Question 1

During pregnancy strip test, what hormone does the strip test for in the sample(blood or urine)??

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Pregnancy strip tests detect human chorionic gonadotropin, a hormone produced by trophoblastic tissue after implantation. Its presence in urine (and in blood at lower levels earlier) is the biochemical marker used to confirm pregnancy. The other listed hormones fluctuate in pregnancy but are not the target analyte for standard rapid pregnancy tests.
Category reason: This question tests knowledge of which reproductive hormone is measured by pregnancy tests, which is a foundational endocrine/reproductive physiology concept rather than a nursing intervention decision.

Question 2

/ Mention love Harmon?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Oxytocin is strongly associated with social bonding, attachment, and affectionate behaviors, and it is released with physical touch and intimacy. It also has well-established physiologic roles in childbirth (uterine contractions) and lactation (milk letdown), supporting its classification as a key bonding hormone. Melatonin primarily regulates sleep-wake cycles, while serotonin is mainly involved in mood regulation and other CNS functions rather than pair-bonding.
Category reason: This question tests identification of a hormone associated with bonding/attachment, which is an endocrine function within the Endocrine System.

Question 3

Which gland produce melatonin (a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles)?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Melatonin is synthesized and secreted primarily by the pineal gland, with production increasing in darkness and decreasing with light exposure. This hormone helps regulate circadian rhythms and the sleep–wake cycle by signaling “biological night” to the body. In contrast, the thyroid regulates metabolic rate (T3/T4), the pituitary secretes multiple trophic hormones, and the adrenal glands mainly produce cortisol, aldosterone, and catecholamines.
Category reason: This question tests knowledge of which endocrine gland secretes a specific hormone (melatonin) and its physiologic role in circadian rhythm regulation, which fits the Endocrine System.

Question 4

Year-old female developed acute stridor hours after total thyroidectomy, voice is normal. What is the likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Stridor occurring hours after thyroidectomy with a normal voice points away from recurrent laryngeal nerve damage, which typically causes hoarseness. Acute hypocalcaemia from inadvertent parathyroid removal or devascularization can cause laryngospasm due to increased neuromuscular excitability, leading to inspiratory stridor. This is often accompanied by other signs of tetany (e.g., perioral tingling, carpopedal spasm, Chvostek/Trousseau) and responds to calcium replacement.
Category reason: This question tests a postoperative endocrine complication (parathyroid-related hypocalcaemia) and its physiologic consequences after thyroidectomy, which is foundational endocrine pathophysiology rather than a nursing-priority/intervention item.

Question 5

Deficiency of growth Hormone leads to

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Growth hormone deficiency in childhood reduces linear bone growth at the epiphyseal plates, leading to short stature with normal body proportions. Intelligence is typically normal, distinguishing it from conditions like congenital hypothyroidism that can cause cognitive impairment if untreated. Acromegaly results from excess growth hormone after epiphyseal closure, not deficiency. Epiphyseal closure is generally delayed with hypogonadism; growth hormone deficiency primarily causes reduced growth velocity rather than delayed fusion as the defining feature.
Category reason: This question tests the physiological effects of growth hormone deficiency and associated clinical outcomes, which is core endocrine system science rather than a nursing care decision.

Question 6

Love hormone is known as?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Oxytocin is commonly referred to as the “love hormone” because it is involved in social bonding, attachment, and trust, and is released during activities like hugging, childbirth, and breastfeeding. It also has key physiologic roles in uterine contractions during labor and milk ejection (let-down) during lactation. The other listed hormones have primary roles in sexual development (testosterone), maintaining pregnancy (progesterone), or milk production (prolactin) rather than bonding.
Category reason: This is a foundational question about hormone identity and function, which is part of endocrine physiology rather than nursing care decision-making.

