Question 1

Placenta also functions as an endocrine organ?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The placenta acts as a transient endocrine gland during pregnancy. It secretes hCG to maintain the corpus luteum early on, and later produces progesterone and estrogens to support the uterine lining and fetal development. It also releases human placental lactogen and other hormones that modulate maternal metabolism.

Question 2

Insulin is secreted by?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Insulin is produced by beta cells in the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas. It lowers blood glucose by promoting cellular uptake of glucose and glycogen synthesis. The liver metabolizes insulin but does not secrete it; the kidney releases renin and erythropoietin; and the thyroid secretes thyroid hormones, not insulin.

Question 3

The target organ of ADH is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) acts primarily on the kidneys, specifically V2 receptors in the collecting ducts, to insert aquaporin-2 water channels. This increases water reabsorption and concentrates urine, helping maintain plasma osmolality and blood volume. While ADH can also cause vasoconstriction via V1 receptors, its key target organ for fluid regulation is the kidney.

Question 4

The main cause of Diabetes is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Diabetes mellitus results from an absolute deficiency of insulin (type 1) or a relative deficiency due to insulin resistance with inadequate compensatory secretion (type 2). In either case, insufficient effective insulin action leads to chronic hyperglycemia. High salt intake, bacterial infection, and pollution are not primary causes of diabetes. Therefore, lack of insulin is the best answer.

Question 5

FSH and LH hormones together are called?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) are anterior pituitary glycoproteins that act on the gonads to regulate gametogenesis and sex steroid production. Together they are termed gonadotropins (gonadotropic hormones). Emergency or stress hormones refer to catecholamines and cortisol, and neurohormones are hypothalamic releasing hormones, not FSH/LH.

Question 6

A nurse is caring for a client who is experiencing an underproduction of thyroxine. Which client response is associated with an underproduction of thyroxine (T4)?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Underproduction of thyroxine (T4) results in hypothyroidism; severe untreated hypothyroidism manifests as myxedema, characterized by generalized nonpitting edema, bradycardia, cold intolerance, and slowed metabolism. Acromegaly is due to excess growth hormone. Graves disease reflects hyperthyroidism from thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins. Cushing disease is cortisol excess from pituitary ACTH overproduction.

Question 7

"Love" Hormone is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Oxytocin is commonly called the "love hormone" because it promotes social bonding, trust, and maternal-infant attachment. It is synthesized in the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary. It also stimulates uterine contractions during labor and milk ejection during breastfeeding. Estrogen and progesterone are reproductive hormones but are not primarily responsible for bonding behaviors.

Question 8

Pituitary gland is located in...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The pituitary gland sits at the base of the brain within the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone. It is connected to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum and functions as the master endocrine gland. Therefore, its anatomical location is in the brain.

Question 9

Which gland in the human body is called the master gland?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The pituitary gland is termed the master gland because it secretes trophic hormones (e.g., TSH, ACTH, LH, FSH, GH, prolactin) that regulate the activity of other endocrine organs. Its anterior lobe controls thyroid, adrenal, and gonadal function, while the posterior lobe releases ADH and oxytocin. Although the hypothalamus exerts higher-level control, the pituitary directly orchestrates peripheral endocrine glands.

Question 10

The hormone which contracts the uterus muscles during childbirth to expel the baby out is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Oxytocin, released from the posterior pituitary, stimulates uterine smooth muscle (myometrium) contraction during labor through Gq-coupled receptors that increase intracellular calcium. This action produces coordinated contractions that lead to cervical dilation and fetal expulsion. Calcitonin regulates calcium, insulin regulates glucose, and prolactin promotes milk production rather than uterine contraction.

Question 11

What is the name of the hormone secreted by the thyroid gland?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The thyroid gland primarily secretes the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), with thyroxine being the classic named hormone. Oxytocin is produced by the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary. Androgens are mainly produced by the testes and adrenal cortex, and estrogens by the ovaries and placenta. Therefore, thyroxine is the correct choice.

