Question 1

Of the following, which disease causes most death worldwide?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death globally, accounting for more deaths than major infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis. The global burden is driven primarily by ischemic heart disease and stroke. While TB, HIV, and malaria are important causes of mortality, their combined worldwide deaths are still lower than deaths from cardiovascular causes in most global estimates.
Category reason: This item tests epidemiologic knowledge about which disease category causes the most deaths worldwide, rather than nursing interventions or clinical decision-making. Among the options, the core concept centers on cardiovascular disease burden, fitting best under the Cardiovascular System subject.

Question 2

Levin sign is seen in which heart disorder?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Levine sign is the characteristic clenched-fist gesture over the substernal chest area used by patients to describe ischemic chest pain. It is classically associated with angina pectoris due to myocardial ischemia and can also be described with acute coronary syndromes, but the traditional association in exam questions is angina. Congestive heart failure and pericardial effusion have different hallmark symptoms/signs (e.g., dyspnea/edema for CHF; muffled heart sounds and tamponade features for effusion). Therefore, angina pectoris is the best answer among the options.
Category reason: This item tests recognition of a named clinical sign and its association with ischemic heart disease, which is foundational cardiovascular knowledge rather than a nursing intervention or prioritization scenario.

Question 3

Heart is made up of ________?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The myocardium (heart muscle) is composed of cardiac muscle tissue, a specialized involuntary striated muscle found only in the heart. It has unique features such as intercalated discs and abundant gap junctions that allow coordinated rhythmic contraction. Smooth muscle lines blood vessel walls and hollow organs, and skeletal muscle is voluntary and attached to bones. Although cardiac muscle is striated, the most specific and correct option is cardiac muscle.
Category reason: This question tests foundational knowledge of the tissue type that composes the heart (myocardium), which is core cardiovascular system anatomy/physiology rather than nursing interventions or clinical decision-making.

Question 4

The circulatory organ that functions to pump blood is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The heart is the organ responsible for generating the pressure needed to propel blood through the circulatory system. Arteries (including the aorta) and veins are blood vessels that transport blood but do not pump it. The aorta specifically carries blood away from the left ventricle, relying on cardiac output rather than producing it.
Category reason: This question tests foundational knowledge of the circulatory system’s structures and their primary functions, which falls under Cardiovascular System science content rather than nursing care decision-making.

Question 5

Year-old with rheumatic fever develops a new murmur. This finding indicates:

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: A new murmur in a child with rheumatic fever most strongly suggests rheumatic carditis with involvement of the heart valves. Inflammation can lead to valvulitis and subsequent regurgitant murmurs, classically affecting the mitral (and sometimes aortic) valve. Renal involvement is characteristic of post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis rather than acute rheumatic fever. Neurologic (Sydenham chorea) and musculoskeletal (migratory polyarthritis) manifestations can occur, but they do not directly explain a new cardiac murmur.
Category reason: The question tests disease manifestation/pathophysiology of acute rheumatic fever leading to valvular lesions and a murmur, which is primarily cardiovascular system biomedical knowledge rather than a nursing intervention or prioritization task.

Question 6

The organ that never stops working even when we sleep is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The heart continuously contracts to pump blood and maintain perfusion to vital organs during both wakefulness and sleep. While many digestive activities slow during sleep, cardiac output and circulation must continue without interruption to sustain oxygen and nutrient delivery. The heart also helps maintain blood pressure and supports ongoing metabolic needs even at rest. Therefore, the best answer is the heart.
Category reason: This is a foundational physiology/anatomy question about continuous function of an organ, primarily testing knowledge of the cardiovascular system rather than nursing interventions or clinical judgment.