Question 7

Which of the following response is expected in a mother when the baby is sucking the breast?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Suckling triggers a neuroendocrine reflex where nipple stimulation increases hypothalamic signaling to the posterior pituitary, releasing oxytocin. Oxytocin causes contraction of myoepithelial cells in the breast, producing the milk ejection (let-down) reflex. At the same time, dopamine (prolactin-inhibiting factor) decreases to allow prolactin-mediated milk production, so increases in dopamine/prolactin-inhibiting factor are not expected. Adrenaline tends to inhibit let-down during stress rather than being the normal physiologic response to feeding.
Category reason: This question tests lactation hormone physiology (hypothalamus–pituitary control of oxytocin/prolactin), which is a foundational endocrine regulation concept rather than a nursing intervention or prioritization task.

Question 8

Which hormone regulates calcium levels in the blood?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: It is the primary endocrine regulator that increases serum calcium by promoting bone resorption, increasing renal calcium reabsorption, and stimulating activation of vitamin D to enhance intestinal calcium absorption. Insulin and glucagon primarily regulate blood glucose, not calcium homeostasis. Thyroxine mainly regulates basal metabolic rate and growth rather than acute calcium control.
Category reason: This question tests knowledge of hormonal control of blood calcium, which is a core concept in endocrine physiology rather than a nursing intervention decision.

Question 9

Due to release of adrenocortical steroids by stress in patients who have undergone extensive prolonged surgery are likely to develop depletion of?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Physiologic stress increases secretion of adrenocortical steroids, especially cortisol (with some mineralocorticoid effect) and often increased aldosterone activity, which enhances renal potassium excretion. This shifts electrolyte balance toward sodium and water retention while promoting kaliuresis. Therefore, patients after extensive prolonged surgery are at risk for hypokalemia due to potassium depletion.
Category reason: This question tests the hormonal effects of adrenocortical steroids on electrolyte handling during stress, which is a core concept of endocrine regulation rather than a nursing intervention decision.

Question 10

Which of the following hormones is important in the regulation of sodium ion concentration in the extracellular fluid?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: It increases sodium reabsorption in the distal tubule and collecting duct (via upregulating ENaC and the Na+/K+ ATPase), which raises extracellular fluid sodium content and expands ECF volume. This hormone is a key effector of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system and directly governs renal sodium handling. In contrast, antidiuretic hormone primarily regulates water balance (osmolality), erythropoietin regulates red blood cell production, and renin is an enzyme/hormone that triggers the pathway rather than being the main sodium-retaining effector.
Category reason: This item tests hormonal control of renal sodium handling via mineralocorticoid action, which is foundational endocrine physiology (RAAS and aldosterone effects) rather than a nursing intervention decision.

Question 11

Which gland is known as the “master gland” because it controls other endocrine glands?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: It is termed the master gland because it secretes tropic hormones (e.g., TSH, ACTH, LH/FSH) that regulate the activity of other endocrine glands such as the thyroid, adrenal cortex, and gonads. Its secretion is coordinated by the hypothalamus via releasing and inhibiting hormones, forming the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. While other glands are essential for metabolism and glucose regulation, they do not broadly control multiple endocrine organs in the same way.
Category reason: This is a foundational question about endocrine gland hierarchy and hormone regulation, which belongs to the Endocrine System rather than nursing interventions or patient-care judgment.

Question 12

Which of the following hormones is secreted by the human placenta?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: D) Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) The placenta secretes hCG early in pregnancy to maintain the corpus luteum and support progesterone production until the placenta can produce sufficient steroid hormones. This hormone is the basis of most pregnancy tests because it rises rapidly after implantation. LH is produced by the anterior pituitary, while androgens/testosterone are primarily produced by the adrenal glands and gonads (with limited placental conversion rather than being the principal placental secretion tested here).
Category reason: This is a foundational question about hormone production in pregnancy and which endocrine organ (placenta) secretes a specific hormone, fitting Endocrine System content rather than nursing interventions or prioritization.

