small lymphocytes are the smallest leukocytes (~7–10 µm); monocytes are the largest and neutrophils/eosinophils are larger than lymphocytes.

Question 26

Which organ is known as the 'blood bank' of the body?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The spleen acts as a reservoir for blood and can release stored blood during hemorrhage, so it is called the body's 'blood bank.

Question 27

Which blood group is called the universal donor?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Type O (especially O negative) red cells lack A and B antigens, so they can be transfused to recipients of any ABO type, making it the universal donor.

Question 28

Where are stem cells primarily collected from?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Cord blood is a common source of hematopoietic stem cells used clinically; spleen and teeth are not primary sources and the typical collection site is not generic bone but cord blood or bone marrow.

Question 29

A 33-year-old male is being evaluated for possible acute leukemia. Which of the following findings is most likely related to the diagnosis of leukemia?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Prior therapeutic ionizing radiation is a well-established risk factor for secondary acute leukemia; the other options do not significantly relate to leukemia risk.

Question 30

Blood vessels carry ________ to the site of tissue damage, causing a fibrous clot to form?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Platelets are transported by blood to injury sites where they aggregate and, with fibrin, form a clot. Melanin, epithelial cells, and fibroblasts do not initiate clot formation.

Question 31

Which of the following best describes a nucleus cell?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Among the listed blood cells, only erythrocytes are anucleate; all the leukocytes (lymphocyte, monocyte, basophil, neutrophil) contain nuclei.

Question 32

A 35 years old woman who is now in her 6th pregnancy with 5 alive children presented in the antenatal clinic and diagnosed as a case of anemia. Causes of anemia in her case is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Multiparity with repeated pregnancies commonly depletes iron stores; the most common cause of anemia in pregnancy is iron deficiency.

Question 33

Patients with which of the following diseases are treated with injections of vitamin B-12?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Pernicious anemia involves intrinsic factor deficiency and poor B12 absorption, requiring lifelong parenteral vitamin B12 injections.

Question 34

Anemia caused by deficiency of vitamin B12 is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Pernicious anemia is a megaloblastic anemia caused by vitamin B12 deficiency, typically due to lack of intrinsic factor. The other options are unrelated: aplastic anemia is bone marrow failure, leukemia is a malignancy, and sickle cell anemia is a hemoglobinopathy.

Question 35

Leukemia disease is a?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Leukemia is a malignancy of blood-forming tissues driven by genetic mutations and chromosomal abnormalities; it is not a viral, bacterial, or autoimmune disease.

Question 36

What is the fluid component of blood?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Plasma is the liquid matrix of blood that suspends blood cells and transports proteins, nutrients, and wastes.

Question 37

What finding suggests that a patient has acute blood loss anemia?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Acute blood loss causes intravascular volume depletion with orthostatic hypotension and tachycardia. Exertional dyspnea and easy fatigue are more typical of chronic anemia, and bradycardia is inconsistent.

Question 38

Where are blood cells produced?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hematopoiesis occurs primarily in red bone marrow, which produces RBCs, WBCs, and platelets. The spleen mainly filters and stores blood cells; the stomach and kidney do not produce blood cells (kidney makes erythropoietin).

Question 39

Which of the following is used as a diagnostic test for chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: FISH detects the BCR‑ABL (Philadelphia chromosome) fusion typical of CML and is a sensitive, specific diagnostic test. LAP score is nonspecific, BMB is supportive, and karyotyping can detect Ph but is less sensitive than FISH.

Question 40

What is the liquid part of blood?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The fluid component of blood that carries cells and dissolved substances is plasma.

Question 41

What is the typical lifespan of red blood cells (RBCs)?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Mature erythrocytes circulate for about 120 days before being removed by the reticuloendothelial system (primarily the spleen).

Question 42

Thalassemia primarily affects which component of blood?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Thalassemias are inherited disorders of globin chain synthesis, resulting in abnormal or reduced hemoglobin.

Question 43

Which blood cell helps in clotting?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Platelets (thrombocytes) aggregate and form the initial plug and activate the coagulation cascade, making them the primary blood component responsible for clotting.

Question 44

A client is admitted with suspected Hodgkin's lymphoma. The diagnosis is confirmed by the?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hodgkin lymphoma is confirmed by lymph node biopsy showing Reed–Sternberg cells; the other findings are nonspecific or suggest other conditions (e.g., leukemia, iron deficiency anemia, thrombocytopenia).

Question 45

A client is admitted with suspected pernicious anemia. Which findings support the diagnosis of pernicious anemia?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Pernicious anemia (vitamin B12 deficiency) causes neurologic deficits from demyelination of posterior columns, leading to loss of proprioception and coordination—findings specific to B12 deficiency versus general anemia symptoms.

Question 46

In which body part are new blood cells produced?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: New blood cells are produced in the red bone marrow within bones (hematopoiesis). The heart pumps blood and the brain controls neural functions, not blood cell formation.

Question 47

What component is responsible for the red color of blood?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hemoglobin, the iron-containing pigment in red blood cells, gives blood its red color.

Question 48

An elevation in white blood cells is called what?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: An elevated white blood cell count is termed leukocytosis. Leukopenia is a low WBC count, leukemia is a malignancy of blood-forming tissues, and leukosis is an outdated/animal term.

Question 49

Hemophilia B is the deficiency of which clotting factor?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hemophilia B (Christmas disease) results from a deficiency of coagulation factor IX.

Question 50

Which blood group is the universal donor?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Type O negative red cells lack A, B, and Rh(D) antigens, minimizing hemolytic reactions and making it the universal donor for packed RBC transfusions.

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