Question 1

Parietal cells of mucosa in stomach secretes:

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Parietal (oxyntic) cells primarily secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor. Mucin is produced by surface mucous cells and mucous neck cells, while pepsin is secreted as pepsinogen by chief cells (converted to pepsin in acidic pH). Therefore, among the given options, HCl is the correct secretion of parietal cells.
Category reason: The question tests knowledge of normal gastric gland cell functions and their secretions, which is a core topic in gastrointestinal physiology rather than nursing care decision-making.

Question 2

How many ml of carbon dioxide can carry 100ml of blood in form of bicarbonate ion.?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Most CO2 in blood is transported as bicarbonate (HCO3−) after hydration of CO2 in red blood cells and subsequent buffering (carbonic anhydrase reaction). Physiologically, about 60–70% of CO2 is carried in this bicarbonate form, which corresponds to roughly 70 mL CO2 per 100 mL blood in standard teaching values. The remaining CO2 is transported as carbaminohemoglobin and dissolved CO2, making 70 mL the best choice among the options.
Category reason: This question tests the mechanism and quantitative distribution of carbon dioxide transport in blood (bicarbonate formation), which is a core respiratory physiology concept.

Question 3

One haemoglobin combined........ oxygen molecule

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: A single hemoglobin molecule has 4 heme groups, each containing one iron (Fe2+) binding site for oxygen. Each heme can bind one O2 molecule reversibly. Therefore, one hemoglobin molecule can carry a maximum of 4 oxygen molecules when fully saturated.
Category reason: This question tests the oxygen-carrying capacity of hemoglobin and its binding sites, which is a core concept of respiratory and blood physiology rather than a nursing intervention or priority-setting scenario.

Question 4

Blood pressure is usually lowest during?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Blood pressure is generally lowest when lying (supine) because venous return is improved and the heart does not need to work against gravity to perfuse the body, reducing sympathetic/orthostatic influences. Sitting and standing/walking typically produce higher readings due to gravitational pooling and compensatory vasoconstriction. Walking and especially jumping increase sympathetic tone and cardiac output, raising blood pressure.
Category reason: This asks about how body position and activity level affect blood pressure through cardiovascular regulatory mechanisms, which is a core Physiology concept rather than a nursing intervention/priority question.

Question 5

What is the primary goal of phototherapy in the treatment of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Phototherapy uses blue light to photoisomerize unconjugated bilirubin in the skin into more water-soluble forms (e.g., lumirubin) that can be excreted in bile and urine without hepatic conjugation. This reduces serum unconjugated bilirubin and lowers the risk of bilirubin neurotoxicity (kernicterus). It does not directly "destroy" bilirubin, stimulate erythropoiesis, or primarily work by increasing the liver’s conjugation capacity.
Category reason: The question tests the physiologic mechanism of action of phototherapy on bilirubin metabolism and excretion rather than nursing interventions or prioritization, so it best fits Physiology.

Question 6

Which electrolyte is most abundant intracellularly?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Potassium is the primary intracellular cation and is maintained at high concentrations inside cells by the sodium-potassium ATPase pump. In contrast, sodium and chloride are predominantly extracellular electrolytes. Intracellular free calcium is kept extremely low, with most calcium stored in bone or intracellular organelles rather than freely dissolved in cytosol. Therefore, potassium is the most abundant electrolyte intracellularly among the options.
Category reason: This question tests foundational knowledge of normal electrolyte distribution between intracellular and extracellular fluid compartments, which is a core physiology concept rather than a nursing intervention or prioritization scenario.

Question 7

Stomach is protected against the action of acid?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The gastric mucosa is protected from hydrochloric acid primarily by a mucus-bicarbonate barrier secreted by surface mucous cells. This layer forms a physical and chemical shield that prevents acid and pepsin from damaging epithelial cells. HCl and pepsin contribute to digestion and would worsen injury without the mucous barrier. “Gastric gland” is nonspecific; the protective factor is the mucus (with bicarbonate) produced by mucous cells.
Category reason: This question tests the physiological mechanism of gastric mucosal protection against acid injury (mucus-bicarbonate barrier), which is a core GI physiology concept rather than a nursing intervention or clinical judgment scenario.

