Question 1

A nurse is reviewing the effects of the autonomic nervous system on vital organs. Which physiological change would most likely occur when the sympathetic nervous system is activated during a “fight-or-flight” response?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for stress by stimulating the release of catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine). These neurotransmitters increase heart rate and contractility to enhance blood flow to vital organs, and cause bronchodilation to improve oxygen intake. Parasympathetic effects are the opposite, promoting rest and digestion.

Question 2

A 4-week-old male infant is brought to the emergency department because of persistent vomiting. Examination shows dry mucous membranes and an olive-shaped mass palpated in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen. Which of the following acid–base abnormalities is most likely in this patient? (Columns: pH, PaCO2 (mm Hg), HCO3 (mEq/L))?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Pyloric stenosis causes persistent nonbilious vomiting with loss of gastric HCl leading to hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis. Expected ABG: elevated pH and HCO3 with compensatory hypoventilation (increased PaCO2). Option C matches this pattern.

Question 3

Gastric suction can cause ?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Removal of gastric contents via suction leads to loss of hydrochloric acid (H+ and Cl−), producing a hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis.

Question 4

Main nitrogenous product formed in man is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Humans are ureotelic; the liver converts toxic ammonia to urea via the urea cycle, which is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted.

Question 5

Which one of the following values would represent a normal pH value for blood?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Normal arterial blood pH is maintained between 7.35 and 7.45.

Question 6

What is the normal oral temperature range?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Accepted adult oral temperature range is approximately 36–38 °C; the other options are either too low or have an inappropriately low minimum for normal oral temperature.

Question 7

The exchange of material takes place?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Cells exchange materials via multiple mechanisms including diffusion, active transport, and pinocytosis; therefore all listed methods are involved.

Question 8

Sympathetic nervous system is known as?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The sympathetic division mediates the fight-or-flight response; parasympathetic is rest-and-digest. Therefore option A is correct.

Question 9

Which organ is primarily responsible for detoxifying the body?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The liver is the primary detoxification organ, performing biotransformation of toxins and drugs (e.g., via cytochrome P450) before excretion; kidneys mainly excrete water‑soluble wastes.

Question 10

Each compartment of the body has a water-fluid distribution movement of its own. These fluids move and distribute themselves between these compartments via a process known as?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Water moves between body compartments primarily by osmosis across semipermeable membranes driven by osmotic gradients; diffusion and active transport describe solute movement, and filtration is pressure-driven bulk flow.

Question 11

Both the intracellular and extracellular fluids are made up of many different electrolytes, but the most abundant intracellular positively charged electrolyte is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Potassium is the principal intracellular cation; sodium is the main extracellular cation, and chloride is an anion. Calcium is mostly extracellular or stored in bone.

Question 12

What is the correct sequence for how the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) works to increase blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I; ACE then converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II, which raises blood pressure.

Question 13

A solution having the same tonicity as that of body fluid or plasma is considered as?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: An isotonic solution has the same effective osmotic pressure as plasma/body fluids; thus water movement across membranes is balanced.

Question 14

Normal body temperature is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The commonly accepted normal core body temperature is 37°C; 36.5–37.5°C is a normal range, but the standard single value is 37°C.

Question 15

What is the normal pH range of the blood and what ratio of base to acid does this reflect?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Normal arterial blood pH is 7.35–7.45, maintained by a bicarbonate to carbonic acid ratio of about 20:1.

Question 16

With an oxygen debt, which of the following is observed in muscle?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: During oxygen debt after anaerobic exercise, ATP and phosphocreatine stores are depleted while lactic acid accumulates and glycogen is reduced. Therefore low ATP is observed.

Question 17

Dehydration means loss of which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Dehydration is defined as a deficit of body water; it is not a loss of blood, glucose, or plasma specifically.

Question 18

What is the normal temperature of the human body?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Normal core body temperature is about 37°C (98.6°F); among the options, 99.0°F is the only value in that physiologic range. The Celsius choices are far too high.

Question 19

What is the percentage of water in a newborn infant's body?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Newborns have a high total body water content, approximately 75–80% of body weight; 80% is the best option.

Question 20

A type of heat loss that occurs when the heat is dissipated by air current?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Heat loss via movement of air or fluid over the skin is convection. Conduction is direct contact, radiation is infrared heat transfer, and evaporation is heat loss via vaporization of moisture.

