Question 1

The only way in which a very large molecule such as a protein could cross a cell membrane is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Very large macromolecules like proteins cannot pass through the lipid bilayer by simple diffusion and are generally too large to be moved across by typical carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion. Endocytosis allows the cell membrane to invaginate and form a vesicle to bring large substances into the cell (e.g., receptor-mediated endocytosis). Active transport uses membrane pumps/transporters for ions and small solutes, not bulk uptake of intact proteins. Therefore, endocytosis is the appropriate mechanism for proteins crossing the membrane.
Category reason: This question tests mechanisms of membrane transport (diffusion, facilitated diffusion, endocytosis), which is a core topic in cellular physiology rather than a nursing care intervention decision.

Question 2

Eating behaviour is controlled by _?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Eating behavior is primarily regulated by the hypothalamus, which contains feeding and satiety centers (classically the lateral hypothalamus and ventromedial nucleus). It integrates peripheral signals such as leptin, ghrelin, glucose, and other metabolic cues to modulate hunger and fullness. The thalamus mainly relays sensory information, and the cerebrum is involved in higher cognitive control but is not the primary homeostatic controller of appetite.
Category reason: This question tests the physiological control of appetite and homeostatic regulation by brain centers, which is a core topic in Physiology rather than a nursing care decision.

Question 3

The stomach store the food is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Typical gastric emptying time for a mixed meal is about 2–4 hours, and many basic physiology references cite the stomach holding food for roughly 2–3 hours before most contents pass into the duodenum. Longer times (e.g., 7–10 hours) are more consistent with slower colonic transit, not stomach storage. Although fats can slow gastric emptying, the single best general estimate among the options is 2–3 hours.
Category reason: The item tests normal gastrointestinal function (gastric storage/emptying time), which is a foundational concept in human Physiology rather than a nursing intervention or safety judgment.

Question 4

What is the name of the process where water moves across a semi-permeable membrane?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Osmosis is the passive movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration. This movement does not require ATP. Diffusion refers to movement of particles down a concentration gradient, and active transport requires energy to move substances against a gradient. Filtration is movement driven by pressure differences and is not the specific term for water movement across a semipermeable membrane based on solute concentration.
Category reason: The question tests the basic mechanism of water movement across membranes, which is a core concept in cellular and body function and therefore belongs to Physiology.

Question 5

Human blood normally has a pH of...

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Normal arterial blood pH is tightly regulated around 7.35–7.45, reflecting the balance between respiratory (CO2) and metabolic (bicarbonate) acid–base control. A pH of 7.4 lies in the middle of this normal range. Values like 7.0 or 6.7 indicate severe acidemia, while 7.9 indicates severe alkalemia, both incompatible with normal physiology.
Category reason: The question tests normal physiologic acid–base homeostasis (typical blood pH range), which is a foundational concept in Physiology rather than a nursing intervention or prioritization task.

Question 6

The esophagus is made of which type of muscles?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The esophagus contains both skeletal (striated, voluntary) and smooth (involuntary) muscle. The upper third is primarily skeletal muscle, the middle third is mixed, and the lower third is primarily smooth muscle. Therefore, the overall correct description is that the esophagus is made of mixed muscle types.
Category reason: This tests functional composition of the esophageal wall (skeletal vs smooth muscle distribution), which is a core gastrointestinal physiology concept rather than a nursing intervention decision.

Question 7

Normal respiration of health person?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Normal resting respiratory rate for a healthy adult is commonly taught as about 12–20 breaths per minute. Among the given choices, 15–20/min best matches this standard adult range. A rate of 5–10/min is bradypnea for most adults. A rate of 20–30/min is tachypnea and is not normal at rest.
Category reason: The item tests a normal physiologic vital-sign range (respiratory rate) rather than a nursing intervention or prioritization, so it fits foundational Physiology.

