Question 1

The nursing theorist who developed transcultural nursing theory is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Madeleine Leininger is the founder of Transcultural Nursing and developed the Culture Care Theory, emphasizing culturally congruent care. Her work specifically addresses how cultural beliefs, values, and practices influence health and nursing interventions. Florence Nightingale is known for environmental theory, and Sister Callista Roy developed the Adaptation Model, making them incorrect for transcultural nursing.

Question 2

On Which day is World AIDS Day observed every year?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: World AIDS Day is globally observed on December 1 each year to raise awareness about HIV/AIDS, support people living with HIV, and commemorate those who have died from AIDS-related illnesses. Among the options listed, December 1 is the internationally recognized date. The other dates correspond to different observances and are not associated with World AIDS Day.

Question 3

Sleeping disorder is called?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: A sleeping disorder characterized by difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or nonrestorative sleep is termed insomnia. The other options describe different conditions: nausea is gastrointestinal discomfort, jaundice is yellowing due to bilirubin elevation, and amnesia is memory loss. Therefore, the correct term for a sleep disorder in this context is insomnia.

Question 4

According to Maslow, which need should be met first?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Maslow’s hierarchy prioritizes physiological needs such as oxygen, food, water, and temperature regulation as the foundation for survival. Higher-level needs cannot be addressed until these basic biological requirements are met.

Question 5

IQ is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Intelligence quotient (IQ) is classically defined as the ratio of mental age to chronological age multiplied by 100. This yields a standardized score where an average IQ is approximately 100 when mental age equals chronological age. The other options invert the ratio or use incorrect arithmetic combinations that do not match the standard definition.

Question 6

The method used to establish reliability of a tool is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Reliability refers to the consistency or stability of a measurement tool. The split-half method assesses internal consistency by dividing the items into two halves and correlating the scores from each half; higher correlation indicates more reliable measurement. Chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests assess association between categorical variables, not reliability. A paired test (e.g., paired t-test) compares paired means and is not a standard reliability test.

Question 7

Who coined the term "cell"?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Robert Hooke coined the term "cell" in 1665 after observing thin slices of cork under a microscope and describing the small compartment-like structures he saw. He published these observations in his book "Micrographia." The other scientists listed are known for taxonomy (Linnaeus), gas laws (Boyle), and discovering the nucleus (Robert Brown), not for naming cells.

Question 8

Stethoscope is used by doctors to?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: A stethoscope is used for auscultation—listening to internal body sounds such as heart sounds (S1/S2), murmurs, and lung sounds. While it can be used during manual blood pressure measurement, the device’s primary and most characteristic purpose is to hear heartbeats and other physiologic sounds. Bone fractures require imaging (e.g., X-ray) and internal organ scanning requires ultrasound/CT/MRI rather than a stethoscope.

Question 9

Thick Yellow Color Drainage From The Wound Known As?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Thick yellow wound drainage is characteristic of purulent exudate, which is composed largely of neutrophils, bacteria, and cellular debris and commonly indicates infection. In contrast, serous drainage is thin and clear/straw-colored, sanguineous is primarily blood (red), and serosanguineous is thin and pink-tinged. Therefore, the best match for thick yellow drainage is purulent.

Question 10

Clinical Death Is Also Known As?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Clinical death refers to the cessation of vital functions (no effective circulation and respiration), which is the point at which a person is considered dead for practical and legal purposes unless resuscitation restores function. In many nursing/medical exam contexts, this stage is contrasted with biological death (irreversible cellular death) and brain death (irreversible loss of all brain function). Therefore, the best match for “clinical death” among the options is “legal death.”.

Question 11

The feeling of internal organs by the hands is called?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Palpation is the physical assessment technique of using the hands to feel body structures, including internal organs, to assess size, tenderness, masses, temperature, and texture. Auscultation refers to listening to internal sounds (e.g., heart or bowel sounds) with a stethoscope. Observation is visual inspection, and “manipulation” is not the standard term for the assessment method of feeling organs.