Question 7

Which of the following factors directly increases cardiac output?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Cardiac output (CO) is determined by heart rate and stroke volume (CO = HR × SV). Increasing stroke volume directly raises cardiac output when heart rate is unchanged. In contrast, decreased heart rate lowers CO, and decreased preload typically reduces stroke volume via the Frank-Starling mechanism. Vasodilation reduces afterload and may indirectly increase SV, but it is not the most direct determinant compared with increasing stroke volume itself.
Category reason: This is a foundational hemodynamics question testing determinants of cardiac output (HR and stroke volume), which is core cardiovascular physiology rather than a nursing intervention/prioritization scenario.

Question 8

Pulse rate is measured from?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: A palpable pulse is the pressure wave created by left ventricular ejection and transmitted through the arterial system. Arteries have thicker, elastic walls that expand and recoil with each heartbeat, allowing the pulse to be felt at superficial arterial sites (e.g., radial, carotid). Veins are low-pressure and do not normally produce a palpable pulse, and capillary flow is too slow/low pressure to palpate. Heart chambers generate the beat but pulse rate in routine assessment is measured at peripheral arteries.
Category reason: The item tests foundational knowledge of where the palpable pulse wave is detected in the circulatory system, which is a core concept of cardiovascular physiology rather than nursing intervention or prioritization.

Question 9

Which blood vessel carries oxygenated blood?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The pulmonary veins uniquely carry oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the left atrium. In contrast, the pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs for oxygenation. The vena cava returns deoxygenated systemic blood to the right atrium, while the aorta carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the systemic circulation. Therefore, the best answer is the pulmonary vein.
Category reason: This item tests foundational cardiovascular physiology—identifying which vessels carry oxygenated versus deoxygenated blood—so it best fits the Cardiovascular System under NursingScience rather than a nursing-care decision.

Question 10

Contraction of heart is also known as...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The contraction phase of the cardiac cycle is called systole, when the ventricles contract to eject blood into the aorta and pulmonary artery. Diastole, in contrast, is the relaxation and filling phase. "Lub" refers to the first heart sound (S1) associated with closure of the AV valves, not the contraction phase name. "Aristotle" is unrelated to cardiac physiology terminology.
Category reason: This question tests a basic concept of the cardiac cycle (systole vs diastole), which is foundational cardiovascular physiology rather than a nursing intervention or safety decision.

Question 11

Which diagnostic tool is most commonly used to determine the location of the myocardial damage?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: An ECG is the most commonly used tool to localize myocardial injury because characteristic ST-segment/T-wave changes and pathologic Q waves in specific leads correspond to involved heart regions (e.g., inferior, anterior, lateral). Cardiac enzymes (e.g., troponin) confirm myocardial necrosis but do not localize the affected area. Echocardiography can show regional wall-motion abnormalities but is not the most commonly used first-line localization tool in routine acute MI assessment. Cardiac catheterization defines coronary anatomy and occlusions but is invasive and not primarily used just to determine the location of myocardial damage.
Category reason: This question tests foundational knowledge of diagnostic modalities used to identify and localize myocardial infarction, which is core cardiovascular system content rather than a nursing intervention/prioritization scenario.

Question 12

Which muscle is called the “Heart muscle”?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The heart is composed of cardiac muscle (myocardium), a specialized striated, involuntary muscle unique to the heart. It has intercalated discs and gap junctions that allow coordinated conduction and synchronized contraction. Smooth muscle lines hollow organs and vessels, while skeletal (voluntary) muscle moves the skeleton, so neither is the “heart muscle.”.
Category reason: This is a foundational question about the type of muscle tissue that composes the heart, which is primarily studied within the Cardiovascular System in nursing science rather than nursing care decision-making.

Question 13

Which organ is most affected due to severe anemia?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Severe anemia reduces the blood’s oxygen-carrying capacity, causing systemic tissue hypoxia. The heart compensates by increasing heart rate and stroke volume to maintain oxygen delivery, leading to a high-output state. This increased cardiac workload can precipitate tachycardia, angina, cardiomegaly, and high-output heart failure, making the heart the organ most affected.
Category reason: The question tests the physiologic impact of anemia on organ systems, specifically compensatory cardiovascular responses and consequences, which fits the Cardiovascular System subject area.