Question 8

A patient has pituitary tumor. In addition to blindness from compression of optic chiasma. it has also eroded lower part of hypothalamus. Which of the following will result from hypothalamus lesion?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Lesions involving the ventromedial hypothalamus (a key satiety center) can lead to loss of satiety and increased food intake (hyperphagia) with weight gain. Thermoregulation is primarily controlled by anterior (heat dissipation) and posterior (heat conservation) hypothalamic regions, making hyperthermia or hypothermia less specific to a “lower part” lesion in this context. Hypoglycemia is not the classic primary outcome tested for hypothalamic erosion compared with appetite dysregulation. Therefore, hyperphagia is the best answer.
Category reason: This is testing hypothalamic function (feeding and homeostatic regulation), which is foundational physiology rather than a nursing care/intervention decision.

Question 9

Circadian rhythm disorder is the medical term for?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders involve misalignment between a person’s internal biological clock and the external light-dark cycle, leading to abnormal timing of sleep and wakefulness. Examples include delayed sleep-wake phase disorder and shift work disorder. Irregular heartbeat or pulse refers to cardiac dysrhythmias, not circadian rhythm disorders. Concentration problems can be a consequence of poor sleep but are not the defining medical term.
Category reason: This question tests understanding of the body’s biological clock and regulation of sleep-wake cycles, which is a core concept in physiology rather than a nursing intervention/priority scenario.

Question 10

At what gestational age does surfactant production typically become adequate?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Pulmonary surfactant is produced by type II pneumocytes and increases substantially during the third trimester. While surfactant production begins earlier, it is typically considered functionally adequate around 28–30 weeks’ gestation, with further maturation continuing toward term. Earlier gestations (e.g., 20–26 weeks) are associated with a high risk of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome due to insufficient surfactant. By 34–36 weeks surfactant is generally well established, but adequacy is usually reached before that point.
Category reason: The item tests developmental physiology of fetal lung maturation and the timing of surfactant production, which is a foundational body-function concept rather than a nursing intervention or prioritization scenario.

Question 11

In pregnancy, physiological anemia is due to?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Physiologic (dilutional) anemia of pregnancy occurs because plasma volume expands more than red blood cell mass, lowering hemoglobin/hematocrit concentration. This is a normal adaptive change that improves uteroplacental perfusion. Iron, folate, or vitamin B12 deficiencies can cause true nutritional anemias, but they are not the mechanism of physiologic anemia in an otherwise healthy pregnancy.
Category reason: The question tests a normal body adaptation in pregnancy (relative changes in plasma volume vs RBC mass), which is a foundational concept in physiology rather than a nursing care decision.

Question 12

Power house of the human cell _

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Mitochondria are known as the “powerhouse” of the cell because they generate most cellular ATP through aerobic respiration (citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation). ATP is the primary energy currency used for cellular processes. The nucleus primarily stores genetic material and controls gene expression, while the Golgi body modifies and packages proteins and lipids rather than producing ATP.
Category reason: The item tests knowledge of organelle function and energy (ATP) production within cells, which is a core concept in physiology/cell biology rather than a nursing care decision.

Question 13

Water deficiency in the human body may cause...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: A deficiency of water in the body directly results in dehydration, meaning reduced total body water and often reduced intravascular volume. This can lead to signs such as thirst, dry mucous membranes, decreased urine output, and tachycardia. The other options are not the primary or direct consequence of water deficiency compared with dehydration.
Category reason: This item tests a basic body-function concept about the physiologic consequence of inadequate water intake/total body water, which fits Physiology rather than a nursing intervention scenario.

Question 14

A nurse is caring for a patient with hypokalemia. Which of the following signs should the nurse expect to find?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hypokalemia decreases neuromuscular and cardiac cell membrane excitability, commonly causing skeletal muscle weakness/cramps. Low potassium also predisposes to cardiac dysrhythmias (e.g., ectopy and other irregular rhythms) due to impaired myocardial repolarization. The other options do not match typical hypokalemia findings; excessive salivation, warm skin/bradycardia, and hallucinations/rash are not characteristic.
Category reason: The question tests physiologic effects of an electrolyte imbalance (low potassium) on muscle and cardiac function, which is foundational body-function knowledge rather than a nursing intervention or prioritization scenario.

