Question 1

A nurse is caring for a client admitted with acute myocardial infarction (MI). The client suddenly reports chest pain radiating to the left arm and becomes diaphoretic. The nurse notes a blood pressure of 88/60 mmHg, heart rate of 120 bpm, and cold, clammy skin. Which action should the nurse take first?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The client is exhibiting signs of cardiogenic shock (hypotension, tachycardia, diaphoresis, cold skin). The priority is to improve coronary and cerebral perfusion by promoting venous return through leg elevation while maintaining airway and oxygenation. Nitroglycerin would further lower blood pressure and worsen perfusion.

Question 2

Average heartbeat per minute in a normal person is...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Normal adult resting heart rate averages about 72 beats per minute; 50 is bradycardic, 80 is within range but not the typical average, and 100 is the upper limit.

Question 3

What is the most common symptom in a client with an abdominal aortic aneurysm?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Abdominal aortic aneurysm commonly presents with deep, steady abdominal or lower back pain; diaphoresis and headache are nonspecific, and upper back pain is more typical of thoracic aortic pathology.

Question 4

What is the sound of the human heart?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Normal heart sounds are S1 followed by S2, typically described as “lub–dub” (closure of AV valves then semilunar valves).

Question 5

What is the normal heart sound heard through a stethoscope?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Normal heart sounds are S1 then S2, described as 'lub-dub'—closure of AV valves followed by semilunar valves.

Question 6

What is the outermost layer of the heart called?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The pericardium is the tough outer covering of the heart; endocardium lines the chambers, myocardium is the muscular middle layer, and perimetrium is a uterine layer.

Question 7

Which condition is most commonly responsible for myocardial infarction?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Acute myocardial infarction most commonly results from an occlusive coronary artery thrombosis due to atherosclerotic plaque rupture; the other options are complications or unrelated conditions.

Question 8

By approximately what percentage does the blood flow in an artery increase if its inner radius is enlarged from 5 mm to 5.5 mm?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: By Poiseuille’s law, flow Q is proportional to r^4. Increasing radius from 5 to 5.5 mm is a 1.1× change, so flow increases by 1.1^4 ≈ 1.464 (≈46%). Closest option is 45%.

Question 9

What is the weight of a male's heart?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Adult male heart weighs about 280–340 g (≈300 g). Thus 340 g is the best choice; 250 g is closer to the female average.

Question 10

How does a normal heartbeat sound?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Normal heart sounds are S1 then S2, described as 'lub-dub'; among the choices, 'Lob Dub' corresponds to this.

Question 11

The most common cause of death is ______?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Ischemic heart disease is the leading global cause of death; the other options are not top causes worldwide.

Question 12

Causes of cardiac arrest include?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: All listed conditions can lead to cardiac arrest: malignant arrhythmias directly cause arrest, while atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease precipitate myocardial ischemia/infarction and fatal arrhythmias.

Question 13

What is the most common site of injury from blunt chest trauma?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The right ventricle is the most anterior cardiac chamber, lying directly behind the sternum, so it is most commonly injured in blunt chest trauma.

Question 14

During an accident, severe blood loss results in what?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Severe hemorrhage reduces circulating blood volume leading to hypovolemic shock.

Question 15

What is the normal pressure in the umbilical vein?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Umbilical vein is a low-pressure vessel in fetal circulation; normal venous pressure is about 10–12 mm Hg, so 10 mm Hg is correct.

Question 16

The main process behind the changes in circulation from the fetal period to the newborn occurs due to...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: At birth, lung expansion decreases pulmonary vascular resistance and increases pulmonary blood flow, raising left atrial pressure and driving functional closure of fetal shunts. This respiratory event is the primary trigger for neonatal circulatory transition.

Question 17

Clubbing of the nails is a common finding in?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Digital clubbing is associated with chronic hypoxemia, commonly seen in cyanotic congenital heart disease; the other conditions do not typically cause clubbing.

Question 18

Tetralogy of Fallot includes all of the following conditions except?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The tetrad of Fallot comprises ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta, right ventricular outflow obstruction (pulmonic stenosis), and right ventricular hypertrophy. Patent ductus arteriosus is not part of TOF.

Question 19

Which statement below accurately describes the role of the ductus arteriosus?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The ductus arteriosus shunts blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta in fetal circulation, bypassing the lungs. Option A describes the ductus venosus; B refers to the foramen ovale; D is incorrect about direction and oxygenation.

Question 20

If the pulse rate is more than 100 per minute, the condition is called?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: A pulse rate over 100 bpm is termed tachycardia; bradycardia is

Question 21

What is the normal pressure in the umbilical artery?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Fetal umbilical arterial pressure approximates fetal systemic arterial pressure, around 60 mm Hg at term; among the options, 60 mm Hg is the normal value.

Question 22

Which of the following is a cyanotic congenital heart disease?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Tetralogy of Fallot causes a right-to-left shunt leading to cyanosis; PDA, ASD, and VSD are typically acyanotic left-to-right shunts.

Question 23

Which of the following vessels contains the highest oxygen concentration in fetal circulation?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In fetal circulation, the umbilical vein carries freshly oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus and has the highest oxygen content; other listed vessels contain mixed or deoxygenated blood.

Question 24

Communication between the right and left atria in fetal circulation is known as...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The fetal interatrial communication is the foramen ovale. The ductus arteriosus connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta, the ductus venosus bypasses the liver, and the fossa ovalis is the postnatal remnant of the foramen ovale.