Question 21

Tick the second messenger of G-protein-coupled (metabotropic) receptor?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In GPCR signaling, cAMP functions as a classic intracellular second messenger. Adenylyl cyclase and phospholipase C are effector enzymes, and sodium ions are not typical second messengers.

Question 22

When water moves from an area where there is more water to an area where there is less, the process is called _____?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from higher water concentration (lower solute) to lower water concentration (higher solute) is osmosis.

Question 23

The control mechanism in which the effector decreases the effect of the original stimulus is called?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In negative feedback the effector response counteracts or decreases the original stimulus, maintaining homeostasis.

Question 24

Which stage of sleep is responsible for the incidence of dreams?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Dreaming occurs predominantly during REM sleep; NREM stages (including slow-wave and stage 2) are not the primary dreaming stages.

Question 25

The ability of the body to maintain a relatively stable internal condition under changing external conditions is defined as?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Homeostasis is the process of maintaining a stable internal environment; negative feedback is a mechanism used to achieve it, and hematopoiesis is blood cell formation.

Question 26

Sympathetic stimulation is mediated by?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Sympathetic effects result from norepinephrine release by sympathetic nerve terminals and epinephrine release from the adrenal medulla, both acting on adrenergic (adreno)receptors; therefore all listed mechanisms mediate sympathetic stimulation.

Question 27

The process by which the body regulates its temperature is referred to as?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Temperature regulation is a classic example of homeostasis, the body's maintenance of internal equilibrium.

Question 28

What is the process by which water flows from the soil into the roots?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Water enters root cells across a semipermeable membrane down its water potential gradient, which is osmosis, not simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, or an active process.

Question 29

A process of heat loss which involves the transfer of heat from one surface to another is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Conduction is heat transfer by direct contact from one surface to another; radiation, convection, and evaporation are different mechanisms.

Question 30

Identify which situation does not contribute to a reduced body temperature?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Exercise increases metabolic heat production and typically raises core temperature, whereas anaesthesia, hibernation, and hypothermia are associated with decreased body temperature.

Question 31

What does the pancreas secrete?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The pancreas has endocrine cells that secrete insulin and glucagon, and exocrine acinar cells that secrete digestive enzymes.

Question 32

What form of food does the liver store?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The liver stores carbohydrates as glycogen for later release as glucose. Glucose circulates in blood, ATP is energy currency not a storage form, and albumen is a protein.

Question 33

How many types of respiration are there?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Respiration is commonly classified into two types: aerobic and anaerobic (also described as external and internal in physiology), hence two.

Question 34

In which phase of the cell cycle are chromosomes inactive, condensed, and not transcribed into messenger RNA?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: During mitosis (M phase) chromosomes are highly condensed and transcription is largely silenced, making them inactive and not transcribed into mRNA.

Question 35

Which of the following is NOT an example of a transport system?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Blood, lymphatic, and cardiovascular systems transport substances throughout the body, whereas the nervous system primarily transmits electrical signals and does not serve as a transport system for fluids or solutes.

Question 36

What is the most important electrolyte of intracellular fluid?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Potassium is the principal intracellular cation; sodium and chloride are mainly extracellular, and calcium is largely extracellular/bone.

Question 37

Dehydration in the human body is caused due to the deficiency of which substance?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Dehydration is defined as a deficit of body water; thus the deficiency is water.

Question 38

What is the normal pH range for human blood?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Arterial blood pH is tightly regulated within 7.35–7.45; values outside this range indicate acidosis or alkalosis.

Question 39

What percentage of the human body is water?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Average human body water content is commonly cited as about two-thirds of body weight, approximated to 70%.

Question 40

Which condition may cause hypokalemia?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In metabolic alkalosis hydrogen ions move out of cells and potassium shifts into cells, lowering serum K+ and causing hypokalemia.

Question 41

An excessive vomiting and hemorrhage leads to which condition?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vomiting and hemorrhage cause significant fluid and blood loss, reducing intravascular volume and leading to hypovolemia. Hypervolemia, fluid overload, and edema indicate excess fluid.

Question 42

Which organ can function after death?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Skin cells can remain viable and continue limited metabolic activity and division for hours after death, whereas brain and heart function cease rapidly due to hypoxia.