Question 12

A 74 yo smoker presented to his GP with cough and SOB. Exam revealed pigmentation of the oral mucosa and also over the palms and soles. Tests show that he is diabetic and hypokalemic. What is the most probable dx?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: An elderly smoker with cough and dyspnea suggests a lung malignancy, commonly small cell carcinoma, producing ectopic ACTH. Excess ACTH causes marked cortisol excess leading to hyperglycemia/diabetes and hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis. Very high ACTH also stimulates melanocortin receptors, producing hyperpigmentation of oral mucosa, palms, and soles. These features best fit ectopic ACTH (paraneoplastic Cushing syndrome) rather than pituitary Cushing disease or Conn syndrome.

Question 13

Which one of the following is a female sex hormone?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Estrogen is the primary female sex hormone produced mainly by the ovaries; it drives development of female secondary sexual characteristics and regulates the menstrual cycle. Androgens are predominantly male sex hormones, though present in females at lower levels. Oxytocin is a posterior pituitary hormone involved in uterine contractions and milk ejection, and insulin regulates glucose metabolism. Therefore, estrogen is the correct choice.

Question 14

What is Thyroxine?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Thyroxine (T4) is a thyroid hormone synthesized from iodinated tyrosine residues in thyroglobulin and released by the thyroid gland. It regulates basal metabolic rate, thermogenesis, and growth and development. It is not a vitamin, enzyme, or structural protein.

Question 15

The hormone which tones up the muscles of a person in time of danger is from the?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: During acute stress, the adrenal medulla releases epinephrine (adrenaline), which activates the sympathetic 'fight-or-flight' response. This increases heart rate and redirects blood flow to skeletal muscles, enhancing their tone and readiness for rapid action. Thyroid hormones regulate basal metabolism, the pancreas controls glucose via insulin and glucagon, and the liver is not the primary source of a hormone producing this immediate effect.

Question 16

Love hormone is known as?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Oxytocin, a hypothalamic neuropeptide released from the posterior pituitary, is widely referred to as the 'love hormone.' It promotes social bonding, trust, and pair attachment and surges during intimate contact, labor, and breastfeeding. Estrogen, prolactin, and progesterone have key reproductive roles but are not primarily associated with social bonding behaviors.

Question 17

Insulin is a ...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Insulin is a peptide hormone composed of 51 amino acids arranged in two chains linked by disulfide bonds, produced by pancreatic beta cells. Steroid hormones are cholesterol-derived and lipid-soluble, which insulin is not. It is neither a carbohydrate nor a fat; its structure and synthesis are protein-based, explaining its susceptibility to digestion if taken orally.

Question 18

What is Thyroxine?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Thyroxine (T4) is a thyroid hormone synthesized from tyrosine and iodine and secreted by the thyroid gland. It circulates as a prohormone and is converted to the more active triiodothyronine (T3) in tissues. Thyroid hormones regulate basal metabolic rate, thermogenesis, growth, and cardiovascular function. It is not a vitamin, enzyme, or fat.

Question 19

The "Sweet gland" is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The pancreas regulates blood glucose by secreting insulin and glucagon, hence it is often nicknamed the "sweet" gland in reference to sugar control. The thyroid controls metabolic rate via thyroid hormones, not blood sugar. The pituitary is the master gland regulating other endocrine organs, and the adrenal glands produce catecholamines and corticosteroids. Therefore, the pancreas best fits the description.

Question 20

Blood sugar is controlled by?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Insulin is the primary hormone regulating blood glucose. It lowers blood sugar by promoting cellular uptake of glucose and stimulating glycogen synthesis in the liver and muscle. In contrast, glucagon, adrenaline, and cortisol are counter-regulatory hormones that increase blood glucose. Therefore, the single best answer is insulin.

Question 21

Which hormone is called the "love hormone"?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Oxytocin, produced in the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary, is widely known as the “love hormone” because it promotes social bonding, attachment, and trust, especially during close contact and childbirth. It also stimulates uterine contractions during labor and milk ejection during breastfeeding. Melatonin regulates circadian rhythms, prolactin primarily promotes milk production, and serotonin is a neurotransmitter involved in mood regulation.

Question 22

Shortest peptide with 3 aminoacids?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) is a tripeptide composed of pyroglutamyl–histidyl–proline amide, making it one of the smallest peptide hormones. Growth hormone is a large polypeptide of about 191 amino acids. LH and FSH are glycoproteins with multiple subunits and far more amino acids. Therefore, the shortest peptide with 3 amino acids among the options is TRH.