Question 13

Regulation of blood glucose level can be achieved by ?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: c- (a & b) Blood glucose homeostasis is primarily regulated by hormones such as insulin and glucagon, which control cellular uptake, glycogen storage, and hepatic glucose output. The liver helps stabilize glucose via glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis, especially between meals and during fasting. The kidneys also contribute through gluconeogenesis and by reabsorbing filtered glucose up to a transport maximum, with glycosuria occurring when this is exceeded. Therefore both hormonal regulation and hepatic/renal mechanisms participate in maintaining normal blood glucose.
Category reason: This question tests physiological control of blood glucose via insulin/glucagon and organ roles (liver, kidney), which is core endocrine regulation rather than nursing intervention.

Question 14

Insulin is a hormone secretes by ?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: b- B cell of islet of langerhans in pancreas Insulin is produced by pancreatic beta (β) cells located in the islets of Langerhans. These cells secrete insulin in response to elevated blood glucose to promote cellular glucose uptake and storage (e.g., glycogenesis and lipogenesis). The adrenal (suprarenal) cortex instead primarily produces steroid hormones such as cortisol and aldosterone, not insulin.
Category reason: This question tests the source of a hormone (insulin) and its endocrine gland/cell type, which is foundational endocrine physiology rather than nursing interventions.

Question 15

Anti diuretic hormone (ADH) secretion is controlled by?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: b- plasma osmolality ADH release is primarily regulated by hypothalamic osmoreceptors responding to changes in plasma osmolality; even small increases stimulate secretion to conserve water via the kidneys. Decreased osmolality suppresses secretion, promoting water excretion. Although volume/pressure changes can influence ADH through baroreceptors and angiotensin II, osmolality is the dominant controller under normal conditions, making this option the best single answer.
Category reason: This tests physiologic regulation of a hormone (ADH) and its primary stimulus, which is foundational endocrine control rather than a nursing intervention or prioritization decision.

Question 16

.......... play an essential role in body metabolism , a deficiency or excess may cause serious derangement of body function?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: b- hormones They regulate metabolic processes and help maintain homeostasis through feedback mechanisms. Too little or too much can significantly disrupt growth, energy balance, fluid/electrolyte status, and organ function (e.g., thyroid, insulin, cortisol disorders). Compared with vitamins and enzymes, they are specifically characterized by systemic regulatory effects where deficiency or excess commonly produces marked clinical syndromes.
Category reason: This item tests knowledge of metabolic regulation and the consequences of hormonal deficiency/excess, which is a core concept of the Endocrine System.

Question 17

Progesterone is secreted by?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: After ovulation, the ruptured follicle transforms into the corpus luteum, which is the primary ovarian structure that synthesizes and secretes progesterone. Progesterone stabilizes and prepares the endometrium for implantation and supports early pregnancy until placental production is sufficient. Follicles primarily produce estrogen, and the corpus albicans is a fibrous regressed remnant with no significant hormone secretion.
Category reason: This question tests the source of a key reproductive hormone and its regulation, which is a foundational concept in hormonal physiology within the Endocrine System.

Question 18

Which hormone stimulates milk production after childbirth?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: After delivery, the drop in estrogen and progesterone allows pituitary prolactin to act on the mammary glands to synthesize milk. Suckling triggers neuroendocrine signaling that increases prolactin release to maintain milk production. Oxytocin primarily causes milk ejection (let-down) by contracting myoepithelial cells rather than producing milk. Estrogen and progesterone support breast development during pregnancy but inhibit full lactation until they fall postpartum.
Category reason: This is a foundational question about hormonal regulation of lactation, which is best classified under endocrine physiology rather than nursing interventions or prioritization.

Question 19

Which hormone is secreted by the hypothalamus?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The hypothalamus produces regulatory factors (releasing and inhibiting hormones) that control anterior pituitary secretion, such as TRH, CRH, GnRH, GHRH, and somatostatin. Growth hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary, insulin by pancreatic beta cells, and thyroxine by the thyroid gland. Therefore the option describing hypothalamic output is the set of releasing hormones.
Category reason: This is a foundational question about endocrine hormone sources and hypothalamic control of the pituitary, which is primarily studied within the Endocrine System.