Question 15

A patient with lactose intolerance is taking lactase enzyme supplements before consumption of dairy products. Which of the following is the primary benefit of these supplements?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Lactase supplements provide the enzyme (beta-galactosidase) that people with lactose intolerance lack in the small intestine. Lactase hydrolyzes lactose into the monosaccharides glucose and galactose, which can then be absorbed across the intestinal mucosa. This reduces osmotic diarrhea, bloating, and gas caused by undigested lactose reaching the colon and being fermented by bacteria. The other options do not reflect lactase’s direct enzymatic action on lactose.
Category reason: The question tests the mechanism and functional role of an enzyme in digestion (how lactase acts on lactose), which is a foundational concept in human digestion and therefore best classified under Physiology.

Question 16

....... is ability to do work.?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Energy is defined in physics and biology as the capacity (ability) to do work. In human physiology, energy from nutrients is converted (e.g., into ATP) to power cellular processes and mechanical work. Food contains chemical energy, but the term that directly matches the definition is energy itself. Water is essential for life but is not defined as the ability to do work.
Category reason: This is a foundational concept about what “energy” means in living systems and how it relates to work, which aligns with Physiology rather than nursing care decisions.

Question 17

Which respiratory pattern is associated with metabolic acidosis?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Metabolic acidosis stimulates the respiratory center to increase alveolar ventilation in order to blow off CO2 and raise pH. This compensatory pattern is classically manifested as Kussmaul respirations—deep, rapid breathing often seen in diabetic ketoacidosis and other severe metabolic acidoses. Apnea indicates absent breathing, Biot’s is irregular clusters often related to brainstem injury, and Cheyne-Stokes is cyclic crescendo-decrescendo breathing associated with heart failure or neurologic disease rather than primary metabolic acidosis.
Category reason: The question tests recognition of a physiologic compensatory breathing pattern in response to acid-base imbalance, which is a core topic in respiratory and acid-base physiology rather than a nursing intervention/prioritization scenario.

Question 18

Steroids hormones are formed by?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Steroid hormones are synthesized from cholesterol primarily in cells with abundant smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER), which contains key enzymes for lipid and steroid biosynthesis. In contrast, rough ER (RER) is the major site for synthesis of peptide/protein hormones due to its ribosomes. Therefore, SER is the best answer for where steroid hormones are formed.
Category reason: This item tests foundational cell physiology/organelles involved in hormone synthesis (SER vs RER), which is biomedical science knowledge rather than a nursing care decision.

Question 19

Which of the following vitamins helps in clotting of blood?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamin K is required for hepatic gamma-carboxylation and activation of several clotting factors (II, VII, IX, X) and anticoagulant proteins C and S. Without adequate vitamin K, these factors cannot bind calcium effectively, impairing the coagulation cascade and increasing bleeding risk. This is why vitamin K deficiency can lead to prolonged PT/INR and bleeding tendency. Vitamins A, C, and D do not have a primary role in coagulation factor activation.
Category reason: The question tests foundational understanding of how vitamins contribute to normal body functions—specifically the physiological mechanism of blood coagulation—rather than nursing interventions or prioritization.

Question 20

Liver store's food in the form of...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The liver stores carbohydrate energy primarily as glycogen (glycogenesis) for later use in maintaining blood glucose levels. When blood glucose falls, hepatic glycogen can be broken down to glucose (glycogenolysis) and released into the bloodstream. Albumin is a protein synthesized by the liver but not a storage form of food/energy. ATP is the immediate cellular energy currency, and glucose is the circulating form rather than the major storage form in the liver.
Category reason: This question tests how the liver stores energy and regulates glucose homeostasis, which is a core concept in human physiology rather than nursing interventions or patient-care decision-making.

