Question 1

Which hormone functions in the heart?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide) is produced by atrial myocytes in the heart and acts to reduce blood volume and pressure; LH and FSH are gonadotropins and ADH acts primarily on the kidneys.

Question 2

Which of the following is a symptom of hypothyroidism?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hypothyroidism commonly presents with weight gain due to reduced metabolic rate; diarrhea (loose motions) and increased appetite are more typical of hyperthyroidism.

Question 3

Buffalo hump is a clinical feature of which condition?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: A dorsocervical fat pad (buffalo hump) is characteristic of hypercortisolism seen in Cushing syndrome; it is not a feature of Addison disease or pheochromocytoma.

Question 4

Testosterone is a type of what?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Testosterone is an androgen steroid hormone produced primarily by the testes; it is not a virus, disease, or bacterium.

Question 5

Which condition is characterized by osteopenia and renal calculi?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Excess PTH increases bone resorption causing osteopenia and raises serum/urinary calcium leading to kidney stones; the other conditions do not present with this combination.

Question 6

Which of the following is the precursor of vitamin D?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In humans, vitamin D3 is synthesized in skin from 7-dehydrocholesterol, a derivative of cholesterol; therefore cholesterol is the precursor. (Ergosterol is the precursor for vitamin D2 in plants/fungi.).

Question 7

Where is ADH produced in the body?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: ADH (vasopressin) is synthesized in the hypothalamus—mainly the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei—and stored/released from the posterior pituitary.

Question 8

Which gland is responsible for initiating the menstrual cycle?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The menstrual cycle is initiated by hypothalamic release of GnRH, which stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete FSH and LH.

Question 9

Which hormone is not produced by the placenta?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The placenta synthesizes estrogen, progesterone, and hCG (and hPL), but it does not produce testosterone.

Question 10

Which gland regulates the calcium level in the blood?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Thyroid C-cells secrete calcitonin, which lowers blood calcium levels; among the options listed, the thyroid is the gland involved in calcium regulation.

Question 11

Insulin is released by which cells?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Insulin is produced and secreted by pancreatic islet beta cells; alpha cells secrete glucagon and gamma cells do not secrete insulin.

Question 12

Which of the following hormones inhibits release of growth hormone?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Somatostatin (GHIH) from the hypothalamus inhibits growth hormone secretion from the anterior pituitary. Somatotropin is GH itself; dopamine primarily inhibits prolactin.

Question 13

Which hormone is known as the emergency hormone?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Adrenaline (epinephrine) is released from the adrenal medulla during acute stress to drive the fight-or-flight response, hence called the emergency hormone.

Question 14

Which hormone can make you feel hungry even when you are technically full?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Ghrelin, secreted by the stomach, is the primary hunger-promoting hormone and can stimulate appetite even when energy stores are adequate.

Question 15

Oxytocin is produced by which gland?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Oxytocin is synthesized in neurons of the hypothalamus (paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei) and then stored/released from the posterior pituitary.

Question 16

Which of the following assessment findings should the nurse recognize as pertinent to a diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Cushing’s syndrome (excess cortisol) causes muscle wasting of the limbs and skin/vascular fragility, leading to thin extremities and easy bruising. The other choices are inconsistent (Cushing’s usually has hypertension and weight gain; oliguria is not typical though hypokalemia may occur; night sweats/tachycardia suggest other disorders).

Question 17

Hormone that binds to cell surface receptor and require the second messenger camp is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: ADH is a peptide hormone that acts on cell-surface V2 receptors in the kidney and signals via adenylate cyclase to increase cAMP. CCK and gastrin mainly signal via IP3/DAG pathways, and calcitriol uses an intracellular nuclear receptor.

Question 18

Parathyroid hormone?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Parathyroid hormone is released in response to hypocalcemia to raise serum Ca++ by increasing bone resorption, renal Ca++ reabsorption, and activation of vitamin D. It is not released when Ca++ is high, does not inactivate vitamin D, and does not require vitamin K.

Question 19

A hormone synthesized in the hypothalamus is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vasopressin (ADH) is synthesized in the hypothalamic supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei and released from the posterior pituitary. Melatonin is from the pineal gland, MSH and prolactin are produced by the anterior pituitary.

Question 20

Acromegaly results in all the following except?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Acromegaly is excess growth hormone after epiphyseal closure, so height does not increase. It causes enlargement of facial bones and extremities, visceral organ enlargement, and insulin resistance leading to impaired glucose tolerance.

Question 21

A nurse assessing the newborn of a diabetic mother understands that hypoglycemia is related to?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In utero, maternal hyperglycemia crosses the placenta, causing fetal hyperinsulinemia. At birth the maternal glucose supply ceases abruptly while insulin remains high, producing neonatal hypoglycemia.