Question 20

Disease of Tickets occurs in children due to a lack of which vitamin?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Rickets in children is caused by inadequate vitamin D, which leads to reduced intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate. This results in defective mineralization of growing bone and growth plates, producing bone pain, delayed growth, and leg bowing. Vitamin D can be deficient from low dietary intake, limited sunlight exposure, or malabsorption, and supplementation corrects the underlying metabolic problem.
Category reason: This tests the biomedical cause of rickets via vitamin D and calcium-phosphate regulation, which is primarily an endocrine (vitamin D hormone-like) physiology concept rather than a nursing intervention scenario.

Question 21

Pituitary gland is situated in -?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The pituitary gland lies at the base of the brain in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone and is connected to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum. Because of this intracranial location, it is not located in the neck (thyroid/parathyroids) or in the kidney (adrenal glands sit on top of kidneys). Its position allows direct neuroendocrine regulation of multiple peripheral endocrine organs.
Category reason: This tests anatomic location of an endocrine gland, a foundational concept within the Endocrine System rather than nursing intervention or clinical judgment.

Question 22

Which Hormones regulate metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Thyroid hormones (T4/thyroxine and T3) are the primary regulators of basal metabolic rate by increasing cellular oxygen consumption and heat production across many tissues. They upregulate metabolic enzyme activity and influence carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism system-wide. Insulin and cortisol do affect aspects of metabolism (fuel storage vs. mobilization), but they are not the main determinants of overall metabolic rate.
Category reason: This is a foundational question about hormonal control of basal metabolic rate, which is a core concept of endocrine physiology, not a nursing care decision.

Question 23

Placenta secretes all the following hormones, except

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The placenta functions as an endocrine organ during pregnancy and produces key hormones that maintain gestation and support fetal development. It secretes hCG early to sustain the corpus luteum, and later produces increasing amounts of progesterone and estrogens to maintain the endometrium and support uterine and breast changes. Luteinizing hormone is produced by the anterior pituitary (and regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis), not by the placenta.
Category reason: This question tests knowledge of hormone production by the placenta during pregnancy, which is primarily an endocrine physiology concept rather than a nursing intervention/priority scenario.

Question 24

Which hormones are responsible for increasing heart rate?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: It increases heart rate primarily via beta-1 adrenergic receptor stimulation in the sinoatrial node, which increases pacemaker firing and atrioventricular conduction. This is a key component of the sympathetic “fight-or-flight” response and produces rapid tachycardic effects. Thyroid hormone can also raise heart rate chronically by increasing beta-adrenergic sensitivity, but the most direct hormone responsible for acutely increasing heart rate among the choices is epinephrine.
Category reason: This question tests the physiologic effects of hormones on cardiac function and autonomic responsiveness, which is primarily an endocrine physiology concept rather than a nursing care decision.

Question 25

Which of the following are true about glycemia during fasting?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: During fasting, falling blood glucose reduces pancreatic beta-cell stimulation, so insulin secretion drops. Lower insulin allows counter-regulatory hormones (especially glucagon) to promote hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis to maintain plasma glucose. In contrast, increased insulin and increased glucose storage in liver/muscle are characteristic of the fed (postprandial) state.
Category reason: This question tests physiologic hormonal regulation of blood glucose during fasting (insulin and hepatic glucose output), which is primarily an Endocrine System concept.

Question 26

Growth hormone is secreted from?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Growth hormone (somatotropin) is produced and released by somatotroph cells in the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis). The hypothalamus regulates its secretion via growth hormone–releasing hormone (stimulates) and somatostatin (inhibits) rather than being the primary source. The liver responds to growth hormone by producing IGF-1, which mediates many growth effects, but it does not secrete growth hormone itself. The pancreas primarily secretes insulin and glucagon.
Category reason: This is a foundational question about the source of a hormone and endocrine regulation, which falls under the Endocrine System.