Question 43

In the human body, which organ has the maximum power of regeneration?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The liver possesses the greatest regenerative capacity in humans; hepatocytes proliferate to restore liver mass after injury or partial hepatectomy.

Question 44

Which organ is known as the blood bank in the body?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The spleen acts as a reservoir for blood and can release stored blood into circulation when needed, hence it is called the body’s blood bank.

Question 45

What percentage of the human body is composed of water?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In the average adult, total body water accounts for about 60% of body weight, varying with age, sex, and body fat.

Question 46

What biochemical abnormality is produced by repeated vomiting?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Repeated vomiting causes loss of gastric HCl, decreasing hydrogen ions and increasing serum bicarbonate, leading to metabolic alkalosis.

Question 47

What is the normal human body temperature in Fahrenheit?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Normal core body temperature is approximately 37°C, which equals 98.6°F.

Question 48

Which type of solution causes water to shift from cells to plasma?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: A hypertonic extracellular solution has higher osmolality than the intracellular fluid, drawing water out of cells into the plasma. Hypotonic moves water into cells; isotonic causes no net shift; alkaline refers to pH, not tonicity.

Question 49

What is the normal temperature of the human body?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Normal core body temperature is about 37°C (equivalent to 98.6°F); the other Celsius options are far from physiologic.

Question 50

Skeletal muscle relaxation and paralysis can occur from interruption of functions at several sites, including all of the following EXCEPT?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Skeletal muscle neuromuscular junctions use nicotinic, not muscarinic, acetylcholine receptors. Paralysis can result from dysfunction of nicotinic receptors, the motor end plate, or the contractile apparatus; muscarinic receptors are not involved.

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A nurse is reviewing the effects of the autonomic nervous system on vital organs. Which physiological change would most likely occur when the sympathetic nervous system is activated during a “fight-or-flight” response?

Gastric suction can cause ?

Main nitrogenous product formed in man is?

Which one of the following values would represent a normal pH value for blood?

What is the normal oral temperature range?

The exchange of material takes place?

Sympathetic nervous system is known as?

Which organ is primarily responsible for detoxifying the body?

Each compartment of the body has a water-fluid distribution movement of its own. These fluids move and distribute themselves between these compartments via a process known as?

Both the intracellular and extracellular fluids are made up of many different electrolytes, but the most abundant intracellular positively charged electrolyte is?

What is the correct sequence for how the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) works to increase blood pressure?

A solution having the same tonicity as that of body fluid or plasma is considered as?

Normal body temperature is?

What is the normal pH range of the blood and what ratio of base to acid does this reflect?

With an oxygen debt, which of the following is observed in muscle?

Dehydration means loss of which of the following?

What is the normal temperature of the human body?

What is the percentage of water in a newborn infant's body?

A type of heat loss that occurs when the heat is dissipated by air current?

Tick the second messenger of G-protein-coupled (metabotropic) receptor?

When water moves from an area where there is more water to an area where there is less, the process is called _____?

The control mechanism in which the effector decreases the effect of the original stimulus is called?

Which stage of sleep is responsible for the incidence of dreams?

The ability of the body to maintain a relatively stable internal condition under changing external conditions is defined as?

Sympathetic stimulation is mediated by?

The process by which the body regulates its temperature is referred to as?

What is the process by which water flows from the soil into the roots?

A process of heat loss which involves the transfer of heat from one surface to another is?

Identify which situation does not contribute to a reduced body temperature?

What does the pancreas secrete?

What form of food does the liver store?

How many types of respiration are there?

In which phase of the cell cycle are chromosomes inactive, condensed, and not transcribed into messenger RNA?

Which of the following is NOT an example of a transport system?

What is the most important electrolyte of intracellular fluid?

Dehydration in the human body is caused due to the deficiency of which substance?

What is the normal pH range for human blood?

What percentage of the human body is water?

Which condition may cause hypokalemia?

An excessive vomiting and hemorrhage leads to which condition?

Which organ can function after death?

In the human body, which organ has the maximum power of regeneration?

Which organ is known as the blood bank in the body?

What percentage of the human body is composed of water?

What biochemical abnormality is produced by repeated vomiting?

What is the normal human body temperature in Fahrenheit?

Which type of solution causes water to shift from cells to plasma?

What is the normal temperature of the human body?

Skeletal muscle relaxation and paralysis can occur from interruption of functions at several sites, including all of the following EXCEPT?

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