Question 8

Pepsinogen in the stomach is secreted by?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Pepsinogen is the inactive zymogen form of pepsin and is secreted by gastric chief (zymogenic/peptic) cells in the fundus and body of the stomach. In an acidic environment created by parietal cell HCl, pepsinogen is converted to active pepsin, which digests proteins. Goblet cells mainly secrete mucus, G cells secrete gastrin, and parietal cells secrete HCl and intrinsic factor—not pepsinogen.
Category reason: This question tests normal gastric secretory cell functions and enzyme activation, which is a foundational concept in gastrointestinal physiology rather than a nursing care decision.

Question 9

First cry of baby is helps in_?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The newborn’s first cry helps generate strong negative intrathoracic pressure, which expands the alveoli and helps clear fetal lung fluid. This promotes initial lung inflation and establishment of functional residual capacity. While it is related to breathing, the most specific effect described is opening (inflating) the lungs.
Category reason: This question tests the physiologic role of the newborn’s first cry in initiating pulmonary function at birth, which is a foundational concept in physiology rather than a nursing intervention or prioritization task.

Question 10

Colour Vision is by?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Color vision is mediated by cone photoreceptors in the retina, which function best in bright light and provide high visual acuity. Rods are specialized for low-light (scotopic) vision and are largely responsible for peripheral and night vision, not color discrimination. Bipolar cells relay signals from photoreceptors to ganglion cells but do not detect color themselves, and the occipital cortex processes visual input rather than serving as the primary receptor for color.
Category reason: This question tests the physiological basis of vision by asking which retinal cells are responsible for color perception, which is a core sensory physiology concept rather than a nursing care decision.

Question 11

Which body part helps to regulate body's energy balance?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The hypothalamus is the central regulator of energy homeostasis by integrating hormonal and neural signals (e.g., leptin, ghrelin, insulin) to control appetite, satiety, and energy expenditure. It coordinates autonomic and endocrine responses that influence metabolic rate and feeding behavior. While the liver and pancreas are key metabolic organs, they primarily execute metabolism and glucose regulation rather than centrally regulating overall energy balance.
Category reason: This question tests the physiological control center for energy homeostasis (appetite and energy expenditure regulation), which is a core concept in Physiology rather than a nursing intervention or patient-care decision.

Question 12

Vitamin K is essential for?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamin K is required for hepatic gamma-carboxylation of several coagulation factors (notably II, VII, IX, and X) and proteins C and S, enabling normal blood clot formation. Deficiency impairs these factors and increases bleeding risk with prolonged PT/INR. Vision is primarily linked to vitamin A, and growth is more associated with vitamin D and overall nutrition. Digestion is not a primary essential function of vitamin K.
Category reason: The question tests a foundational function of a vitamin in normal body processes (coagulation physiology) rather than nursing interventions or prioritization, so it fits NursingScience under Physiology.

Question 13

Blood consist of what fluid medium?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The fluid medium of blood is plasma, which is the liquid component that suspends and transports formed elements (RBCs, WBCs, and platelets) and dissolved substances such as proteins, electrolytes, nutrients, and hormones. Lymph is a separate fluid in the lymphatic system, not the fluid medium of blood. Platelets are formed elements (cell fragments) rather than the fluid portion. Therefore, the best answer is plasma, not “all of these.”.
Category reason: This question tests foundational knowledge about the composition of blood and its liquid component, which is a core concept in physiology rather than a nursing care/intervention decision.

Question 14

What type of acid is found in the stomach?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Gastric parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) as the primary acid in gastric juice. HCl creates a very low stomach pH that helps denature proteins, activate pepsinogen to pepsin, and kill many ingested microorganisms. Sulphuric and nitric acids are not normal physiologic components of gastric secretions.
Category reason: The question tests basic body function—identifying the normal acid produced in the stomach—which is core gastrointestinal physiology rather than nursing care actions.