Question 14

A nurse is caring for a client with acute myocardial infarction. Which finding is most expected?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Classic manifestations of acute myocardial infarction include substernal chest pain or pressure that may radiate to the left arm, neck, or jaw. Troponin levels typically increase (not decrease) due to myocardial injury. Bradycardia and hypotension can occur in some cases (e.g., inferior MI), but they are not the most expected general finding compared with typical ischemic chest pain.
Category reason: The question assesses expected clinical findings of acute myocardial infarction and interpretation of typical presentation, which falls under cardiovascular assessment and acute coronary syndrome recognition.

Question 15

A patient is found to be not breathing and without a pulse, but the monitor shows a normal sinus rhythm. Which condition does this describe?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Pulseless electrical activity (PEA) is defined as organized electrical activity on the monitor (which can appear as normal sinus rhythm) without a palpable pulse and with the patient in cardiac arrest. Ventricular fibrillation would show a chaotic, irregular waveform, and asystole would show a flatline with no electrical activity. “Dysrhythmia” is nonspecific and does not capture the key finding of electrical activity without mechanical perfusion.
Category reason: The question tests recognition of a cardiac arrest rhythm based on ECG-mechanical dissociation (organized rhythm with no pulse), which is a cardiovascular physiology/clinical rhythm concept rather than a nursing intervention or prioritization scenario.

Question 16

Sino-atrial node is located in....?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The sinoatrial (SA) node is the heart’s primary pacemaker and is located in the right atrial wall near the opening of the superior vena cava. It generates spontaneous electrical impulses that initiate each cardiac cycle and set the normal heart rate. Therefore, among the options listed, the correct location is the heart.
Category reason: This is a foundational question about the anatomical location and function of the heart’s conduction system (SA node), which is part of the Cardiovascular System.

Question 17

In a healthy adult stroke volume is approximately_.?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Stroke volume is the amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle with each heartbeat. In a healthy resting adult, a commonly accepted average is about 70 mL per beat (with normal ranges often cited roughly 60–100 mL depending on body size and conditioning). Among the given options, 70 mL best matches the standard physiologic reference value. The other choices are either slightly low (55–60 mL) or less commonly used as the single average (80 mL).
Category reason: This is a foundational physiology question about normal cardiac output components (stroke volume), which is primarily cardiovascular system science rather than a nursing care decision.

Question 18

Contraction of heart is also known as...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The contraction phase of the cardiac cycle is called systole, during which the ventricles contract and eject blood into the aorta and pulmonary artery. Diastole refers to the relaxation and filling phase, not contraction. "Lub" is a heart sound (S1) associated with valve closure rather than the contraction phase name, and "Aristotle" is unrelated.
Category reason: This item tests foundational knowledge of the cardiac cycle terminology (systole vs diastole), which is core cardiovascular physiology rather than a nursing intervention or clinical judgment scenario.

Question 19

Connection between artery and vein is known as ...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Capillaries are the microscopic vessels that form capillary beds linking the arterial side (via arterioles) to the venous side (via venules). They are the primary site of gas, nutrient, and waste exchange between blood and tissues. Arterioles lead into capillaries, and venules drain blood from capillaries, so the direct connecting network is the capillaries.
Category reason: This item tests foundational knowledge of blood vessel types and how arteries transition to veins through the microcirculation, which is a core topic in the Cardiovascular System.

Question 20

What is the function of the pulmonary artery?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The pulmonary artery is unique among arteries because it carries deoxygenated blood away from the right ventricle to the lungs for gas exchange. In the pulmonary capillaries, carbon dioxide is released and oxygen is taken up. Oxygenated blood then returns to the left atrium via the pulmonary veins, not the pulmonary artery. Therefore, the correct function is transporting deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.
Category reason: This question tests foundational knowledge of blood flow through the heart and pulmonary circulation, which is a core concept in the Cardiovascular System rather than a nursing judgment or intervention scenario.