Question 23

Parathyroid hypertrophy is seen in?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Chronic kidney disease causes phosphate retention and reduced calcitriol, leading to hypocalcemia. This chronically stimulates parathyroid hormone secretion, producing secondary hyperparathyroidism with parathyroid gland hyperplasia/hypertrophy. CCF, CLD, and CVA do not characteristically cause parathyroid hypertrophy.

Question 24

Which gland is known as both exocrine and endocrine gland?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The pancreas is a mixed gland. Its exocrine acinar cells secrete digestive enzymes and bicarbonate into the pancreatic duct, while its endocrine islets of Langerhans release hormones such as insulin and glucagon directly into the bloodstream. The liver primarily has exocrine bile secretion, and the gallbladder and heart are not both exocrine and endocrine organs.

Question 25

The thymus gland is active mainly in?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The thymus is largest and most functionally active from infancy through childhood, where it promotes T-lymphocyte maturation. It reaches maximal size around puberty and then undergoes involution, becoming largely fatty tissue in adulthood and old age. Therefore, activity is mainly in childhood rather than only in infancy.

Question 26

The master gland of the body is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The pituitary gland is termed the master gland because its anterior lobe secretes trophic hormones (TSH, ACTH, LH, FSH, GH, prolactin) that regulate other endocrine glands and growth. It integrates hypothalamic signals to coordinate endocrine function throughout the body. The thyroid, adrenal, and pineal glands have important roles but are regulated by pituitary output rather than controlling the entire endocrine system.

Question 27

The posterior pituitary releases?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) stores and releases antidiuretic hormone (ADH/vasopressin) and oxytocin that are synthesized in the hypothalamus. In contrast, GH, ACTH, FSH, LH, and TSH are anterior pituitary hormones. Therefore, the correct pair associated with the posterior pituitary is ADH and oxytocin.

Question 28

The largest endocrine gland is ....?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The thyroid is the largest pure endocrine gland in the human body, typically weighing 15–25 grams in adults. While the pancreas is larger overall, it is primarily an exocrine organ with only a small endocrine portion (islets of Langerhans). The pineal and adrenal glands are much smaller. Therefore, the correct choice is the thyroid.

Question 29

In human body pituitary gland is situated in?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The pituitary gland (hypophysis) lies at the base of the brain within the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone. It is connected to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum and is surrounded by intracranial structures such as the optic chiasm. Therefore, it is located in the brain, not in the kidney, neck, or abdomen.

Question 30

The emergency hormone is ...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Adrenaline (epinephrine) is rapidly released from the adrenal medulla during acute stress, initiating the fight-or-flight response. It increases heart rate, blood pressure, bronchodilation, and hepatic glycogenolysis to mobilize energy quickly. Because it prepares the body for immediate action in emergencies, it is termed the emergency hormone.

Question 31

The weight of pituitary gland is about?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In adults, the pituitary (hypophysis) typically weighs about 0.5 g, with normal variation around 0.4–0.7 g and slightly higher values possible in pregnancy/postpartum. Values such as 5 g or 10 g are far beyond normal physiological size. Conversely, 0.10 g is smaller than expected for a healthy adult gland. Therefore, 0.5 g is the best estimate.

Question 32

Which of the following cells secrete insulin?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Insulin is produced and secreted by pancreatic beta cells located in the islets of Langerhans. These cells release insulin in response to rising blood glucose to promote cellular uptake and storage of glucose. The heart, veins, and nerve cells do not produce insulin.

Question 33

Effects of glucocorticoids secreted by adrenal cortex include except-?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Glucocorticoids promote hepatic gluconeogenesis, protein catabolism, and lipolysis while redistributing fat, which can clinically appear as central obesity. They impair immune and inflammatory responses, leading to delayed wound healing. Many glucocorticoids also exert some mineralocorticoid activity, though relatively weak compared with aldosterone. Lipogenesis is not a primary direct effect; glucocorticoids are more characteristically lipolytic.

Question 34

Hormone responsible for milk ejection reflex?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Oxytocin, released from the posterior pituitary in response to nipple stimulation, causes contraction of myoepithelial cells around the alveoli and ducts, producing the milk ejection (let-down) reflex. Prolactin primarily stimulates milk synthesis and maintenance of lactation, not ejection. Growth hormone (GH) and ACTH do not mediate the let-down reflex.