Question 15

Which enzyme is not involved in protein digestion?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Protein digestion is carried out by proteolytic enzymes such as pepsin (stomach) and pancreatic proteases including trypsin and chymotrypsin (small intestine). Amylase is a carbohydrase that digests starch/glycogen into smaller sugars, not proteins. Therefore, amylase is not involved in protein digestion among the options provided.
Category reason: This question tests knowledge of digestive enzyme function and macronutrient digestion, which is a foundational body-process concept within Physiology rather than nursing interventions or clinical prioritization.

Question 16

A complication of prolonged bed rest is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Prolonged bed rest causes immobility, which leads to venous stasis in the lower extremities and increases the risk of thrombus formation (one component of Virchow’s triad). This makes deep vein thrombosis a classic complication of prolonged immobility. The other options are not typical direct complications of bed rest compared with DVT.
Category reason: The question tests the physiologic consequence of immobility (venous stasis leading to thrombosis) rather than a nursing action or prioritization decision, so it best fits Physiology within NursingScience.

Question 17

What controls breathing?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Breathing is primarily controlled by respiratory centers in the brainstem (medulla oblongata and pons), which generate and regulate the rhythm of ventilation. These centers respond to chemoreceptor input, especially changes in carbon dioxide and pH, to adjust breathing rate and depth. The lungs perform gas exchange but do not set the breathing rhythm. The heart circulates blood and also does not control ventilation.
Category reason: This question tests the physiological regulation of respiration (control of ventilation by brainstem respiratory centers), which is foundational body-function knowledge rather than a nursing-care intervention.

Question 18

Potassium in ORS is added to prevent?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Diarrheal dehydration causes significant potassium losses in stool, placing the patient at risk for hypokalemia (which can lead to muscle weakness and cardiac dysrhythmias). ORS includes potassium (commonly as potassium chloride) to replace these losses while rehydrating. The standard ORS formulation is designed to prevent electrolyte deficits rather than induce hyperkalemia. Therefore, potassium is added primarily to prevent hypokalemia.
Category reason: The item tests the physiologic rationale for electrolyte composition of oral rehydration solution, focusing on potassium balance and consequences of GI potassium loss, which is foundational physiology rather than a nursing management decision.

Question 19

_____ aids blood clotting

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamin K is essential for hepatic synthesis of several clotting factors, including factors II, VII, IX, and X, as well as proteins C and S. It functions as a cofactor for gamma-carboxylation, which enables these factors to bind calcium and participate effectively in the coagulation cascade. Deficiency therefore increases bleeding risk, and vitamin K administration helps correct warfarin-associated coagulopathy.
Category reason: The item tests foundational knowledge of the body’s coagulation physiology and the vitamin required for clotting factor activation, rather than a nursing intervention or prioritization scenario.

Question 20

Which of the following is referred to as the love hormone?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Oxytocin is commonly referred to as the “love hormone” because it is strongly associated with social bonding, attachment, trust, and maternal-infant bonding. It is released during activities such as hugging, sexual activity, and childbirth/lactation. Serotonin and dopamine are neurotransmitters involved in mood and reward, while epinephrine is a stress response hormone, making them less accurate for the specific label “love hormone.”.
Category reason: The item tests foundational knowledge of hormone function and the physiological role of oxytocin in bonding and reproduction, which fits Physiology rather than a nursing care decision.

Question 21

What is the main source of energy for brain cells?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Under normal physiologic conditions, neurons rely primarily on glucose for ATP production via aerobic metabolism. The brain has minimal energy storage and is highly sensitive to hypoglycemia, which quickly impairs neurologic function. While the brain can use ketone bodies during prolonged fasting, glucose remains the main routine fuel source. Adenine and ribose are nucleic acid components, not primary metabolic fuels for brain energy needs.
Category reason: This is a foundational question about normal body function—specifically the metabolic fuel used by neurons—so it falls under Physiology rather than nursing care management or interventions.

Question 22

Blood is red due to __?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Blood appears red primarily because of hemoglobin, the iron-containing protein in red blood cells. The heme iron binds oxygen and changes the light absorption properties, making oxygenated blood bright red and deoxygenated blood darker red. Hormones and unrelated terms like “transgender” do not determine blood color under normal physiology. Therefore, hemoglobin is the best answer.
Category reason: This question tests the physiological basis of blood color and the role of hemoglobin in red blood cells, which is a core Physiology concept rather than a nursing care decision.