Question 27

Insulin is produced by which organ?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Insulin is synthesized and secreted by beta cells in the islets of Langerhans. It lowers blood glucose by promoting cellular uptake of glucose and storage as glycogen and fat, and by inhibiting hepatic glucose production. The liver is a major target organ for insulin action but does not produce insulin. The kidney and heart also do not produce insulin as a primary hormone.
Category reason: This question tests where an endocrine hormone is produced (insulin from pancreatic beta cells), which is foundational endocrine physiology rather than a nursing intervention or clinical judgment scenario.

Question 28

Which hormones regulates Sodium balance in the body?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: It is a mineralocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex that increases sodium reabsorption in the distal nephron, with water following sodium to support extracellular fluid volume and blood pressure. It also promotes potassium and hydrogen ion excretion, linking sodium regulation to electrolyte and acid–base balance. Insulin primarily regulates glucose and potassium shifts into cells, and estrogen does not directly control renal sodium handling as its primary function.
Category reason: This is a foundational question about hormone regulation of electrolyte balance and fluid homeostasis, which is primarily studied in the Endocrine System.

Question 29

The endocrine system uses chemical signals called?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: B) hormones The endocrine system communicates by secreting chemical messengers into the bloodstream that travel to distant organs. These messengers bind to specific receptors on target tissues to regulate functions such as metabolism, growth, and reproduction. Glands are the organs that produce these signals, while neurons are characteristic of the nervous system rather than endocrine signaling.
Category reason: This question tests foundational knowledge of endocrine communication and the term for its chemical messengers, which falls under the Endocrine System.

Question 30

Hormones are released into the bloodstream by?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: A) endocrine glands Endocrine glands synthesize hormones and secrete them directly into the blood to act on distant organs. Enzymes primarily catalyze biochemical reactions rather than serving as hormone-secreting structures. Protein receptors are binding sites that detect hormones, not sources of hormone release. Target cells respond to circulating hormones but do not typically release them into the bloodstream as their defining role.
Category reason: This question tests how hormones enter circulation, which is a core concept of endocrine signaling and gland function within the Endocrine System.

Question 31

Which hormone helps maintain pregnancy by preventing uterine contractions?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: It promotes uterine quiescence by reducing myometrial excitability and decreasing responsiveness to oxytocin, helping prevent premature contractions. During early pregnancy, it is produced by the corpus luteum (supported by hCG) and later primarily by the placenta to sustain the pregnancy environment. In contrast, estrogen tends to increase uterine contractility near term, LH primarily supports ovulation/corpus luteum function, and androgens are not responsible for maintaining uterine relaxation.
Category reason: This tests reproductive endocrine physiology—specifically the hormone that maintains pregnancy by modulating uterine muscle activity—so it best fits the Endocrine System within NursingScience.

Question 32

Which hormone is NOT secreted by the placenta?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The placenta functions as an endocrine organ that produces steroid hormones (including estrogen and progesterone) and peptide hormones like hPL to support pregnancy and alter maternal metabolism. LH, in contrast, is a gonadotropin produced by the anterior pituitary and is primarily involved in ovulation and corpus luteum function. During pregnancy, pituitary gonadotropin secretion is suppressed by high levels of placental steroids and hCG, reinforcing that LH is not a placental secretion.
Category reason: This item tests knowledge of pregnancy-related hormone production by the placenta versus pituitary gonadotropins, which is primarily endocrine physiology.

Question 33

Thyroid is effective only in the presence of _?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Thyroid hormone synthesis requires iodine for iodination of tyrosine residues in thyroglobulin to form T3 and T4. Without adequate iodine, the gland cannot produce sufficient thyroid hormones, leading to reduced metabolic effects and possible goiter due to compensatory TSH stimulation. Calcium and potassium are not required cofactors for thyroid hormone production in this way.
Category reason: This question tests foundational knowledge of how thyroid hormones are synthesized and what nutrient is essential for their production, which is primarily an Endocrine System topic rather than a nursing intervention or prioritization scenario.

