Question 1

The hormone which increase blood glucose level is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Glucagon increases blood glucose via glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis; insulin lowers glucose, and aldosterone/testosterone do not raise blood glucose.

Question 2

The nurse is caring for a client with an endemic goiter. The nurse recognizes that the client's condition is related to?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Endemic goiter occurs in regions with iodine-deficient soil and water, leading to a low iodine intake, reduced thyroid hormone synthesis, and compensatory thyroid enlargement.

Question 3

Which hormone is released only in pregnancy?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: hCG and hPL are placental hormones unique to pregnancy, and relaxin is produced during pregnancy to relax the pelvic ligaments and soften the cervix—thus all listed are considered pregnancy-associated hormones.

Question 4

Is the love hormone also known as?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Oxytocin is commonly called the “love hormone” because it promotes bonding, trust, and social attachment, and is released during childbirth and breastfeeding.

Question 5

Low blood glucose causes the alpha cells of the pancreas to release _______, which triggers the release of glucose by the liver?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Alpha cells secrete glucagon in response to hypoglycemia. Glucagon stimulates hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis to raise blood glucose.

Question 6

The posterior pituitary gland secretes?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) stores and releases oxytocin and ADH. Catecholamines come from the adrenal medulla; FSH comes from the anterior pituitary, and serotonin is a neurotransmitter.

Question 7

Graves' disease is classified as which of the following conditions?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Graves' disease is an autoimmune condition in which thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins activate TSH receptors, causing excess thyroid hormone production—hyperthyroidism.

Question 8

Secretion of which hormone aids sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and the collecting duct?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Aldosterone from the adrenal cortex increases sodium reabsorption in the DCT and the collecting duct by upregulating ENaC channels and the Na+/K+-ATPase.

Question 9

Which gland secretes thyroid-stimulating hormone?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), produced by the anterior pituitary, stimulates the thyroid to release T3 and T4.

Question 10

Which gland releases antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: ADH (vasopressin) and oxytocin are synthesized in the hypothalamus and are stored and released by the posterior pituitary.

Question 11

... is responsible for lowering the glucose level?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Insulin from pancreatic beta cells lowers blood glucose by promoting cellular uptake and storage of glucose; glucagon raises it.

Question 12

Which of the following is a symptom of hypothyroidism?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hypothyroidism lowers the basal metabolic rate, commonly causing weight gain. Diarrhea and increased appetite are more typical of hyperthyroidism, and an increased BMI is nonspecific.

Question 13

At what gestational age does the human fetus begin to secrete the hormone thyroxine?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The fetal thyroid begins to function and secrete thyroxine around 10–12 weeks’ gestation; by approximately the 12th week, endogenous T4 production starts.

Question 14

What is the approximate length of the pineal gland in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Standard anatomical references describe the pineal gland as a small endocrine organ approximately 5–8 mm long.

Question 15

The Emergency Hormone ________?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Adrenaline (epinephrine) is released from the adrenal medulla during acute stress to trigger the fight-or-flight response and is hence called the emergency hormone.

Question 16

Hypoglycemia is seen in (LQ).?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Pituitary hormone deficiency (low ACTH and GH) leads to cortisol deficiency and reduced gluconeogenesis, which causes fasting hypoglycemia. The others are typically associated with hyperglycemia.

Question 17

Which symptoms does hypothyroidism cause?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hypothyroidism slows metabolism and commonly causes weight gain; diarrhea and increased appetite are more typical of hyperthyroidism.

Question 18

Which hormone is called the pregnancy-maintaining hormone?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Progesterone maintains the endometrium and suppresses uterine contractions, supporting implantation and the continuation of pregnancy.

Question 19

The largest endocrine gland is...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The thyroid is the largest pure endocrine gland; parathyroids are small and 'ductless' is a property, not a gland.

Question 20

A pregnancy test is based on the estimation of which hormone?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Pregnancy tests detect human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) produced by trophoblastic cells after implantation; option D "hCG" is clearly intended to be hCG.

Question 21

Which hormone is known as the love hormone?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Oxytocin is commonly called the love hormone due to its role in social bonding, trust, and maternal behaviors, as well as during labor and lactation.

Question 22

Which of the following hormones is not secreted by the anterior pituitary?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: GH, TSH, and FSH are anterior pituitary hormones; GRH (a hypothalamic releasing hormone such as GnRH/GHRH) is not secreted by the anterior pituitary.

Question 23

Which of the following hormones is the love hormone?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Oxytocin is commonly called the love hormone due to its role in social bonding, attachment, and affectionate behaviors; the other options do not mediate bonding.

Question 24

Which is called the "master gland" of the body?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The pituitary is termed the master gland because its trophic hormones regulate other endocrine glands (thyroid, adrenals, gonads).

Question 25

The hypothalamus is connected to the pituitary gland via?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The hypothalamus is structurally connected to the pituitary by the infundibulum (pituitary stalk), which carries both neural tracts and portal vessels. Options 'Nerves' or 'Blood' describe components but not the actual connecting structure.