Question 21

Number of chambers in human heart?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The human heart has four chambers: two atria (right and left) and two ventricles (right and left). The atria receive blood (right from systemic veins, left from pulmonary veins), and the ventricles pump blood out (right to the pulmonary artery, left to the aorta). This four-chamber structure supports separate pulmonary and systemic circulation for efficient oxygenation and perfusion.
Category reason: This question tests basic structural knowledge of the heart (number and type of chambers), which is foundational cardiovascular anatomy/physiology rather than a nursing care decision.

Question 22

Normal systolic pressure is...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Normal adult blood pressure is commonly referenced as approximately 120/80 mmHg, making 120 mmHg the standard normal systolic value. Values like 80–100 mmHg are generally considered low-normal to hypotensive depending on the clinical context and symptoms. Therefore, 120 is the best single answer for normal systolic pressure in a typical adult.
Category reason: This item tests baseline knowledge of normal blood pressure values, a core concept of cardiovascular physiology rather than a nursing intervention or prioritization scenario.

Question 23

Normal systolic blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Normal adult systolic blood pressure is generally defined as less than 120 mmHg, with typical healthy values around 90–120 mmHg. Readings starting at 120 mmHg move into elevated blood pressure (120–129 mmHg) per common guidelines, and higher ranges (≥140) indicate hypertension. Therefore, 90–120 mmHg best matches the normal systolic range among the options.
Category reason: The question tests knowledge of normal blood pressure ranges, a core concept of cardiovascular physiology rather than a nursing intervention or prioritization task.

Question 24

Which cardiac event causes the “lub” sound in the heartbeat?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The first heart sound (S1), described as “lub,” is produced by closure of the atrioventricular (mitral and tricuspid) valves at the start of ventricular systole. This closure prevents backflow of blood from the ventricles into the atria as ventricular pressure rises. In contrast, closure of the semilunar valves produces S2 (“dub”), and atrial contraction does not normally create the primary heart sounds.
Category reason: This item tests foundational cardiac physiology—specifically the relationship between valve events in the cardiac cycle and the audible heart sounds—so it fits the Cardiovascular System subject rather than a nursing intervention/priority framework.

Question 25

The lack of oxygen supply to myocardium of heart leads to ;???

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Reduced oxygen supply to the myocardium (myocardial ischemia) classically produces angina pectoris, which is chest pain due to transient, reversible ischemia without myocardial cell death. Infarction requires prolonged ischemia leading to irreversible necrosis. Fibrillation and heart failure can be complications of ischemia, but they are not the primary direct result implied by the question.
Category reason: This item tests a foundational concept about myocardial oxygen deprivation and its clinical consequence (ischemia causing angina), which is core cardiovascular pathophysiology rather than a nursing intervention or prioritization decision.

Question 26

Heartbeat is controll by _?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The sinoatrial (SA) node is the heart’s primary pacemaker and initiates the electrical impulses that set the heart rate and rhythm. While the autonomic nervous system (via the brainstem) can modulate heart rate, the intrinsic control of heartbeat generation originates in the SA node. Kidney and lungs do not generate the cardiac electrical impulse. Therefore, the best answer is SA node.
Category reason: This question tests foundational knowledge of the heart’s intrinsic conduction system and pacemaker function, which is core Cardiovascular System physiology.

Question 27

Why Aneurysms Develop?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Among the listed factors, cigarette smoking is a well-established major risk factor for aneurysm formation (especially abdominal aortic aneurysm) due to chronic vascular inflammation and degradation/weakening of the arterial wall connective tissue. Smoking accelerates atherosclerotic changes and promotes proteolytic activity that reduces elastin and collagen integrity, increasing vessel dilation risk. Infections and trauma can cause aneurysms but are less common population-wide causes than smoking, and alcohol is not a primary direct cause of aneurysm development.
Category reason: The item tests causes/risk factors for aneurysm development, which is primarily a disease-process concept involving blood vessels and the heart/vascular system, fitting best under the Cardiovascular System.