Question 34

Which hormone increases basal metabolic rate (BMR) most significantly?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Thyroid hormones are the primary regulators of basal metabolic rate by increasing cellular oxygen consumption and stimulating Na+/K+ ATPase activity, leading to increased heat production and energy expenditure. They upregulate metabolism in most tissues, raising resting energy use more broadly than other hormones listed. Growth hormone and cortisol can influence metabolism but are not the main determinants of BMR. Insulin mainly promotes glucose uptake and anabolic storage rather than elevating baseline metabolic rate.
Category reason: This question tests foundational hormone physiology—specifically which endocrine hormone most strongly controls resting metabolic rate—so it fits the Endocrine System under NursingScience rather than a nursing care/intervention scenario.

Question 35

Release of LH in women causes?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The mid-cycle LH surge triggers rupture of the dominant ovarian follicle and release of the oocyte. LH also promotes luteinization of the follicle, forming the corpus luteum and increasing progesterone production for the luteal phase. Menstruation occurs later when progesterone and estrogen fall due to corpus luteum regression, not from LH release. Menorrhea is abnormal heavy bleeding and is not a normal physiologic effect of LH.
Category reason: This is testing hormonal physiology of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis, specifically the effect of luteinizing hormone on ovulation, which belongs to endocrine regulation of reproduction.

Question 36

Which Hormone is responsible for Utrine Contraction?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: It directly stimulates uterine smooth muscle by increasing intracellular calcium, producing rhythmic contractions during labor and postpartum uterine involution. It is released from the posterior pituitary and is augmented by cervical stretch (Ferguson reflex) and breastfeeding. In contrast, progesterone generally maintains uterine quiescence during pregnancy, and prolactin primarily supports milk production rather than uterine contractility.
Category reason: This tests foundational hormone function in reproduction/parturition, which is core endocrine physiology rather than a nursing intervention or prioritization scenario.

Question 37

Which of the following hormones is secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to stress?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The adrenal medulla releases catecholamines during acute sympathetic activation as part of the fight-or-flight response, rapidly increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and blood glucose. Aldosterone, cortisol, and adrenal androgens are produced by the adrenal cortex (zona glomerulosa, fasciculata, and reticularis, respectively) rather than the medulla. Therefore, the hormone from the adrenal medulla in response to stress is the catecholamine listed here.
Category reason: This tests endocrine gland function and hormone secretion (adrenal medulla vs adrenal cortex) in the physiologic stress response, which is core content of the Endocrine System.

Question 38

Which organ controls blood sugar by making insulin?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Insulin is produced by beta cells in the islets of Langerhans, which are located in the pancreas. Insulin lowers blood glucose by promoting cellular uptake of glucose and stimulating glycogen synthesis while inhibiting hepatic glucose production. The liver plays major roles in glycogen storage and gluconeogenesis but does not synthesize insulin. The kidneys contribute to glucose handling via filtration and reabsorption and can perform limited gluconeogenesis, but they are not the primary source of insulin.
Category reason: This question tests which organ produces insulin to regulate blood glucose, a core concept of hormonal regulation within the Endocrine System.

Question 39

Diabetes Insipidus Signs and symptoms

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Diabetes insipidus is caused by deficient antidiuretic hormone (central) or renal resistance to it (nephrogenic), leading to inability to concentrate urine. This results in excretion of large volumes of dilute, pale urine, which is the hallmark clinical manifestation. The resulting free-water loss then drives intense thirst and can progress to dehydration and hypernatremia if intake does not keep up.
Category reason: This item tests recognition of a classic manifestation of an endocrine disorder involving ADH regulation, which falls under the Endocrine System.