Question 12

Beryllium is in the same group with?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Beryllium (Be) is an alkaline earth metal in Group 2 of the periodic table. Elements in the same group share similar valence electron configurations and chemical properties. Barium (Ba) is also a Group 2 alkaline earth metal, whereas sodium and potassium are Group 1 alkali metals and aluminum is Group 13.

Question 13

Once a nurse assesses a client’s condition and identifies appropriate nursing diagnoses, a?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In the nursing process (Assessment, Diagnosis, Planning, Implementation, Evaluation), the planning phase directly follows identification of nursing diagnoses.

Question 14

The system of classification of living things is known as?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The scientific system used to name and classify living organisms is called taxonomy. Anatomy refers to body structure, and botany is the study of plants, not the overall classification system for all living things. "Taxanomic" is an adjective form and not the correct noun for the system itself.

Question 15

The main objective of cGMP is to?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP) regulations are designed to ensure that drugs and related health products are consistently produced and controlled to quality standards. The primary goal is to prevent contamination, mix-ups, and manufacturing errors that could harm patients. Cost reduction, marketing, and profit may be secondary business outcomes but are not the core regulatory objective.

Question 16

Listening to the internal sounds of the body is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Auscultation is the assessment technique of listening to internal body sounds, most commonly using a stethoscope (e.g., heart, lung, and bowel sounds). Inspection is visual observation, palpation uses touch to assess structures, and percussion involves tapping to evaluate underlying tissue density. Therefore, the correct term for listening is auscultation.

Question 17

Biology all living things need food, air, and ______ to survive?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Water is a universal requirement for all living organisms because it serves as the primary solvent for biochemical reactions, supports cellular structure, and enables transport of nutrients and wastes. Food provides energy and building blocks, and air (oxygen for many organisms) supports cellular respiration, but without water basic metabolic processes cannot be sustained. The other options (home, vegetables, fruits) are not universally required across all living things.

Question 18

Listening to the internal sounds of the body is ?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Auscultation is the assessment technique of listening to internal body sounds, typically using a stethoscope, such as breath sounds, heart sounds, and bowel sounds. Inspection is visual observation, palpation uses touch to assess structures (e.g., tenderness, temperature), and percussion involves tapping to elicit sounds that reflect underlying density. Therefore, the correct term for listening is auscultation.

Question 19

Extravasation refers to?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Extravasation is the inadvertent leakage of IV fluid or vesicant medication from a vessel into surrounding tissue, causing local swelling, pain, and potential tissue injury. This matches “leakage of fluid into the tissues.” Venous congestion refers to impaired venous return; inflammation of the venous system describes phlebitis; and lung infection is unrelated to IV infiltration/extravasation.

Question 20

Who is on the 3rd phase of nursing process?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The standard nursing process follows ADPIE: Assessment, Diagnosis, Planning, Implementation, and Evaluation. The third step is Planning, which involves setting goals/outcomes and selecting nursing interventions. Nursing diagnosis is the second step, after assessment and before planning. Therefore, the correct choice for the 3rd phase is Planning.

Question 21

The “basic unit of life” is ...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The cell is the smallest structural and functional unit capable of carrying out all processes necessary for life, such as metabolism, growth, and reproduction. Atoms and water are chemical components of living organisms but cannot perform life functions independently. The nucleus is an organelle within many cells and is not an independent living unit.

Question 22

Which of the following is considered the fifth vital sign?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Pain is commonly taught in nursing as the “fifth vital sign,” added to the traditional four (temperature, pulse/heart rate, respirations, and blood pressure) to emphasize routine assessment and documentation. While oxygen saturation is an important measurement and sometimes called an additional vital sign in practice, the standard educational answer to “fifth vital sign” is pain. Therefore, among the options provided, pain is the best answer.