Question 22

All of the following statements regarding angiotensin II are true EXCEPT?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Angiotensin I has minimal biologic activity and is far less potent than angiotensin II. The other statements accurately describe angiotensin II: it is a peptide hormone, stimulates aldosterone secretion, and is a potent vasoconstrictor.

Question 23

A client has been tentatively diagnosed with Graves' disease (hyperthyroidism). Which of the following symptoms noted on the initial nursing assessment is expected?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Graves' disease commonly presents with exophthalmos (protruding eyeballs) due to autoimmune inflammation of orbital tissues. Weight gain and growth delay are inconsistent with hyperthyroidism; irritability may occur but is not as distinctive.

Question 24

Goitre, an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland, is caused by the deficiency of which substance?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Iodine is required for thyroid hormone synthesis; deficiency leads to elevated TSH and thyroid enlargement (goitre).

Question 25

How do endocrine glands release hormones?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Endocrine glands are ductless and secrete hormones into the interstitial fluid, which then enter the bloodstream; they do not use ducts or release into skin.

Question 26

What provides the strongest stimulation of lactation?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Nipple suckling triggers the strongest neuroendocrine reflex for lactation, increasing prolactin and oxytocin release. Bromocriptine inhibits lactation; metoclopramide can raise prolactin but is less effective than suckling; PPH does not stimulate lactation.

Question 27

If a newborn baby feeds on the mother's milk, which hormone production is stimulated as a result?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Nipple suckling triggers a neuroendocrine reflex that increases anterior pituitary secretion of prolactin, which stimulates milk production.

Question 28

Which hormone is responsible for ovulation?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The LH surge triggers rupture of the dominant follicle and ovulation. FSH promotes follicular growth; progesterone maintains the luteal/secretory phase; testosterone is not responsible for ovulation.

Question 29

Oxytocin is a/an?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Oxytocin is a peptide hormone synthesized in the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary. It stimulates uterine contractions during labor and promotes milk letdown in lactation. It is not an enzyme, nor is it an immune protein such as an antibody or antigen.

Question 30

Iodine deficiency causes?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Iodine is essential for synthesis of thyroid hormones (T3/T4). Deficiency reduces hormone production, leading to increased TSH and compensatory thyroid hyperplasia, which manifests as goitre. Kwashiorkor and marasmus are forms of protein-energy malnutrition, not iodine deficiency disorders. Anaemia is not a primary consequence of iodine deficiency.

Question 31

Goiter is caused due deficiency of-?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Iodine is required for synthesis of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4). When iodine intake is inadequate, thyroid hormone production falls, stimulating pituitary TSH release. Elevated TSH causes thyroid hypertrophy and enlargement, producing a goiter. Deficiencies of iron, vitamins, or calcium do not directly cause goiter.

Question 32

The thyroid gland is located at the?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The thyroid gland lies in the anterior neck, just inferior to the larynx and anterior to the trachea. The base of the brain houses the pituitary gland, not the thyroid. The organs located on top of the kidneys are the adrenal (suprarenal) glands. Therefore, the correct location for the thyroid is the neck.

Question 33

What is the largest endocrine gland?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The thyroid gland is the largest pure endocrine gland by mass in the human body, typically weighing 20–25 grams in adults. While the liver is the largest gland overall, it is not considered an endocrine gland. The pancreas is primarily exocrine; its endocrine islets constitute only a small fraction of its mass. Adrenal glands and the hypothalamus are smaller structures in comparison.

Question 34

This is not an endocrine gland?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The lacrimal gland is an exocrine gland that secretes tears onto the ocular surface via ducts. In contrast, endocrine glands such as the adrenal, pituitary, and thyroid release hormones directly into the bloodstream with no ducts. Therefore, the lacrimal gland is not an endocrine gland.

Question 35

Lack of ———— causes diabetes Mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Diabetes mellitus results from an absolute deficiency of insulin (type 1) or a relative deficiency due to insulin resistance (type 2), leading to inadequate insulin action. Insulin is required for cellular uptake of glucose; its absence or insufficiency causes persistent hyperglycemia. Thus, the causative lack is insulin, not sugar, calcium, or vitamins.

Question 36

The primary hormone responsible for uterine contractions during labor is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Oxytocin, released from the posterior pituitary, binds to myometrial receptors and triggers intracellular calcium influx, leading to rhythmic uterine contractions essential for labor. Estrogen increases uterine sensitivity to oxytocin but does not directly cause contractions. Progesterone generally relaxes the uterus during pregnancy. Prolactin primarily stimulates milk production postpartum.

Question 37

Which organ secretes insulin?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Insulin is produced by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. The liver responds to insulin by storing glycogen but does not secrete it. The gallbladder stores bile, and the heart secretes atrial natriuretic peptide, not insulin.

