Question 1

In which condition will there be an increase in secretion of ADH?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: ADH secretion increases in both dehydration and hemorrhage because decreased circulating volume or increased osmolality stimulates hypothalamic receptors, triggering the posterior pituitary to release ADH to conserve water.

Question 2

Fluidity of cell membrane is due to ……?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Cell membrane fluidity is primarily due to the phospholipid bilayer, whose fatty acid tails allow lateral movement of molecules and maintain membrane flexibility.

Question 3

Acetylcholine is not a specific neurotransmitter at?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Sympathetic postganglionic nerve endings primarily release norepinephrine, not acetylcholine. Acetylcholine is used at autonomic ganglia and parasympathetic postganglionic synapses, but not at most sympathetic postganglionic terminals.

Question 4

Blood pressure is controlled by?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The medulla oblongata regulates blood pressure through its vasomotor center, which controls heart rate and vascular tone via autonomic nervous system pathways.

Question 5

ADH is produced by ?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: ADH is synthesized in the hypothalamus, specifically in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei, and then transported to the posterior pituitary for storage and release.

Question 6

A nurse was tepid sponging a 4-year-old baby in emergency room with a febrile condition, some fumes of water were Observed remaining on the child's body. what process of heat conduction was likely to lower the child's temperature?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Evaporation lowers body temperature because the phase change from liquid to vapor requires heat energy, which is drawn from the skin surface. This makes it the most effective cooling mechanism during tepid sponging.

Question 7

What is the normal range of intracellular pressure in mmHg?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The normal intracellular (intraocular) pressure range is 10–20 mmHg, which maintains proper eye shape and optic nerve function. Pressures above this range can impair aqueous humor outflow and increase the risk of optic nerve damage.

Question 8

Fatty acids can be transported into and out of cell membrane by?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Fatty acids are lipid-soluble, allowing them to move across the cell membrane by simple diffusion without the need for transport proteins or energy. Their hydrophobic nature lets them pass directly through the phospholipid bilayer.

Question 9

The synthesis of ATP occurs in?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: ATP synthesis primarily occurs in the mitochondria, where oxidative phosphorylation takes place within the inner mitochondrial membrane. This process uses the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis to generate large amounts of ATP, making mitochondria the cell’s primary energy-producing organelle.

Question 10

About one third to one half of the total body lymph is produced by?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The liver contributes a large proportion of lymph to the thoracic duct—approximately one third to one half—due to extensive sinusoidal filtration and high protein-rich interstitial fluid formation.

Question 11

Calcium, potassium, and sodium are classified as which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Calcium, potassium, and sodium exist as ions in body fluids and are classified as electrolytes, unlike the other options, which are hormones or neurotransmitters.

Question 12

Tick the substance that changes the activity of an effector element but doesn’t belong to second messengers?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: G proteins couple receptors to effector enzymes (e.g., adenylate cyclase and phospholipase C), but are not second messengers. Second messengers include cAMP, cGMP, and Ca2+.

Question 13

At what age does taste perception develop in a baby?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Taste buds are functional at birth; newborns distinguish tastes and show a preference for sweet. The taste for salt matures later, around 4–6 months.

Question 14

What is the common mineral salt present in sweat?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Sweat is primarily a dilute solution of sodium chloride; NaCl is the predominant mineral salt excreted in sweat.

Question 15

What is the amount of fluid lost from the skin per day?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Insensible water loss through the skin averages about 600–800 mL/day; a commonly used single value is 700 mL.

Question 16

The primary factor responsible for body heat production is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Heat is primarily generated by metabolic reactions throughout the body; thyroid hormone, muscle activity, and stress modulate heat production, but are not the fundamental sources.

Question 17

The mechanisms of transmembrane signaling are the following, except?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Gene replacement therapy modifies DNA, not a receptor-mediated signaling process. The other options describe classic transmembrane receptor mechanisms.

Question 18

Which of the following muscles is involuntary?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Skeletal muscle is under voluntary control, while both smooth and cardiac muscle contract involuntarily; therefore, the correct choice is both B and C.

Question 19

Which of the following terms describes the body's ability to maintain its normal state?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Homeostasis is the physiological process of maintaining a stable internal environment. Anabolism and catabolism are metabolic pathways; tolerance is a reduced response to a substance; and metabolism is the sum of all biochemical processes.

Question 20

What is the function of saliva in the mouth?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Saliva contains salivary amylase, which initiates carbohydrate digestion by breaking down starches into maltose. It also lubricates food for swallowing and supports oral hygiene. This enzymatic function marks the beginning of the digestive process in the gastrointestinal system.

Question 21

Marianne is now at the defervescence stage of the fever; which of the following is expected?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: During defervescence, the fever set point drops, and the body dissipates heat via vasodilation and diaphoresis; sweating is expected. Delirium and gooseflesh occur during the fever peak/chill phase; cyanosis is not typical of defervescence.

Question 22

The powerhouse of the cell is...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Mitochondria generate ATP through cellular respiration, providing the cell with energy—hence they are called the powerhouse.

Question 23

What percentage of the human body is water?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In adults, total body water averages about 60–65% of body weight; 65% is the best answer among the options.

Question 24

What is the normal temperature of a human body?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The normal average human body temperature is approximately 98.6°F (37°C). The other values are not standard normal temperatures.

Question 25

Chemical signaling that affects neighboring cells is called ______.?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Paracrine signaling acts on nearby target cells. Autocrine signaling affects the same cell, endocrine signaling is long-distance via the blood, and neuronal signaling is synaptic.