Question 21

Saliva is secreted by?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Saliva is produced and secreted by the salivary glands (parotid, submandibular, and sublingual). These exocrine glands release saliva into the oral cavity to lubricate food and begin digestion (e.g., salivary amylase). Sweat glands secrete sweat for thermoregulation, the liver produces bile, and the pancreas secretes digestive enzymes and hormones, not saliva.
Category reason: The question tests basic body function and glandular secretion in digestion, which is a foundational physiology concept rather than a nursing intervention or clinical judgment scenario.

Question 22

Which part of the blood transports nutrients, hormones, and waste?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Plasma is the liquid component of blood that serves as the main transport medium for dissolved substances, including nutrients (e.g., glucose, amino acids), hormones, and metabolic wastes (e.g., urea). Red blood cells primarily transport oxygen and carbon dioxide via hemoglobin, not most solutes. White blood cells are responsible for immune defense, and platelets function in hemostasis/clotting rather than systemic transport.
Category reason: This question tests the normal function of blood components and what each carries in circulation, which is a foundational concept in physiology rather than a nursing intervention or prioritization scenario.

Question 23

Which blood cells are called transporters?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Red blood cells (RBCs) are considered the primary “transporters” because their hemoglobin binds and carries oxygen from the lungs to tissues and transports a portion of carbon dioxide back to the lungs. White blood cells primarily function in immune defense, and platelets are involved in clot formation. Plasma transports many dissolved substances, but it is not a blood cell; the question asks specifically which blood cells are transporters, making RBC the best answer.
Category reason: The question tests the functional role of blood components—specifically which blood cells transport gases—an aspect of normal body function, which fits Physiology.

Question 24

A patient with hypocalcemia may exhibit which of the following signs?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hypocalcemia increases neuromuscular excitability, leading to classic findings such as Chvostek’s sign (facial muscle twitching with tapping over the facial nerve) and Trousseau’s sign. Decreased deep tendon reflexes and flushed skin are more consistent with hypercalcemia, which causes neuromuscular depression. Bradycardia is not the hallmark sign tested for hypocalcemia; the most characteristic option here is a positive Chvostek’s sign.
Category reason: The item tests physiologic effects of low serum calcium on neuromuscular function (excitability and characteristic physical signs), which is foundational physiology rather than a nursing intervention or prioritization scenario.

Question 25

What kind of heartbeat is used in intense movie scenes?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Intense scenes are typically accompanied by a fast heartbeat sound to signal heightened arousal and sympathetic activation. Physiologically, sympathetic stimulation increases heart rate, which is tachycardia. Bradycardia is a slowed heart rate, a flatline indicates asystole (no cardiac electrical activity), and a murmur is an auscultatory finding from turbulent blood flow rather than a heart rate pattern.
Category reason: The question tests understanding of how heart rate changes with arousal/stress (sympathetic response), which is a core concept in physiology rather than a nursing care decision.

Question 26

Local hot application transfer heat from the body by

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Local hot applications (e.g., hot water bag, heating pad) transfer heat primarily through direct contact between the hot object and the skin. This direct molecule-to-molecule transfer is conduction. Convection involves moving fluids/air, radiation involves infrared emission without contact, and evaporation involves heat loss via vaporization of moisture.
Category reason: The question tests mechanisms of heat transfer in the body (conduction vs convection, radiation, evaporation), which is a foundational thermoregulation concept in physiology rather than a nursing-prioritization or safety scenario.

Question 27

What can humans Not digest?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Humans lack the enzyme cellulase, so they cannot hydrolyze the beta-1,4 glycosidic bonds in cellulose. As a result, cellulose passes through the gastrointestinal tract as dietary fiber (though some fermentation can occur via gut microbiota). In contrast, humans can digest starch and glycogen with amylases and debranching enzymes, and amino acids are absorbable end-products of protein digestion.
Category reason: This tests digestive enzyme capability and macronutrient digestion, which is core gastrointestinal physiology rather than a nursing intervention or clinical decision.