Question 23

Question 16. Body mass index:

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Body mass index (BMI) is calculated from a person's weight and height and is used as a screening tool to estimate body fatness and categorize weight status. It is widely used in both men and women (with different interpretation considerations for children and some special populations). It has limitations (e.g., athletes, altered muscle mass), but it is not obsolete. Therefore, the statement defining BMI as a measure based on height and weight is the best answer.
Category reason: The item tests a foundational concept about how BMI relates to body composition and its calculation inputs (height and weight), which is core physiology/health measurement knowledge rather than a nursing intervention or clinical judgment scenario.

Question 24

Which fluid is called the “Tissue fluid”?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Tissue fluid refers to the extracellular fluid that bathes and surrounds body cells in the interstitial spaces, which is termed interstitial fluid. It is formed primarily by filtration of plasma across capillary walls and serves as the medium for nutrient, gas, and waste exchange between blood and cells. Lymph is interstitial fluid after it enters lymphatic vessels, so it is related but not the direct synonym for tissue fluid.
Category reason: The question tests understanding of body fluid compartments and terminology (plasma vs interstitial fluid vs lymph), which is a foundational concept in physiology rather than a nursing intervention or prioritization scenario.

Question 25

Therapeutic effects of hot application includes

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Local heat application causes vasodilation, which increases local blood flow and capillary permeability. This promotes movement of interstitial fluid into the lymphatic system and enhances lymphatic drainage, helping reduce edema and support removal of metabolic waste. Vasoconstriction is associated with cold application, not heat. Therefore, increased lymph flow is the best answer.
Category reason: The item tests the physiologic response of tissues and circulation/lymphatics to heat therapy (hot application), which is foundational body-function knowledge rather than nursing prioritization or safety judgment.

Question 26

Which is NOT one of the five senses?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The classic “five senses” are sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch. Balance (equilibrium) is mediated by the vestibular apparatus in the inner ear and is considered an additional sensory system rather than one of the traditional five. Therefore, among the listed options, balance is the one that is not part of the five senses. Sight and smell are two of the five senses.
Category reason: This item tests foundational knowledge about human sensory systems (the traditional five senses vs vestibular function), which is a core physiology concept rather than a nursing intervention or clinical judgment scenario.

Question 27

What organ detoxifies chemicals and metabolizes drugs?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The liver is the primary organ responsible for detoxifying chemicals and metabolizing most medications via hepatic enzyme systems (notably cytochrome P450). It performs biotransformation (phase I and phase II reactions) to make substances more water-soluble for elimination in bile or urine. The pancreas mainly produces digestive enzymes and hormones, the stomach focuses on digestion/acid secretion, and the gallbladder stores and concentrates bile rather than metabolizing drugs.
Category reason: This question tests foundational body function—organ physiology related to detoxification and drug metabolism—rather than nursing actions or clinical prioritization, so it fits NursingScience under Physiology.

Question 28

An excessive vomiting and hemorrhage leads to

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Excessive vomiting causes significant loss of body fluids and electrolytes, reducing intravascular volume. Hemorrhage is direct loss of blood volume from the vascular compartment. Both processes decrease circulating volume and can lead to hypovolemic shock if severe. Therefore hypovolemia is the best answer, not hypervolemia/fluid overload or edema.
Category reason: The question tests the physiologic consequence of fluid and blood loss on circulating volume rather than a nursing intervention or prioritization decision, so it fits foundational Physiology.

Question 29

What type of muscle is found in the walls of the digestive tract?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The muscularis layers of the gastrointestinal tract are composed primarily of smooth muscle, which generates involuntary contractions (peristalsis and segmentation) to move and mix contents. Skeletal muscle is limited to voluntary control areas such as the upper esophagus and external anal sphincter, not the typical walls throughout the tract. Cardiac muscle is exclusive to the heart. “Voluntary” describes control rather than a muscle tissue type, so it is not the best answer here.
Category reason: This question tests foundational knowledge about muscle tissue types and their function in the GI tract, which is a basic physiology concept rather than a nursing intervention or clinical judgment scenario.