Question 35

Which is called the smallest endocrine gland?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The pineal gland is a tiny midline endocrine organ, typically about 5–8 mm and ~150 mg, making it the smallest major endocrine gland. It secretes melatonin to regulate circadian rhythms. The pituitary is larger (~0.5 g) and the adrenal glands are much larger. The liver is not primarily an endocrine gland.

Question 36

Which hormone regulates sleep-wake cycle?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Melatonin, secreted by the pineal gland in response to darkness, synchronizes the circadian rhythm and promotes sleep onset. Cortisol follows a diurnal rhythm peaking in the morning but does not directly regulate sleep initiation. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter and a precursor to melatonin, not the primary regulator. Adrenaline increases arousal and wakefulness.

Question 37

The hormone responsible for milk ejection is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Oxytocin, released from the posterior pituitary in response to suckling, causes contraction of myoepithelial cells surrounding mammary alveoli and ducts, producing the milk ejection (let-down) reflex. Prolactin stimulates milk synthesis, not ejection. Estrogen and progesterone promote breast development during pregnancy and inhibit lactation; their drop postpartum permits prolactin’s action.

Question 38

The menstrual cycle is controlled by the ____ system?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The menstrual cycle is regulated by hormones of the hypothalamic–pituitary–ovarian axis, including GnRH, FSH, LH, estrogen, and progesterone. These endocrine signals coordinate follicular development, ovulation, and endometrial changes. The nervous, digestive, and respiratory systems are not the primary controllers of this cycle.

Question 39

LH in males stimulates secretion of ____?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In males, luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary acts on Leydig (interstitial) cells of the testes. LH binding stimulates steroidogenesis, increasing testosterone synthesis from cholesterol. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) instead targets Sertoli cells to support spermatogenesis. Estrogen, progesterone, and prolactin are not directly stimulated by LH in males.

Question 40

The symptoms of Hypothyroidism including all except?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hypothyroidism lowers basal metabolic rate, leading to constipation rather than diarrhea. Common features include lethargy, weight gain, cold intolerance, dry skin, and bradycardia. Decreased appetite (anorexia) can occur as well. Therefore, diarrhea is the exception.

Question 41

Type 1 diabetes is characterized by a lack of?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Type 1 diabetes results from autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells, leading to an absolute deficiency of insulin. Without insulin, cells cannot take up glucose effectively, causing hyperglycemia and ketosis. Vitamin C deficiency and low white blood cell counts are not defining features of type 1 diabetes.

Question 42

Which hormone secreted by Pancreas?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Glucagon is produced by pancreatic alpha cells in the islets of Langerhans and raises blood glucose by stimulating hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. Oxytocin and vasopressin (ADH) are synthesized in the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary. FSH is secreted by the anterior pituitary. Thus the pancreatic hormone among the choices is glucagon.

Question 43

The “fight or flight” hormone is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Adrenaline (epinephrine) is released from the adrenal medulla during sympathetic activation and mediates the fight-or-flight response. It increases heart rate and contractility, dilates bronchioles, and promotes glycogenolysis and lipolysis to rapidly mobilize energy. Insulin lowers blood glucose, thyroxine regulates basal metabolic rate, and estrogen is a sex hormone, none of which acutely drive the stress response.

Question 44

Love hormone is known as?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Oxytocin is a hypothalamic peptide released from the posterior pituitary that promotes social bonding, trust, and pair attachment, hence the nickname “love hormone.” Levels rise during labor, breastfeeding, and intimate touch, reinforcing maternal and partner bonding. Prolactin primarily stimulates lactation, testosterone is an androgen responsible for male characteristics and libido, and progesterone supports the luteal phase and pregnancy.

Question 45

Pregnancy Hormone is also called as...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is produced by the syncytiotrophoblast shortly after implantation and is known as the pregnancy hormone. It maintains the corpus luteum to sustain progesterone production in early pregnancy. hCG is the basis of most pregnancy tests. Insulin, testosterone, and thyroxine are not specific to pregnancy.