Question 28

The normal pH of human blood is...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Normal arterial blood pH is tightly regulated around 7.35–7.45, with the commonly cited average being 7.4. This narrow range is maintained by chemical buffers (especially bicarbonate), the lungs (CO2 elimination), and the kidneys (acid excretion and bicarbonate conservation). Values such as 7.0 indicate severe acidemia, while 7.8 indicates severe alkalemia, both incompatible with normal physiology.
Category reason: The question tests the normal acid–base value of blood and homeostatic regulation, which is a foundational body-function concept in Physiology rather than a nursing intervention or prioritization scenario.

Question 29

Hemoglobin is a type of?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hemoglobin is a globular protein found in red blood cells that binds and transports oxygen and carbon dioxide. It is composed of four polypeptide (globin) chains, each associated with a heme group containing iron that enables gas binding. While iron is essential to hemoglobin’s function, the overall molecule is classified as a protein, not a mineral, lipid, or carbohydrate.
Category reason: This is a foundational question about the biochemical/physiologic nature of hemoglobin and its role in oxygen transport, which fits best under Physiology rather than nursing care decision-making.

Question 30

The main symptoms of hyperthermia is...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The defining feature of hyperthermia is an abnormally elevated core body temperature due to failed heat dissipation or excessive heat production. Therefore the best matching option is “High blood temperature” (intended to mean high body temperature). Rash or edema are not primary defining symptoms, and “Low body temperature” describes hypothermia, not hyperthermia. Clinically, hyperthermia may also present with hot skin, tachycardia, and altered mental status, but the key symptom is increased temperature.
Category reason: This item tests the definition/physiologic concept of hyperthermia (abnormal elevation of body temperature) rather than a nursing intervention or prioritization scenario, so it fits Physiology.

Question 31

Fats are stored in?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The primary long-term storage site for fat (triglycerides) in the body is adipose tissue within adipocytes. While muscle and liver can contain some lipid (e.g., intramuscular triglycerides and hepatic fat), these are not the main dedicated storage depot. Red blood cells do not store fat and lack organelles needed for lipid storage. Therefore, adipose tissue is the best answer.
Category reason: The question tests where the body stores fat as an energy reserve, which is a foundational concept of energy balance and storage physiology rather than a nursing intervention scenario.

Question 32

The average human body temperature is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Normal average adult core body temperature is traditionally cited as 98.6°F (37°C). While normal ranges vary by individual, time of day, and measurement site (e.g., oral vs rectal), 98.6°F remains the standard reference value for the “average.” Temperatures around 100–101°F are generally consistent with low-grade fever rather than average baseline.
Category reason: This item tests baseline normal body temperature and thermoregulation norms, which are foundational human body function concepts in Physiology rather than nursing judgment or interventions.

Question 33

Blood is red due to the presence of?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Blood appears red primarily because of hemoglobin, the heme-containing pigment within red blood cells. The iron in heme binds oxygen and this oxygenation state changes the shade (bright red when oxygenated, darker when deoxygenated), but the color comes from hemoglobin itself. Plasma is typically straw-colored and does not confer the red color. Oxygen alone is colorless and does not directly color blood without hemoglobin.
Category reason: This question tests the physiological basis of blood color and the role of hemoglobin in red blood cells, which is core human physiology rather than a nursing intervention or patient-care decision.

Question 34

In human body vitamin A is stored in ???

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin that is primarily stored in the liver, mainly within hepatic stellate (Ito) cells as retinyl esters. The liver serves as the major storage depot and releases vitamin A into circulation bound to retinol-binding protein as needed. The pancreas, spleen, and stomach are not significant storage sites for vitamin A.
Category reason: The question tests foundational knowledge of nutrient storage and organ function (where a vitamin is stored), which is a physiology concept rather than a nursing care decision.