Question 23

SCENARIO: An OTR is collaborating with a social worker and a registered nurse to develop a new domestic violence prevention program for a community mental health center. The need for this service has been identified through situational, social and epidemiological analyses. What is the NEXT step in program development when using an ecological model?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In an ecological model, after confirming need via situational/social/epidemiologic assessment, the next step is to analyze determinants across levels (individual behavior and environmental/contextual factors) to identify modifiable targets for prevention. This risk-factor identification guides selection of evidence-based strategies and where to intervene (e.g., individual skills, relationships, community resources, organizational policies). Policies/procedures, protocols, and outcome tracking are implementation and evaluation steps that follow once intervention targets and strategies are defined.

Question 24

What kind of number system is commonly used in the United States?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The United States commonly uses the base-10 (decimal) number system in everyday measurement and arithmetic. Decimal notation is the standard for most calculations in healthcare (e.g., medication dosages, vital sign documentation). Binary is primarily used in computing, while ternary is uncommon in general use. “Napoleonic” is not a standard number system.

Question 25

Which assessment should be included as part of the initial evaluation and can be administered by the COTA?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The COPM is a client-centered interview tool used early in the evaluation to identify and prioritize the client’s occupational performance problems and goals, which aligns with an initial assessment process. It is not a restricted, proprietary standardized performance test requiring specific advanced certification to administer in many practice settings; it can be completed through structured interviewing. In contrast, tools like the FIM are commonly used within specific rehab documentation systems and may require facility-specific credentialing/training, and the ADM is a cognitive screening often tied to specific administration and scoring procedures. Therefore, COPM best fits an initial evaluation measure that a COTA can administer as part of the evaluation process.

Question 26

What element of a system of care is represented by properly functioning resuscitation equipment?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In the Donabedian model of quality of care, "structure" refers to the setting and resources available to deliver care (e.g., facilities, staffing, and equipment). Properly functioning resuscitation equipment is a resource that supports care delivery rather than an action taken (process) or the resulting patient status (outcome). Therefore, it best represents the structural element of a system of care.

Question 27

Common sites of decubitus ulcer are –?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Decubitus (pressure) ulcers most commonly occur over bony prominences where prolonged pressure reduces tissue perfusion, especially in immobilized patients. The sacrum/coccyx area is one of the highest-risk and most frequent sites due to supine positioning and limited padding. The knee joint is less common than sacral, heel, trochanter, and ischial areas. Buccal mucosa and lower abdomen are not typical pressure-ulcer sites because they are not usual weight-bearing bony prominences under sustained pressure.

Question 28

Hallucination is a disorder of –?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: A hallucination is a false sensory experience (e.g., hearing voices) occurring without an external stimulus, which makes it primarily a disturbance of perception. In contrast, disordered thinking refers to impaired thought processes such as loose associations, and memory disorders involve impaired recall. Intelligence is a general cognitive capacity and is not the core deficit in hallucinations.

Question 29

Father of Medicine ...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hippocrates is traditionally referred to as the “Father of Medicine” due to his major influence on establishing medicine as a profession grounded in systematic observation and ethical practice. The Hippocratic tradition emphasized clinical observation, prognosis, and professional conduct (e.g., the Hippocratic Oath). John Snow is known for epidemiology/public health (cholera), and Robert Hooke is associated with microscopy/cell descriptions, not medicine’s foundational identity. Therefore, Hippocrates is the best answer.

Question 30

When a patient complains of having a diarrhea, it is a ...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: A symptom is a subjective experience reported by the patient (e.g., “I have diarrhea” or frequent loose stools). A sign is objective and observable/measurable by the clinician (e.g., documented increased stool frequency, dehydration signs, abnormal vitals). “Disease” refers to the underlying condition causing diarrhea, not the patient’s complaint itself. Therefore, the complaint of diarrhea is classified as a symptom.