Question 28

The norml pulse for healthy aduts range from.?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: A normal resting pulse rate for healthy adults is typically defined as 60–100 beats per minute. Ranges like 70–90 or 80–100 are narrower and exclude many normal values at rest. A single value (72 bpm) may be an average example but does not represent the normal range.
Category reason: This question tests foundational knowledge of normal adult resting heart rate ranges, which is a core concept within cardiovascular physiology rather than a nursing intervention or prioritization scenario.

Question 29

Vein used in bypass surgery

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The great saphenous vein is the most commonly harvested vein conduit for coronary artery bypass grafting because it is long, superficial, and relatively easy to access. It provides an adequate diameter and length to create multiple graft segments. In contrast, the femoral and brachial veins are deep major venous drainage pathways and are not typically used due to higher morbidity, and the short saphenous vein is shorter and less commonly chosen.
Category reason: This question tests knowledge of a commonly used vascular conduit in bypass surgery, which is foundational cardiovascular anatomy/surgical science rather than a nursing care decision.

Question 30

Q. "Rule of Halves" about awareness and treatment is related to ;????

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The “rule of halves” is classically used for hypertension epidemiology: about half of people with hypertension are aware of their condition, about half of those aware receive treatment, and about half of those treated achieve adequate control. This highlights the large proportion of undiagnosed and uncontrolled hypertension in the community. The concept is not a standard awareness/treatment framework for tuberculosis, malaria, or cancer in the same named way.
Category reason: This question tests foundational knowledge about a population-level concept related to a cardiovascular condition (hypertension) rather than nursing interventions or prioritization, so it best fits Cardiovascular System under NursingScience.

Question 31

ARTERIES CARRY BLOOD:

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Arteries are defined by the direction of blood flow: they carry blood away from the heart to the body or to the lungs. In contrast, veins return blood toward the heart. The pulmonary artery is an example showing that artery/vein classification is based on flow direction, not oxygen content. Therefore the best answer is that arteries carry blood away from the heart.
Category reason: This is a foundational anatomy/physiology concept about how blood vessels are classified and how circulation flows, which is core Cardiovascular System content rather than a nursing intervention or prioritization scenario.

Question 32

Which is the primary cause of heart attack?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Most myocardial infarctions are caused by acute occlusion of a coronary artery, usually from rupture or erosion of an atherosclerotic plaque followed by thrombus formation. This sudden blockage reduces or stops blood flow to myocardium, leading to ischemia and necrosis. Hypertension and diabetes are major risk factors that accelerate atherosclerosis, but they are not the immediate primary cause of the infarction event. Therefore, the best answer is blocked arteries.
Category reason: The question tests the underlying pathophysiologic mechanism of myocardial infarction (coronary artery occlusion due to atherosclerosis/thrombosis), which is core content of the Cardiovascular System in nursing science rather than a nursing intervention or prioritization scenario.

Question 33

2D-ECHO is useful in suspected case of?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: 2D echocardiography is useful in suspected myocardial infarction because it can detect regional wall-motion abnormalities that occur with ischemia/infarction and assess global left ventricular systolic function. It also helps identify mechanical complications of MI such as papillary muscle dysfunction/acute mitral regurgitation, ventricular septal rupture, free-wall rupture with pericardial effusion/tamponade, and LV thrombus. In contrast, appendicitis and typhoid are primarily gastrointestinal/infectious conditions and asthma is a pulmonary airway disease, none of which are typically evaluated with echocardiography.
Category reason: The item tests knowledge of a cardiovascular diagnostic tool (2D echocardiography) and its clinical utility in myocardial infarction, which is primarily a Cardiovascular System topic rather than a nursing intervention/prioritization scenario.

Question 34

Which doctor treats heart-related diseases?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason:  Cardiologist A cardiologist specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases of the heart and blood vessels, such as coronary artery disease, heart failure, and arrhythmias. A neurologist treats nervous system disorders, a nephrologist treats kidney disease, and a dermatologist treats skin conditions. Therefore, the physician for heart-related diseases is a cardiologist.
Category reason: This item tests knowledge of the medical specialty responsible for disorders of the heart, which falls under the Cardiovascular System.