Question 25

Select the anatomic malformations associated with the Tetralogy of Fallot?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Tetralogy of Fallot consists of four features: ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pulmonary stenosis (RV outflow obstruction). Option A lists these.

Question 26

TOF presents with all of the following except?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Tetralogy of Fallot is a cyanotic congenital heart disease characterized by central/peripheral cyanosis and dyspnea; symptoms do not naturally disappear as the child grows and often persist or worsen without surgical repair.

Question 27

Communication between umbilical vein and inferior vena cava in fetal circulation is known as.......?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The ductus venosus shunts oxygenated blood from the umbilical vein directly to the inferior vena cava, bypassing the fetal liver.

Question 28

Myocardial infarction (M.I.) is also known as-?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Myocardial infarction refers to death of heart muscle from ischemia, commonly termed a heart attack; the other options are different cardiac conditions.

Question 29

The letters assigned to the waves and segments as determined by Einthoven and still used in EKG today are-?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Einthoven designated the ECG deflections as P, Q, R, S, and T waves, a labeling convention still used today.

Question 30

ECG pattern seen in pulmonary embolism?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Classic ECG sign of acute pulmonary embolism is S1Q3T3 (deep S in lead I, Q wave and inverted T in lead III) reflecting acute right heart strain.

Question 31

Peripheral edema results from obstruction of the _____?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Peripheral edema arises when return of fluid from tissues is impaired—by lymphatic obstruction (lymphedema) or by impaired venous return such as venous insufficiency or DVT—leading to increased hydrostatic pressure and fluid accumulation.

Question 32

The outermost layer of Pericardium is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The pericardium has an outer fibrous layer and an inner serous layer (parietal and visceral). The outermost covering is the fibrous pericardium.

Question 33

Anterior surface of the heart is called?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The anterior (front) surface of the heart that faces the sternum and ribs is termed the sternocostal surface.

Question 34

Base of the heart is mainly consist of?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Anatomically, the base of the heart is formed mainly by the left atrium (with minor contribution from the right atrium).

Question 35

Which of valve of heart contain two cups?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The mitral (bicuspid) valve has two cusps; the aortic and pulmonary valves each have three semilunar cusps, and the tricuspid has three.

Question 36

The blood vessel bringing the deoxygenated blood from head and upper parts of the body into the heart is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The superior vena cava returns deoxygenated blood from the head, neck, upper limbs, and thorax to the right atrium. The inferior vena cava drains the lower body, and the coronary sinus/veins drain the myocardium.

Question 37

What is the circulatory system is composed of?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The circulatory system consists of the heart as the pump, the blood as the fluid, and the blood vessels as the conduits.

Question 38

Sudden, unexpected loss of heart function, breathing and consciousness is ........?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The definition describes sudden cessation of cardiac activity leading to apnea and loss of consciousness, which is cardiac arrest. Stroke involves focal neurological deficits, not immediate loss of heartbeat and breathing.

Question 39

What blood vessels return blood to the heart?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Veins carry blood back to the heart, whereas arteries carry blood away and capillaries are sites of exchange.

Question 40

Which disease is known as (silent killer)?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hypertension often has no symptoms for years yet causes serious end-organ damage such as stroke, MI, and renal failure, earning the name 'silent killer.

Question 41

Blood pressure is usually lowest during?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In the supine (lying) position, gravitational effects on venous return are minimized and sympathetic tone is lower, resulting in the lowest blood pressure compared with sitting or activity like walking/jumping.

Question 42

Which artery is most commonly palpated for taking a pulse?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The radial artery at the wrist is superficial, easily accessible, and therefore the most commonly palpated site for measuring pulse.

Question 43

The pacemaker of the heart is usually the?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The sinoatrial (SA) node has the highest rate of spontaneous depolarization and normally initiates the heartbeat, serving as the heart’s natural pacemaker.

Question 44

Sudden temporary loss of consciousness due to reduced cerebral blood flow is called?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Transient global cerebral hypoperfusion causes a brief loss of consciousness known as syncope; seizures involve abnormal cortical activity, coma is prolonged unconsciousness, and shock is systemic circulatory failure.

Question 45

Which of the following completely describes pulsus paradoxicus?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Pulsus paradoxus is defined as an exaggerated fall (>10 mm Hg) in systolic blood pressure during inspiration due to ventricular interdependence and reduced LV stroke volume.

Question 46

Which of the following systems has specialized tissue that produces rhythmic electrical impulses?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The heart’s conduction system (e.g., sinoatrial node) contains specialized pacemaker tissue that generates rhythmic electrical impulses.

Question 47

Which of the following structures are responsible for the exchange of nutrients and waste in the cells?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Capillaries have thin single-layer endothelium that permits diffusion and exchange of gases, nutrients, and metabolic waste between blood and tissues; arteries and arterioles primarily conduct blood, and venules collect it.

Question 48

Which Of The Following Vessels Does NOT Carry Blood Back To The Heart?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Veins carry blood to the heart (superior and inferior vena cava to right atrium; pulmonary veins to left atrium). The pulmonary artery carries blood away from the heart to the lungs, so it does not return blood to the heart.

Question 49

In the systemic circulatory system, deoxygenated blood from the lower half of the body is returned to the heart via the?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The inferior vena cava returns deoxygenated blood from the lower body to the right atrium. The superior vena cava drains the upper body; the aorta carries oxygenated blood from the heart; the coronary sinus drains the myocardium.

Question 50

Time required to complete one cardiac cycle?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: At a normal heart rate (~75 bpm), one cardiac cycle lasts about 0.8 seconds (systole ~0.3 s plus diastole ~0.5 s).

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