Question 30

Which gland is both endocrine and exocrine gland?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The pancreas has both endocrine and exocrine functions. Endocrine islets (islets of Langerhans) secrete hormones like insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream. Exocrine acinar cells secrete digestive enzymes (and bicarbonate) through ducts into the duodenum. The liver is primarily an exocrine gland for bile secretion, and the pituitary is endocrine only.
Category reason: This question tests understanding of gland function and secretion pathways (hormones to blood vs enzymes through ducts), which is a core Physiology concept rather than a nursing intervention or patient-care judgment.

Question 31

Image formed on which part of eye?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: A sharp image is formed on the retina, the light-sensitive layer containing rods and cones that convert light into neural signals. The cornea and lens refract incoming light to focus it onto the retina, but they are not the screen where the image is formed. The pupil is an aperture controlling light entry, and the sclera is the protective outer coat, neither of which forms an image.
Category reason: This question tests the functional mechanism of vision and where the optical image is focused in the eye, which is a core physiology concept rather than a nursing intervention or care decision.

Question 32

What is the fetal oxygen saturation in the aorta distal to ductus arteriosus?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In fetal circulation, the descending aorta (distal to the ductus arteriosus insertion) contains mixed blood: oxygenated blood from the left ventricle is diluted by relatively deoxygenated blood shunted from the pulmonary artery through the ductus arteriosus. This mixing lowers the oxygen saturation compared with the ascending aorta and vessels supplying the brain and coronary circulation. Typical fetal values place the distal aortic saturation around the mid-50% range, making ~55% the best choice.
Category reason: The item tests foundational knowledge of fetal circulation and oxygen saturation changes with physiologic shunts, which is a physiology concept rather than a nursing intervention or prioritization scenario.

Question 33

Adipose tissue stores is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Adipose tissue is the primary energy-storage tissue of the body, storing fuel in the form of triglycerides (fat). While adipose cells contain some water and proteins, those are not their main stored macronutrients. Of the options provided, “Carbohydrates” is the closest to the concept of energy storage compared with water, muscle, or protein, although the most accurate term would be “fat/lipids.”.
Category reason: This is a foundational question about the physiological role of adipose tissue in energy storage, not a nursing intervention or patient-care decision, so it fits Physiology under NursingScience.

Question 34

Best indicator of dehydration severity in children is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In children, the most accurate indicator of dehydration severity is percentage of body weight lost compared with baseline (pre-illness) weight, because it directly reflects total body water deficit. Clinical signs like absent tears, sunken eyes, and decreased skin turgor can be subjective and vary with age, nutrition status, and examiner technique. Weight change provides a quantifiable measure used to classify dehydration as mild, moderate, or severe.
Category reason: This question tests physiologic assessment of fluid volume deficit and the most accurate indicator of dehydration severity, which is a foundational concept in body fluid regulation rather than a nursing intervention or prioritization scenario.

Question 35

Brain controls which functions?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The brain (including the brainstem and hypothalamus) regulates vital autonomic functions such as breathing and cardiovascular control (blood pressure/heart rate), and it also modulates digestive activity via autonomic pathways. In addition, the cerebrum and cerebellum control voluntary movement, sensation, cognition, and coordination. Because the brain integrates and regulates both autonomic and higher functions across the body, the best single choice is that it controls all body functions.
Category reason: This question tests foundational understanding of how the brain regulates autonomic and higher-level functions, which is core neurophysiology rather than a nursing intervention or safety decision.

Question 36

What is the most important protein produced by the liver for blood serum?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Albumin is the most abundant plasma (serum) protein synthesized by the liver and is essential for maintaining colloid oncotic pressure, helping keep fluid within the intravascular space. It also serves as a major carrier protein for hormones, bilirubin, fatty acids, and many drugs. Hemoglobin is produced in erythroid precursors in bone marrow, most globulins (immunoglobulins) are produced by plasma cells, and fibrinogen is a liver-produced plasma protein but is less abundant and is removed in serum after clotting.
Category reason: This question tests foundational knowledge of liver protein synthesis and the major components of serum/plasma, which is a normal body-function concept within physiology rather than a nursing intervention or safety judgment.