Question 46

Which hormone is only released during pregnancy?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: HCG is produced by the syncytiotrophoblast of the placenta and is the classic pregnancy-specific hormone used to confirm pregnancy. Relaxin can be secreted by the corpus luteum during the nonpregnant luteal phase, so it is not exclusive to pregnancy. hPL is placental and largely pregnancy-associated, but hCG is the hallmark hormone uniquely relied upon as a marker of pregnancy.

Question 47

Iodine is the main part of which hormones?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Iodine is an essential structural component of thyroid hormones produced by the thyroid gland. Thyroxine (T4) contains four iodine atoms, and triiodothyronine (T3) contains three. Oxytocin is a peptide hormone that does not contain iodine, and “thyroid” refers to the gland, not a hormone. Therefore, the best answer is thyroxine.

Question 48

Which gland is associated with BP?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The adrenal gland regulates blood pressure via aldosterone from the adrenal cortex, which increases sodium and water reabsorption through the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system. The adrenal medulla also releases epinephrine and norepinephrine that acutely raise BP by increasing cardiac output and vasoconstriction. The pancreas primarily controls glucose metabolism, and the pituitary influences BP indirectly but is not the principal gland controlling it.

Question 49

After menopause a woman becomes more prone to development of osteoporosis because-?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Postmenopausal estrogen levels drop sharply, removing estrogen’s inhibitory effect on osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. This accelerates bone turnover with net bone loss, predisposing to osteoporosis and fractures. By contrast, LH and FSH typically rise after menopause due to loss of ovarian negative feedback, not fall.

Question 50

Calcium level in the Blood is regulated by?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Among the listed glands, only the thyroid participates in calcium homeostasis via calcitonin, which lowers serum calcium by inhibiting osteoclast activity and promoting calcium deposition in bone. The major physiologic regulator is parathyroid hormone from the parathyroid glands (not listed), but adrenal, pancreatic, and pineal glands do not regulate calcium levels. Therefore, the best answer given is the thyroid gland.

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Placenta also functions as an endocrine organ?

Insulin is secreted by?

The target organ of ADH is?

The main cause of Diabetes is?

FSH and LH hormones together are called?

A nurse is caring for a client who is experiencing an underproduction of thyroxine. Which client response is associated with an underproduction of thyroxine (T4)?

"Love" Hormone is?

Pituitary gland is located in...?

Which gland in the human body is called the master gland?

The hormone which contracts the uterus muscles during childbirth to expel the baby out is?

What is the name of the hormone secreted by the thyroid gland?

A 74 yo smoker presented to his GP with cough and SOB. Exam revealed pigmentation of the oral mucosa and also over the palms and soles. Tests show that he is diabetic and hypokalemic. What is the most probable dx?

Which one of the following is a female sex hormone?

What is Thyroxine?

The hormone which tones up the muscles of a person in time of danger is from the?

Love hormone is known as?

Insulin is a ...?

What is Thyroxine?

The "Sweet gland" is?

Blood sugar is controlled by?

Which hormone is called the "love hormone"?

Shortest peptide with 3 aminoacids?

Parathyroid hypertrophy is seen in?

Which gland is known as both exocrine and endocrine gland?

The thymus gland is active mainly in?

The master gland of the body is?

The posterior pituitary releases?

The largest endocrine gland is ....?

In human body pituitary gland is situated in?

The emergency hormone is ...?

The weight of pituitary gland is about?

Which of the following cells secrete insulin?

Effects of glucocorticoids secreted by adrenal cortex include except-?

Hormone responsible for milk ejection reflex?

Which is called the smallest endocrine gland?

Which hormone regulates sleep-wake cycle?

The hormone responsible for milk ejection is?

The menstrual cycle is controlled by the ____ system?

LH in males stimulates secretion of ____?

The symptoms of Hypothyroidism including all except?

Type 1 diabetes is characterized by a lack of?

Which hormone secreted by Pancreas?

The “fight or flight” hormone is?

Love hormone is known as?

Pregnancy Hormone is also called as...?

Which hormone is only released during pregnancy?

Iodine is the main part of which hormones?

Which gland is associated with BP?

After menopause a woman becomes more prone to development of osteoporosis because-?

Calcium level in the Blood is regulated by?

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