Question 35

The nurse reviews a client's EKG strip and notes irregular rhythm, absent P waves, and fibrillatory baseline. The nurse identifies this as signs of which arrhythmia?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason:  Atrial fibrillation Atrial fibrillation classically presents with an irregularly irregular ventricular rhythm, absent distinct P waves, and a fibrillatory baseline due to chaotic atrial depolarization. Ventricular tachycardia typically shows wide QRS complexes and is usually more regular. Atrial flutter has sawtooth flutter waves rather than a fibrillatory baseline, and sinus bradycardia has normal P waves with a slow rate.
Category reason: This question tests recognition of ECG rhythm characteristics (absent P waves, fibrillatory baseline, irregularly irregular rhythm), which is foundational cardiovascular rhythm identification rather than a nursing intervention decision.

Question 36

Hypertension is defined as BP above?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason:  140/90 mmHg Hypertension has traditionally been defined as persistent blood pressure at or above 140/90 mmHg in adults (especially in many exam-oriented and older guideline contexts). 120/80 mmHg is considered normal, not hypertensive. 160/100 mmHg indicates more severe (stage 2) hypertension, not the general defining threshold. 100/60 mmHg is low-normal and not hypertension.
Category reason: This item tests the definitional threshold of elevated arterial blood pressure, a foundational concept in cardiovascular physiology/clinical benchmarks rather than a nursing intervention or prioritization task.

Question 37

Q. The p wave on an ECG represents?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason:  Atrial depolarisation The P wave represents atrial depolarization, the electrical activation of the atria that precedes atrial contraction. It reflects impulse conduction from the SA node through atrial tissue. The other options are vitamins and are unrelated to ECG waveform components.
Category reason: This tests interpretation of ECG waveforms and cardiac electrical activity, which falls under the Cardiovascular System foundational science.

Question 38

Which condition is a risk for stroke?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason:  Atrial fibrillation Atrial fibrillation promotes blood stasis in the atria (especially the left atrial appendage), increasing the risk of thrombus formation. These clots can embolize to cerebral arteries and cause an ischemic stroke. Anemia, gastritis, and osteoporosis are not typical primary risk factors for embolic stroke in standard clinical teaching compared with atrial fibrillation. Therefore, atrial fibrillation is the best answer.
Category reason: This question tests a foundational risk factor for ischemic stroke based on cardiovascular pathophysiology (arrhythmia leading to thromboembolism), which best fits the Cardiovascular System subject rather than a nursing intervention or prioritization scenario.

Question 39

What is the leading cause of death worldwide?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason:  Heart Disease Globally, ischemic heart disease (a major form of heart disease) is consistently the top single cause of death in major epidemiologic summaries (e.g., WHO/GBD), exceeding cancer and infectious causes when counted as individual disease categories. While infections can lead in specific regions or age groups, they do not surpass heart disease worldwide overall. Therefore, among the listed choices, heart disease is the best answer.
Category reason: This item tests foundational epidemiology about the most common global cause of mortality, centered on cardiovascular disease burden rather than nursing interventions, placing it under the Cardiovascular System.

Question 40

BNP(Brain natriuretic peptide) is secreted mainly from?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason:  Ventricles BNP is released predominantly by ventricular myocytes in response to increased ventricular wall stretch/pressure overload, as occurs in heart failure. In contrast, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is secreted mainly by the atria. BNP promotes natriuresis, diuresis, and vasodilation and is used clinically as a biomarker of ventricular strain.
Category reason: This question tests where a cardiac hormone (BNP) is produced within the heart, a foundational concept in cardiovascular physiology.