Question 38

which is the following hormone directly regulates blood glucose level?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Insulin directly lowers blood glucose by promoting cellular uptake of glucose (via GLUT4 in muscle and adipose), stimulating glycogen synthesis, and inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis. This tightly regulates postprandial glucose levels. FSH and LH are pituitary gonadotropins involved in reproductive function and do not control blood glucose.

Question 39

The reabsorption of water in the human kidney is under the control of -?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) from the posterior pituitary increases water reabsorption in the kidney collecting ducts by promoting insertion of aquaporin-2 channels via V2 receptors and cAMP signaling. This concentrates urine and conserves body water in response to increased plasma osmolality or decreased circulating volume. LH, STH (growth hormone), and ACTH do not directly control renal water reabsorption.

Question 40

Which of the following gland controls the blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The adrenal cortex secretes aldosterone, which regulates sodium and water retention, thereby increasing intravascular volume and blood pressure. The adrenal medulla releases catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that increase heart rate and peripheral vasoconstriction, acutely raising blood pressure. The thyroid and pancreas influence metabolism and glucose, not primary blood pressure control, and the thalamus is not an endocrine gland.

Question 41

Progesterone is secreted by?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: After ovulation, the corpus luteum forms from the ruptured follicle and secretes progesterone, which stabilizes and prepares the endometrium for implantation. The thymus and thyroid are not steroid hormone–producing glands and do not produce progesterone. The testis primarily secretes testosterone and small amounts of other androgens, not progesterone. Therefore, the corpus luteum is the correct source.

Question 42

Which hormone is known as the 'pregnancy hormone'?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is produced by the syncytiotrophoblast shortly after implantation and is the hormone detected by pregnancy tests. It maintains the corpus luteum, supporting progesterone production until the placenta assumes this role. Because its presence specifically signals implantation and early pregnancy, hCG is widely referred to as the 'pregnancy hormone.

Question 43

Placenta secretes the hormone?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The placenta functions as a transient endocrine organ and secretes human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) early in pregnancy. hCG maintains the corpus luteum, supporting progesterone production until the placenta can synthesize sufficient progesterone itself. Testosterone is primarily produced by the testes/ovaries, oxytocin by the posterior pituitary, and luteinizing hormone by the anterior pituitary.

Question 44

The Thyroid Gland doesn't produce?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The thyroid gland synthesizes triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and calcitonin from its follicular and parafollicular C cells. Oxytocin is produced in the hypothalamus and stored and released by the posterior pituitary gland. Therefore, oxytocin is not a product of the thyroid gland.

Question 45

The hormone responsible for growth is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Growth hormone (GH, somatotropin) from the anterior pituitary stimulates hepatic IGF-1 production, promoting linear bone growth, protein synthesis, and tissue growth. TSH primarily regulates the thyroid gland, ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex, and FSH regulates gonadal function. These do not directly drive systemic growth like GH.

Question 46

The endocrine gland, which controls the functions of other endocrine glands is -?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The pituitary gland is considered the master endocrine gland because it secretes multiple tropic hormones that regulate other glands. TSH stimulates the thyroid, ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex, and LH/FSH regulate the gonads. Its function is coordinated by the hypothalamus, allowing central control of peripheral endocrine organs.

Question 47

What are the functions of thyroid gland in the body?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Thyroid hormones (T3/T4) regulate basal metabolic rate and thermogenesis, thus controlling metabolism. They are key endocrine regulators contributing to overall internal homeostasis. These hormones increase beta-adrenergic sensitivity, elevating heart rate and cardiac output, and they influence ventilatory drive and oxygen consumption, indirectly affecting breathing. Therefore, all listed functions are encompassed by thyroid activity.

Question 48

What is the main function of the parathyroid gland?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The parathyroid glands secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH), which is released when serum calcium falls. PTH raises blood calcium by stimulating bone resorption, increasing renal calcium reabsorption, and activating vitamin D to enhance intestinal calcium absorption. It does not regulate glucose, produce adrenaline, or secrete digestive enzymes.

Question 49

Which hormone is responsible for the milk letdown reflex in mothers?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The milk letdown (ejection) reflex is triggered by nipple stimulation, leading to posterior pituitary release of oxytocin. Oxytocin causes contraction of myoepithelial cells around alveoli in the mammary glands, expelling milk. Prolactin primarily stimulates milk production, not ejection. Estrogen and insulin are not responsible for the letdown reflex.

Question 50

The thyroid gland is located in the?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The thyroid gland lies in the anterior neck, inferior to the larynx, and overlies the trachea with two lobes connected by an isthmus. It is not located in the abdomen, chest, or brain. This anatomic position is key for palpation and surgical approaches.

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