Question 26

Insulin is produced by _______?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Insulin is synthesized and secreted by beta cells of the pancreatic islets (Islets of Langerhans).

Question 27

The cause of hypoglycemia in neonates is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Neonatal hypoglycemia commonly results from immature hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis with limited glycogen stores, making the immature liver the primary cause.

Question 28

What occurs in diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Diabetes mellitus causes hyperglycemia that exceeds the renal threshold, leading to osmotic diuresis and increased urine output—polyuria.

Question 29

Insulin controls the metabolism of what?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Insulin primarily regulates carbohydrate metabolism by promoting cellular glucose uptake and storage as glycogen, thereby controlling blood glucose levels.

Question 30

Love hormone is known as?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Oxytocin is commonly called the love or bonding hormone due to its role in social bonding, childbirth, and lactation.

Question 31

Which hormone controls the level of water?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: ADH (antidiuretic hormone, vasopressin) increases water reabsorption in the kidneys, regulating body water balance. LH, FSH, and TSH do not control water levels.

Question 32

Which hormone is responsible for the let-down reflex?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Oxytocin triggers the milk ejection (let-down) reflex by contracting myoepithelial cells in the mammary glands; prolactin produces milk.

Question 33

The neonate of a diabetic mother is at risk for all of the following EXCEPT?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Infants of diabetic mothers develop fetal hyperinsulinemia from maternal hyperglycemia, leading after birth to hypoglycemia. They are also prone to hypocalcemia and hyperbilirubinemia. Hyperglycemia is not a typical postnatal risk.

Question 34

By what is the erythropoietin hormone produced and secreted?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Erythropoietin is mainly produced by peritubular interstitial cells of the kidney in response to hypoxia.

Question 35

Which of the following is a female sex hormone?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Estrogen is the principal female sex hormone; testosterone is primarily male and the other options are not normal physiologic female hormones.

Question 36

All of the following are functions of estrogen except?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Estrogen promotes breast development, supports follicular growth, and exerts negative feedback that suppresses FSH. It increases hepatic synthesis of transport proteins (e.g., TBG, SHBG), not lowers them; thus option D is the exception.

Question 37

The initiation of milk secretion is promoted by?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Prolactin from the anterior pituitary initiates and maintains milk production; oxytocin causes milk ejection, while LH, FSH, and growth hormone do not initiate lactation.

Question 38

Onset of puberty before the age of 8 years in girls is called?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Pubertal onset before age 8 in girls is defined as precocious puberty. Thelarche is breast development, menarche is first menstruation, and delayed puberty refers to late onset.

Question 39

Baby of a diabetic mother shows all except?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Infants of diabetic mothers are typically large for gestational age/macrosomic and are at increased risk of respiratory distress syndrome. Post-delivery they develop hypoglycemia due to fetal hyperinsulinemia, not hyperglycemia.

Question 40

A nurse is caring for a client with the clinical manifestation of hypotension associated with a diagnosis of Addison disease. Which hormone is impaired in its production as a result of this disease?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Addison disease (primary adrenal insufficiency) leads to deficient aldosterone production. Mineralocorticoid loss causes sodium and water loss with hypotension, making mineralocorticoids the key impaired hormone related to the hypotension.

Question 41

A term baby which have hypoglycemia, blood glucose level will be?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Neonatal hypoglycemia is typically defined with an operational threshold around

Question 42

The emergency hormone is ______?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Adrenalin (epinephrine) is secreted by the adrenal medulla during acute stress and mediates the fight-or-flight response, hence called the emergency hormone.

Question 43

Iodine deficiency can cause__________?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Iodine deficiency impairs thyroid hormone synthesis, causing compensatory TSH elevation and thyroid hyperplasia, which presents as goiter—not thyroid cancer, thyroiditis, or a solitary nodule.

Question 44

The risk factors for type 1 diabetes include all of the following except?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune beta-cell destruction with genetic susceptibility and environmental triggers (e.g., viral infections). Diet is not an established risk factor for type 1 diabetes.

Question 45

TSH hormone biochemically is a?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) is an anterior pituitary glycoprotein hormone composed of protein with carbohydrate side chains.

Question 46

Insulin production and release are controlled by?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Insulin is synthesized and secreted by pancreatic beta cells in the islets of Langerhans; the liver does not produce insulin.

Question 47

Thyroid is effective only in the presence of?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Iodine is essential for synthesis of thyroid hormones (T3, T4); without iodine the thyroid cannot produce effective hormone.

Question 48

The function of oxytocin is to help in?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Oxytocin from the posterior pituitary stimulates uterine smooth muscle contractions during labor, facilitating childbirth. Prolactin governs milk production while oxytocin mediates milk ejection.

Question 49

Gestational diabetes is diagnosed by measuring what?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Gestational diabetes is identified through elevated blood glucose levels, typically via glucose screening/tolerance tests.

Question 50

Which hormones is responsible for puberty in body?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Testosterone is the primary sex steroid driving the pubertal changes, especially in males; insulin and progesterone are not responsible for initiating puberty, and estrogen is mainly for female development.

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