Question 41

A child is diagnosed with coarctation of the aorta. During assessment, the nurse would expect to find which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason:  Absent/diminished femoral pulse Coarctation of the aorta causes narrowing (typically near the ductus arteriosus), reducing blood flow to the lower extremities. This leads to weak/absent femoral pulses and often lower blood pressure in the legs compared with the arms. Tet episodes and squatting posture are classic for tetralogy of Fallot, and severe cyanosis at birth is more consistent with severe cyanotic congenital heart defects (not typical isolated coarctation).
Category reason: This question tests recognition of hallmark clinical findings of a congenital structural heart defect (coarctation) and its hemodynamic consequences, which is core Cardiovascular System knowledge.

Question 42

Which artery supplies blood to the brain?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason:  Carotid The common carotid arteries (via the internal carotid arteries) are major vessels supplying oxygenated blood to the brain and contribute to the Circle of Willis. Coronary arteries supply the heart, renal arteries supply the kidneys, and femoral arteries supply the lower extremities. Therefore, the carotid artery is the best answer.
Category reason: This is a foundational anatomy/physiology question about which major artery supplies the brain, which fits best under the Cardiovascular System rather than nursing care decision-making.

Question 43

Which blood vessel carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Pulmonary vein Pulmonary veins return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart. In contrast, the pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs. The aorta carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to systemic circulation, and the vena cavae return deoxygenated blood from the body to the right atrium.
Category reason: This question tests foundational knowledge of blood flow through the heart and great vessels, which is primarily cardiovascular anatomy and physiology rather than a nursing care decision.

Question 44

Which lab test is elevated during a heart attack?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Troponin Troponin (I and T) is released into the bloodstream when myocardial cells are injured, making it the most specific and sensitive biomarker for acute myocardial infarction. It rises within hours of infarction and can remain elevated for days, supporting diagnosis when correlated with symptoms and ECG changes. Hemoglobin, glucose, and sodium are not specific markers of cardiac muscle necrosis.
Category reason: This question tests knowledge of cardiac biomarkers used to detect myocardial injury, which is foundational cardiovascular science rather than a nursing intervention/prioritization scenario.

Question 45

The longest artery in the human body is the?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Aorta The aorta is the largest and longest artery, originating from the left ventricle and extending through the thorax and abdomen before bifurcating into the common iliac arteries. The pulmonary artery is shorter and carries blood from the right ventricle to the lungs. The carotid and femoral arteries are major branches but are not as long as the aorta in overall course.
Category reason: This question tests foundational anatomy of major blood vessels and their relative size/length, which is core content within the Cardiovascular System.

Question 46

Which chamber of the heart pumps oxygenated blood into systemic circulation?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Left ventricle The left ventricle ejects oxygenated blood through the aortic valve into the aorta, supplying the systemic circulation. The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins but does not pump it into the systemic arterial tree. The right-sided chambers handle deoxygenated blood and pump it to the lungs via the pulmonary artery.
Category reason: This is a foundational question about cardiac anatomy and blood flow through the heart into systemic circulation, which is best classified under the Cardiovascular System.

Question 47

Which heart chamber is most evaluated in 2D-ECHO?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Left ventricle 2D echocardiography is most commonly used to assess left ventricular structure and function, especially wall motion and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). LVEF is a central metric for diagnosing and monitoring systolic heart failure, ischemic cardiomyopathy, and cardiotoxicity. While other chambers can be visualized, LV assessment is the most emphasized and routinely quantified on standard transthoracic 2D echo.
Category reason: This question tests knowledge of what cardiac chamber is primarily assessed by echocardiography (cardiac imaging and function), which is core Cardiovascular System content rather than a nursing intervention/prioritization scenario.

Question 48

The SA node is located in which part of the heart?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Right atrium The sinoatrial (SA) node is located in the right atrium, near the junction of the superior vena cava and the right atrial wall. It serves as the heart’s primary pacemaker by initiating electrical impulses that spread through the atria. The left atrium, right ventricle, and aortic valve are not the anatomic site of the SA node.
Category reason: This tests cardiac conduction system anatomy (location of the SA node), which is foundational cardiovascular structure/function knowledge rather than a nursing intervention or prioritization scenario.