Question 40

Which hormones are deficient in Addison’s disease?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Addison’s disease is primary adrenal insufficiency due to adrenal cortex failure. This causes decreased cortisol (a glucocorticoid) and decreased aldosterone (a mineralocorticoid), leading to hypotension, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, and hypoglycemia risk. Catecholamines (epinephrine/norepinephrine) are primarily from the adrenal medulla and are not the defining hormone deficiency in Addison’s. Thyroid and pancreatic hormones are unrelated to the primary adrenal cortical deficit.
Category reason: This question tests foundational knowledge of adrenal gland hormone production and deficiencies in primary adrenal insufficiency, which is part of endocrine physiology/pathophysiology rather than nursing interventions or prioritization.

Question 41

HCG is secreted by?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: A. Placenta hCG is produced primarily by the syncytiotrophoblast cells of the developing placenta soon after implantation. Its key role is to maintain the corpus luteum in early pregnancy so progesterone production continues until the placenta can take over steroid hormone synthesis. This is the hormone detected by most pregnancy tests. The ovary, pituitary, and uterus are not the primary sources of hCG in normal pregnancy.
Category reason: This item tests a foundational concept about which reproductive tissue secretes a key pregnancy hormone, fitting endocrine regulation of pregnancy rather than a nursing care decision.

Question 42

In a person with hypocalcemia parathyroid dysfunction is suspected the confirmatory Diagnostic test shows?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Low calcium due to primary hypoparathyroidism is confirmed by an inappropriately low (or low-normal) parathyroid hormone level, because PTH should rise in response to hypocalcemia. Reduced PTH decreases renal calcium reabsorption and impairs activation of vitamin D, lowering intestinal calcium absorption. While secondary hyperparathyroidism would show elevated PTH, that pattern suggests non-parathyroid causes of hypocalcemia rather than parathyroid failure. Calcitonin levels are not the key confirmatory test for suspected parathyroid dysfunction in this context.
Category reason: This question tests hormonal regulation of serum calcium by parathyroid hormone and related endocrine feedback, which is foundational Endocrine System physiology/pathophysiology rather than nursing intervention or prioritization.

Question 43

A nurse is reviewing lab values. Elevated levels of T3 and T4 would result in which feedback response to the hypothalamus?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: T3 and T4 exert negative feedback on both the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary. When circulating thyroid hormone levels are high, the hypothalamus reduces TRH release to lower downstream pituitary TSH stimulation. This helps decrease thyroid hormone synthesis and restore homeostasis. Therefore, elevated T3/T4 leads to reduced hypothalamic TRH secretion.
Category reason: This item tests regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis via negative feedback, which is core endocrine physiology rather than nursing intervention or prioritization.

Question 44

A 5-month-old infant presents with vomiting, poor feeding, lethargy, and hypotonia. On examination, hepatomegaly is present. Laboratory tests show hypoglycemia, lactic acidosis, hyperuricemia, and hyperlipidemia. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The combination of fasting hypoglycemia with hepatomegaly plus lactic acidosis, hyperuricemia, and hyperlipidemia is classic for glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency, which blocks the final step of glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. Accumulated glucose-6-phosphate is shunted into glycolysis (raising lactate) and lipogenesis (raising triglycerides), while increased lactate competes with uric acid for renal excretion (raising uric acid). Other listed disorders do not typically produce this specific metabolic quartet alongside marked hepatomegaly in infancy.
Category reason: This item tests identification of an inborn error of carbohydrate metabolism based on biochemical findings (hypoglycemia with lactic acidosis, hyperuricemia, hyperlipidemia), which is foundational pathophysiology rather than a nursing-care decision; therefore it fits NursingScience under endocrine/metabolic regulation.