Question 31

Who’s “best buys” strategy is related to?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: WHO “Best buys” refers to a package of highly cost-effective, evidence-based interventions recommended for prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), especially cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, and chronic respiratory disease. These include population-level measures (e.g., tobacco control, salt reduction, alcohol harm reduction) and selected clinical interventions. The term is not primarily used for communicable disease control, child nutrition programs, or polio eradication initiatives.

Question 32

In wound care, the term ‘debridement’ means?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Debridement is the deliberate removal of nonviable (necrotic) tissue, slough, and debris from a wound to reduce bacterial burden and promote formation of healthy granulation tissue. By eliminating devitalized tissue, the wound environment becomes more favorable for healing and for accurate assessment of the wound bed. The other options describe common wound care actions but do not define the term debridement.

Question 33

First five year health plan started in Nepal from?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Nepal’s first formal national health plan under the planned development era began in 1959. Earlier years listed (1949, 1951, 1955) relate more to political change and initiation of broader national planning discussions, but not the first five-year health plan start date. Therefore, 1959 is the best answer among the provided options.

Question 34

Who discovered cell?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Robert Hooke is credited with discovering and naming “cells” after observing thin slices of cork under a microscope in 1665 and describing the box-like compartments in his book Micrographia. Darwin is associated with evolution by natural selection, Mendel with inheritance and genetics, and Watson (with Crick) with the DNA double-helix structure. Therefore, Hooke is the single best answer.

Question 35

A principle of Adult learning is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Adult learning theory (andragogy) emphasizes that adults take responsibility for their own learning and prefer autonomy in identifying learning needs and goals. Compared with children, adults are more internally motivated and draw on prior experiences to direct learning. Options like learning by imposition conflict with adult learners’ need for self-direction, and imitation is not a defining adult learning principle. Therefore, self-directed learning is the best answer.

Question 36

Which one of the following has highest turbidity?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Turbidity refers to cloudiness of water caused by suspended particles (e.g., silt, clay, organic debris, microorganisms) that scatter light. Muddy water contains the greatest concentration of suspended solids, making it the most turbid. Drinking water and clear lake water have low suspended particulate load, and typical ocean water is less turbid than muddy freshwater unless near heavy sediment disturbance.

Question 37

Which medical instrument is commonly used for auscultation?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Auscultation is the clinical technique of listening to internal body sounds such as heart sounds, breath sounds, and bowel sounds. The stethoscope is specifically designed to transmit and amplify these sounds to the examiner’s ears. A thermometer measures temperature, a sphygmomanometer measures blood pressure (often used with a stethoscope), and an otoscope is for examining the ear canal and tympanic membrane.

Question 38

Which of the following tube is used to feed the patient?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Ryle's tube (often misspelled as "Rule's") is a nasogastric tube used for enteral feeding when oral intake is not possible. A Foley's catheter and a balloon catheter are urinary devices used for bladder drainage, not feeding. A B.G. set is generally used for blood transfusion/IV administration rather than enteral feeding.

Question 39

Substances that neutralize bad odour are called as?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Deodorants are agents formulated to neutralize or mask unpleasant odors, often by reducing odor-causing compounds and/or inhibiting bacterial breakdown of sweat. Detergents primarily remove dirt and oils to aid cleaning rather than specifically neutralizing odors. Germicides and antiseptics are intended to kill or inhibit microorganisms (on surfaces or living tissue, respectively) and are not defined by odor neutralization. Therefore, the best answer is deodorants.

Question 40

Joule is the unit of?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The joule (J) is the SI unit of energy and work, defined as the work done when a force of 1 newton moves an object 1 meter (1 J = 1 N·m). Pressure is measured in pascals (Pa), power in watts (W), and force in newtons (N). Therefore, among the options given, energy is the correct match for joule.