Question 26

The pH of blood is 7.4 when the ratio of H2CO3 to NaHCO3 is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: A blood pH of 7.4 is maintained by the bicarbonate buffer with a 20:1 ratio of base to acid (HCO3−: H2CO3). Given as acid to base (H2CO3: NaHCO3), the ratio is 1:20.

Question 27

Hyperpyrexia is a condition in which the temperature is greater than?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hyperpyrexia is an extreme fever defined as a core temperature above about 41°C (105.8°F). Only 105.8°F meets this threshold.

Question 28

Which part of the human body heals the fastest?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Oral mucosa, particularly the tongue, heals rapidly due to its rich blood supply, saliva's growth factors and antimicrobials, and rapid epithelial turnover.

Question 29

A baby is admitted to the hospital with a history of projectile vomiting after each feeding. On examination, the pyloric sphincter is found to be thickened and does not open readily. Because of the baby's loss of gastric juice, his blood probably indicates?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Projectile vomiting from pyloric stenosis causes loss of gastric HCl, leading to hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis and an elevated blood pH.

Question 30

The human body's normal pH is _______.?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Normal arterial blood pH is tightly regulated between 7.35 and 7.45, which is the correct range.

Question 31

John had a fever of 39.5 degrees two days ago, but yesterday he had a normal temperature of 36.5 degrees. Today his temperature has surged to 40 degrees. What type of fever is John having?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Relapsing (recurrent) fever features febrile episodes separated by periods of normal temperature that last at least a day; the pattern of fever–normal–fever across days fits this.

Question 32

Which of the following is TRUE about temperature?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Normal circadian variation places body temperature at its lowest in the early morning and at its highest later in the day or evening. Options B and C are incorrect, and D misattributes risk factors to hyperthermia rather than hypothermia.

Question 33

What is 70% of the human body made of?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The majority of the human body mass is water (about 60–70%), making water the best answer.

Question 34

Where is the respiratory center located?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The primary respiratory rhythm-generating centers (dorsal and ventral respiratory groups) are located in the medulla oblongata; pontine centers only modulate breathing.

Question 35

Dehydration means loss of what?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Dehydration is defined as a deficit of body water; it does not specifically mean loss of blood, glucose, or plasma.

Question 36

Which organ controls blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The kidneys regulate long-term arterial pressure via the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system and control of extracellular fluid volume and sodium balance.

Question 37

What organ can you live without?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The uterus is a reproductive organ not essential for sustaining life; many people live normally after hysterectomy. In contrast, kidneys, pancreas, and intestines perform vital excretory, endocrine/digestive, and absorptive functions.

Question 38

A client is admitted with metabolic acidosis. The nurse considers that two body systems interact with the bicarbonate buffer system to preserve healthy body fluid pH. Which two body systems should the nurse assess for compensatory changes?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Bicarbonate buffering is regulated by the lungs (CO2/carbonic acid) and the kidneys (H+ excretion and HCO3− reabsorption). In metabolic acidosis, respiratory and renal systems provide compensation.

Question 39

Main cause of hypoglycaemia in a newborn?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Neonatal hypoglycemia commonly results from limited glycogen stores and immature hepatic gluconeogenesis; kidneys and lungs are not primary causes.

Question 40

Proximal muscle weakness and atrophy in a child with PEM are due to which electrolyte disturbance?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: PEM commonly leads to hypophosphatemia, which reduces ATP generation and causes proximal muscle weakness and myopathy. The other options are less specifically linked to proximal muscle weakness in PEM.

Question 41

The most common electrolyte abnormality causing seizures in hospitalized patients is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hyponatremia is the most frequent electrolyte disorder in hospitalized patients and can cause cerebral edema leading to seizures, especially when sodium falls rapidly.

Question 42

The lack of oxygen in the tissue is called?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hypoxia is reduced oxygen supply at the tissue level. Anoxia is complete absence of oxygen, anorexia is loss of appetite, and cyanosis is a bluish discoloration due to deoxygenated hemoglobin.

Question 43

Which of the following activities is increased by the sympathetic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Sympathetic activation increases heart rate while it inhibits gastrointestinal and salivary secretions; therefore only heart rate is increased.

Question 44

Hypothermia in a neonate is characterized by?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Cold stress in newborns increases metabolic demand and nonshivering thermogenesis, rapidly consuming glucose and resulting in hypoglycemia; hyperglycemia, hyperactivity, and increased urine output are not typical.

Question 45

Physiological jaundice in infants appears?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Physiologic jaundice appears after the first 24 hours of life, peaks at days 3–5, and resolves by about one week in term infants—thus within the first week.

Question 46

Difference between rectal & oral temp. is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Rectal temperature is about 0.5°C (≈0.9°F) higher than oral; rounded, this is 1°F.

Question 47

The factors influencing heat production are?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Heat production rises with increased metabolism and sympathetic activity. Oxidation of food, anxiety/nervousness, and sympathetic stimulation increase thermogenesis. Narcotic drugs generally depress CNS/metabolism and reduce heat production, so they are not included.

Question 48

Changes occur into pyrexia?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Fever increases metabolic rate and sympathetic activity, typically raising heart rate by about 10 beats/min per 1°C; BP change is variable. Thus increased pulse rate is the expected change.

Question 49

A patient with albuminuria develops edema because of?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Albuminuria causes loss of albumin leading to hypoalbuminemia, which decreases plasma oncotic (colloid) pressure, favoring fluid movement into interstitial spaces and resulting in edema.

Question 50

Maximum amount of urea is present in?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Urea is synthesized in the liver and released into the hepatic veins; thus hepatic vein blood has the highest urea concentration. The renal vein has the least due to renal excretion, and the portal vein carries blood before hepatic conversion.

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