Question 37

What is the cleanest part of the human body?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Among the listed options, the eyes are generally considered the “cleanest” because they are continuously irrigated by tears and protected by antimicrobial components (e.g., lysozyme, lactoferrin, IgA) that help limit microbial growth. Blinking and tear drainage provide ongoing mechanical cleansing of the ocular surface. In contrast, the lungs are exposed to inhaled particles and microbes (even with mucociliary clearance), and the heart is not a surface structure typically described as being “clean” in this context.
Category reason: This question tests a general concept about normal protective body mechanisms (tear film and innate immune defenses), which is foundational human function rather than a nursing intervention or safety decision, so it fits Physiology.

Question 38

The process of breaking down food into smaller molecules is called?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Digestion is the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed. Absorption refers to the movement of those digested nutrients across the intestinal wall into the blood or lymph. Ingestion is the act of taking food into the mouth, and assimilation is the utilization/incorporation of absorbed nutrients into body tissues and cellular metabolism. Therefore, the correct term for breaking down food is digestion.
Category reason: This question tests a core body-function concept—how the body processes food—making it a physiology topic rather than a nursing intervention or prioritization scenario.

Question 39

Normal pH of human blood is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Normal arterial blood pH is tightly regulated around 7.35–7.45, making 7.4 the best single value. This reflects the balance of bicarbonate (HCO3−) buffering, respiratory CO2 elimination, and renal acid-base regulation. Values like 7.0 and 6.8 indicate severe acidemia, while 8.0 indicates marked alkalemia, all incompatible with normal physiology.
Category reason: The question tests baseline acid-base homeostasis (normal blood pH), which is a core concept of human physiological regulation rather than a nursing intervention or safety/priority decision.

Question 40

Which habit lowers wound healing in smokers?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Smoking causes vasoconstriction and increases carbon monoxide exposure, which reduces oxygen delivery to tissues. Adequate oxygenation is essential for collagen synthesis, angiogenesis, and leukocyte function during wound repair. Tissue hypoxia therefore delays all phases of wound healing and increases risk of infection and dehiscence. Among the options, low oxygen best explains impaired wound healing in smokers.
Category reason: The question tests the physiologic mechanism by which smoking impairs wound healing—reduced tissue oxygenation—rather than a nursing intervention or prioritization decision.

Question 41

Which electrolyte is most closely associated with muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Calcium is the key ion that initiates muscle contraction by binding to troponin in skeletal and cardiac muscle, which shifts tropomyosin and permits actin-myosin cross-bridge formation. In smooth muscle, calcium binds to calmodulin and activates myosin light-chain kinase to enable contraction. While sodium and potassium are essential for action potential generation and propagation, and magnesium modulates neuromuscular excitability, calcium is most directly responsible for triggering the contractile process.
Category reason: This question tests the basic mechanism of muscle contraction at the cellular level, which is a foundational body-function concept within physiology rather than a nursing intervention or safety decision.

Question 42

Which part of the human body heals the fastest?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Oral mucosa (including the tongue) typically heals faster than skin or bone because it has a rich blood supply, rapid epithelial cell turnover, and saliva that supports wound healing and limits infection. Small tongue injuries often re-epithelialize in days, whereas skin wounds may take longer depending on depth and perfusion. Bone healing is generally the slowest because it requires callus formation, remodeling, and revascularization over weeks to months. Therefore, among the choices, the tongue is the fastest-healing tissue.
Category reason: This question tests comparative wound-healing rates and tissue regeneration, which are governed by blood supply, epithelial turnover, and local factors like saliva—core concepts of Physiology rather than nursing decision-making.

Question 43

Osmotic pressure and Acid-base balance of body fluids are maintained by?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Sodium is the major extracellular cation and is the primary determinant of extracellular fluid osmolality, so it is central to maintaining osmotic pressure and water distribution. Through its association with chloride and bicarbonate and its role in renal handling of electrolytes, sodium balance contributes to overall acid–base homeostasis. Magnesium, fluorine, and zinc are important for enzyme activity and structural roles but are not primary regulators of body-fluid osmotic pressure or systemic acid–base balance.
Category reason: The question tests foundational regulation of body-fluid osmolarity and acid–base balance, which are core concepts in physiology rather than nursing interventions or prioritization.