Question 49

Fluid around the heart detected on 2D-ECHO is called?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Pericardial effusion Fluid that accumulates in the pericardial space (around the heart) is termed a pericardial effusion, and it can be detected on 2D echocardiography as an echo-free space. Ascites is fluid in the peritoneal cavity, pleural effusion is fluid in the pleural space around the lungs, and hydrocele is fluid in the tunica vaginalis around the testis. Therefore, the correct term for fluid around the heart is pericardial effusion.
Category reason: The question tests foundational identification of a cardiovascular diagnostic finding/term (fluid in the pericardial sac on echocardiography), which is primarily biomedical knowledge rather than a nursing intervention or prioritization scenario.

Question 50

Which device regulates heart rhythm?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Pacemaker A pacemaker is an implanted device that delivers timed electrical impulses to the myocardium to maintain an adequate heart rate and rhythm in bradyarrhythmias or conduction block. A defibrillator delivers high-energy shocks to terminate life-threatening tachyarrhythmias (e.g., VF/pulseless VT) rather than regulate routine rhythm. An ECG monitor only records/displays electrical activity, and a stent mechanically keeps a vessel open without affecting electrical rhythm control.
Category reason: This question tests foundational knowledge of what cardiovascular devices do (rhythm regulation vs monitoring vs reperfusion), which is biomedical cardiovascular system content rather than a nursing management/intervention scenario.

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Of the following, which disease causes most death worldwide?

Levin sign is seen in which heart disorder?

Heart is made up of ________?

The circulatory organ that functions to pump blood is?

Year-old with rheumatic fever develops a new murmur. This finding indicates:

The organ that never stops working even when we sleep is?

Which of the following factors directly increases cardiac output?

Pulse rate is measured from?

Which blood vessel carries oxygenated blood?

Contraction of heart is also known as...?

Which diagnostic tool is most commonly used to determine the location of the myocardial damage?

Which muscle is called the “Heart muscle”?

Which organ is most affected due to severe anemia?

A nurse is caring for a client with acute myocardial infarction. Which finding is most expected?

A patient is found to be not breathing and without a pulse, but the monitor shows a normal sinus rhythm. Which condition does this describe?

Sino-atrial node is located in....?

In a healthy adult stroke volume is approximately_.?

Contraction of heart is also known as...?

Connection between artery and vein is known as ...?

What is the function of the pulmonary artery?

Number of chambers in human heart?

Normal systolic pressure is...?

Normal systolic blood pressure?

Which cardiac event causes the “lub” sound in the heartbeat?

The lack of oxygen supply to myocardium of heart leads to ;???

Heartbeat is controll by _?

Why Aneurysms Develop?

The norml pulse for healthy aduts range from.?

Vein used in bypass surgery

Q. "Rule of Halves" about awareness and treatment is related to ;????

ARTERIES CARRY BLOOD:

Which is the primary cause of heart attack?

2D-ECHO is useful in suspected case of?

Which doctor treats heart-related diseases?

The nurse reviews a client's EKG strip and notes irregular rhythm, absent P waves, and fibrillatory baseline. The nurse identifies this as signs of which arrhythmia?

Hypertension is defined as BP above?

Q. The p wave on an ECG represents?

Which condition is a risk for stroke?

What is the leading cause of death worldwide?

BNP(Brain natriuretic peptide) is secreted mainly from?

A child is diagnosed with coarctation of the aorta. During assessment, the nurse would expect to find which of the following?

Which artery supplies blood to the brain?

Which blood vessel carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?

Which lab test is elevated during a heart attack?

The longest artery in the human body is the?

Which chamber of the heart pumps oxygenated blood into systemic circulation?

Which heart chamber is most evaluated in 2D-ECHO?

The SA node is located in which part of the heart?

Fluid around the heart detected on 2D-ECHO is called?

Which device regulates heart rhythm?

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