Question 45

Which of the following organs plays a vital role in the regulation of blood sugar level?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: It contains the islets of Langerhans, which secrete insulin and glucagon to keep blood glucose within a normal range. Insulin lowers blood glucose by promoting cellular uptake and storage as glycogen, while glucagon raises blood glucose by stimulating glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis. Salivary and gastric glands primarily aid digestion, and the kidneys have secondary roles (e.g., gluconeogenesis and glucose reabsorption) but are not the primary regulators.
Category reason: This question tests knowledge of hormonal regulation of blood glucose, a core function of the endocrine pancreas within the Endocrine System.

Question 46

__________ gland controls the functioning of other endocrine glands.

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: It is considered the “master gland” because it releases tropic hormones (e.g., TSH, ACTH, LH/FSH) that regulate the thyroid, adrenal cortex, and gonads. These pituitary hormones control downstream endocrine gland secretion through feedback loops. While the hypothalamus regulates the pituitary, among the listed glands the pituitary is the primary controller of other endocrine glands’ activity.
Category reason: This tests foundational knowledge of endocrine regulation and which gland exerts hormonal control over other endocrine glands, which belongs to the Endocrine System.

Question 47

Diabetes mellitus in human beings due to deficiency of..

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Diabetes mellitus is characterized by hyperglycemia due to absolute insulin deficiency (type 1) or relative insulin deficiency with insulin resistance (type 2). Insulin is required for glucose uptake in insulin-sensitive tissues and for suppressing hepatic glucose production, so deficiency leads to elevated blood glucose. The other listed hormones do not cause the typical diabetes mellitus picture when deficient; rather, excess growth hormone can contribute to hyperglycemia.
Category reason: This question tests which endocrine hormone deficiency causes diabetes mellitus, which is a core concept of hormonal regulation of glucose homeostasis in the Endocrine System.

Question 48

40-year-old male Presentation: Frequent urination + increased thirst + weight loss x1 month. No fever. Possible Dx:

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Polyuria, polydipsia, and unintentional weight loss over weeks strongly suggest hyperglycemia with osmotic diuresis and catabolic weight loss. Absence of fever makes infection like UTI less likely as the primary cause, and UTI typically presents with dysuria/urgency rather than prominent thirst and weight loss. Diabetes insipidus causes marked polyuria and polydipsia but does not typically cause weight loss and is not characterized by hyperglycemia. Hyperthyroidism can cause weight loss but does not usually produce pronounced thirst with polyuria as a core triad.
Category reason: This item tests recognition of an endocrine disorder based on classic symptom patterns (polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss), which is foundational diagnostic knowledge within the Endocrine System rather than a nursing intervention/prioritization scenario.

Question 49

Which hormone is responsible for the development of secondary sexual characters in males?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Testosterone (and its more potent metabolite dihydrotestosterone) drives male secondary sexual characteristics at puberty, including increased muscle mass, deepening of the voice, facial/body hair growth, and libido. Estrogen and progesterone are primarily associated with female reproductive physiology, though small amounts are present in males. FSH mainly stimulates Sertoli cells and supports spermatogenesis rather than producing secondary sexual characteristics directly.
Category reason: This question tests knowledge of hormones and their physiologic effects on sexual development, which is part of endocrine regulation rather than nursing interventions or patient-care decision-making.

Question 50

Patient: 50-year-old female Presentation: Fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance x2 months. No past thyroid disease. Possible Dx:

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Fatigue, weight gain, and cold intolerance are classic symptoms of reduced thyroid hormone leading to decreased basal metabolic rate and thermogenesis. The short subacute timeframe can still fit early or evolving hypothyroidism (e.g., autoimmune thyroiditis), even without a prior thyroid history. Anemia can cause fatigue but does not typically explain cold intolerance and weight gain together; depression can mimic fatigue/weight changes but cold intolerance is less characteristic. Diabetes mellitus more often presents with weight loss, polyuria, and polydipsia rather than cold intolerance and weight gain.
Category reason: This item tests recognition of a classic endocrine syndrome (thyroid hormone deficiency) based on symptoms, which is foundational biomedical knowledge rather than a nursing intervention/prioritization scenario.

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