Question 44

Which organ regulates blood sugar level?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Among the options, the liver is the primary organ that directly buffers and stabilizes blood glucose by storing glucose as glycogen (glycogenesis) after meals and releasing glucose via glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis during fasting. These processes are regulated by insulin and glucagon but carried out largely by hepatocytes, making the liver central to maintaining euglycemia. The kidney contributes to gluconeogenesis and reabsorbs filtered glucose, but it is not the main regulator compared with the liver. The heart and brain do not regulate blood glucose levels.
Category reason: This is a foundational question about how the body maintains blood glucose homeostasis, which is a normal functional process and therefore best classified under Physiology.

Question 45

Cardiac muscle is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Cardiac muscle contracts without conscious control, so it is classified as involuntary muscle. Its rhythmic contractions are generated by pacemaker cells (e.g., SA node) and modulated by the autonomic nervous system rather than voluntary motor neurons. Although it is striated like skeletal muscle, it is not under voluntary control and is not considered smooth muscle.
Category reason: The question tests a foundational concept about how cardiac muscle is controlled and classified, which is a core topic in physiology rather than nursing judgment or patient-care interventions.

Question 46

Which vitamin helps in vision?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamin A is essential for normal vision because retinal (a vitamin A derivative) combines with opsin to form rhodopsin in rod cells, supporting low-light vision. Deficiency can cause night blindness and xerophthalmia due to impaired phototransduction and ocular surface changes. The other listed vitamins have important roles (e.g., vitamin C in collagen synthesis, vitamin D in calcium regulation) but are not the primary vitamin required for vision.
Category reason: This question tests a foundational body-function concept (the role of vitamin A in photoreceptor physiology and vision) rather than nursing interventions or clinical decision-making, so it fits NursingScience under Physiology.

Question 47

Breathing is controlled by?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Breathing is regulated by respiratory centers in the brainstem, primarily the medulla oblongata and pons, which generate and modulate the respiratory rhythm. These centers respond to chemoreceptor input (e.g., CO2/pH changes) to adjust ventilation. The lungs are the organs where gas exchange occurs, but they do not initiate or control the breathing drive. The heart and liver are not responsible for respiratory control.
Category reason: The question tests the physiologic control of respiration (neural regulation of breathing), which is a foundational body-function concept best classified under Physiology rather than a nursing judgment/action category.

Question 48

The function of the human liver?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The liver produces bile, which is essential for emulsification and absorption of dietary fats. It is a major metabolic organ involved in lipid metabolism (e.g., fatty acid oxidation, lipoprotein synthesis) and carbohydrate metabolism (e.g., glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis) to regulate blood glucose. Because all listed functions are true, the best answer is that all of the above are liver functions.
Category reason: This question tests foundational organ function and metabolic roles of the liver (bile production and nutrient metabolism), which are core concepts in Physiology rather than nursing judgment or interventions.

Question 49

The normal range of adult respiratory rate is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: A normal adult resting respiratory rate is typically 12–20 breaths per minute. Rates below this range may indicate bradypnea from causes such as CNS depression or opioid effects, while rates above may indicate tachypnea from fever, pain, anxiety, hypoxemia, or metabolic acidosis. Therefore, 12–20 breaths per minute is the best answer among the options provided.
Category reason: This question tests normal adult vital-sign physiology (baseline respiratory rate range), which is a foundational body-function concept rather than a nursing intervention or clinical decision scenario.

Question 50

The movement of food through the digestive tract is called?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Peristalsis refers to coordinated, rhythmic waves of smooth muscle contraction that propel a bolus/chyme forward through the GI tract. Segmentation and mixing are primarily for churning and combining contents with digestive secretions rather than forward transport. “Propulsion” is a broader functional term, but the specific named mechanism for moving food along the tract is peristalsis.
Category reason: This tests a foundational concept of gastrointestinal motility (how smooth muscle contractions move contents through the GI tract), which is a core physiology topic rather than a nursing intervention or prioritization scenario.

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