Question 41

Cleanliness, physical exercise, rest and sleep are a part of ____?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Personal hygiene includes everyday practices that maintain individual health and well-being, such as body cleanliness, adequate rest and sleep, and regular physical exercise. These behaviors are performed by the individual to promote health and prevent illness. Social hygiene more broadly relates to community-level health and social conditions rather than an individual's daily self-care routine.

Question 42

_____ is care given by specialists to help restore or improve function after an illness or injury?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Rehabilitation is specialized care focused on restoring or improving functional abilities after illness or injury, often using an interdisciplinary team such as physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech therapy. Acute care primarily treats urgent, unstable conditions, not long-term functional recovery. Subacute care refers to a lower intensity level of medical care than acute care, which may include rehab but is not defined by it. Adult day services provide supervised daytime support and social/health services, not function-restorative therapy as the core purpose.

Question 43

The study of mental disorders and their diagnosis, management and prevention?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Psychiatry is the medical specialty concerned with the study of mental disorders, including their diagnosis, treatment/management, and prevention. The other options (perception, mind, cognition) are psychological/neuroscience concepts but are not the name of the medical discipline that evaluates and treats mental illness. Therefore, the correct term for this field is psychiatry.

Question 44

Which of the following elements has its last electron on S-orbital?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The last (outermost) electron of potassium (Z=19) is in the 4s subshell, with electron configuration [Ar] 4s1, so it is an s-block element. Phosphorus ends in 3p3 and silicon ends in 3p2, making them p-block elements whose last electron enters a p-orbital. Therefore, potassium is the only option whose last electron is in an s-orbital.

Question 45

ORS is used for?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: ORS (oral rehydration solution/salts) is used to treat and prevent dehydration caused by acute diarrhoea by replacing water and electrolytes (especially sodium and potassium). The glucose in ORS enhances sodium and water absorption via intestinal sodium-glucose cotransport, improving rehydration even when diarrhoea continues. It is not a treatment for cancer, tuberculosis, or diabetes, though people with these conditions may still need ORS if they develop diarrhoeal dehydration.

Question 46

What is the smallest unit of life?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The cell is the smallest unit that can carry out all functions of life, including metabolism, growth, response to stimuli, and reproduction. Molecules are chemical building blocks but are not independently living. An organism is composed of one or many cells, making it larger and more complex than the basic living unit.

Question 47

Puppes rule is related to?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Puppe's rule is a forensic ballistics principle describing the order/sequence of impacts (e.g., bullet holes) on skull bones. When multiple fractures intersect, the later fracture lines typically terminate at the pre-existing fracture line, allowing reconstruction of the sequence of shots. This makes it specifically related to determining the sequence of bullets rather than age estimation, enzyme assays, or sex determination.

Question 48

Which organ can not be donated?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Kidney, lungs, and liver are routinely transplanted from living or deceased donors, with the liver often donated as a partial graft. In contrast, whole-brain transplantation is not a feasible or accepted clinical practice due to the brain's complex integration with the spinal cord and neurovascular connections and unresolved technical, ethical, and identity issues. Therefore, among the listed options, the brain is considered an organ that cannot be donated for transplantation.

Question 49

In the daily practice of nursing, nurses use critical thinking in?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Critical thinking in nursing is a deliberate, reflective process used to guide safe, evidence-based judgments in all aspects of care. It applies not only to high-stakes tasks like prioritization, but also to routine actions (e.g., verifying the right medication, assessing patient needs, and preventing harm). Options C and D are examples of tasks that still require clinical judgment, but the most accurate statement is that critical thinking underlies every nursing decision.

Question 50

In Virginia Henderson’s 1966 definition of nursing, a person/client has which of the following number of fundamental needs?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Virginia Henderson’s nursing theory identifies 14 fundamental components (needs) of nursing care, which guide assessment and support of a person’s independence. These include basic physiological needs (e.g., breathing, eating, elimination), safety, communication, spirituality, work/play, and learning. Therefore, the correct number of fundamental needs in Henderson’s model is 14.

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