Question 35

Which one is regulate the body temperature?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The hypothalamus is the body’s primary thermoregulatory center, integrating input from central and peripheral thermoreceptors and coordinating autonomic and endocrine responses to maintain a stable core temperature. It triggers heat-loss mechanisms (e.g., sweating, vasodilation) and heat-conserving/producing mechanisms (e.g., shivering, vasoconstriction). The thyroid influences basal metabolic rate and heat production but is not the central controller of temperature set-point. The pituitary is a master endocrine gland but does not directly regulate thermoregulation, and the pons is primarily involved in respiratory and other brainstem functions.
Category reason: This question tests the physiological control center responsible for thermoregulation, a foundational body-function concept rather than a nursing intervention or clinical decision, so it belongs to Physiology.

Question 36

What is the normal pH range of blood?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Normal arterial blood pH is tightly regulated around 7.40, with an accepted normal range of 7.35–7.45. Values below 7.35 indicate acidemia and above 7.45 indicate alkalemia. The other ranges listed either represent severe acidemia (6.80–7.00), alkalemia (7.50–7.60), or include abnormally low pH values (7.00–7.35).
Category reason: This question tests foundational knowledge of normal acid–base physiology (normal blood pH range), which is a core concept in Physiology rather than a nursing action or clinical judgment scenario.

Question 37

What part of the brain controls heartbeat and breathing?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The medulla oblongata contains the primary autonomic control centers for vital functions, including the cardiac center (heart rate and contractility) and respiratory centers (rhythm and depth of breathing). Damage to the medulla can cause life-threatening abnormalities such as apnea and severe bradycardia. The cerebellum mainly coordinates movement, while the hypothalamus regulates homeostasis/endocrine function and the thalamus relays sensory information.
Category reason: This question tests foundational knowledge about autonomic control of respiration and cardiovascular function by specific brainstem structures, which is a core Physiology concept rather than a nursing-care decision.

Question 38

How much salt is present in our body?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In basic physiology, total body sodium chloride content is commonly taught as being approximately 0.6% of body weight, reflecting the major role of sodium and chloride as the predominant extracellular electrolytes. This value aligns with standard nursing/biology teaching on body fluid composition and electrolyte distribution. The other percentages listed are either too high or too low compared with the commonly cited approximate body salt content.
Category reason: The question tests factual knowledge about the normal composition of the human body (salt/electrolyte content), which is a foundational body-function concept rather than a nursing-care decision, fitting Physiology.

Question 39

The main symptoms of hypothermia is...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hypothermia is a drop in core body temperature that triggers thermoregulatory responses, most notably shivering to generate heat. Peripheral vasoconstriction reduces blood flow to the skin and extremities, making hands and feet feel cold. Fever is characteristic of hyperthermia or infection, not hypothermia. Rash and headache are not primary hallmark findings of hypothermia compared with shivering and cold extremities.
Category reason: This question tests recognition of the body’s physiologic response to low core temperature (thermoregulation and symptoms), which is a foundational physiology concept rather than a nursing intervention/prioritization scenario.

Question 40

Which of these is the most acidic part of the digestive system?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The stomach is the most acidic part of the digestive tract because gastric parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid, producing a typical pH around 1.5–3.5. This low pH helps denature proteins, activates pepsinogen to pepsin, and provides antimicrobial action. In contrast, the small intestine is neutral to slightly alkaline due to bicarbonate from the pancreas, and the large intestine is closer to neutral.
Category reason: This question tests normal acid-base conditions and secretions within the gastrointestinal tract, which is foundational digestive physiology rather than a nursing care/intervention decision.

Question 41

The fluid part of blood is known as...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Plasma is the liquid component of blood in which formed elements (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets) are suspended. It is mostly water and contains proteins (e.g., albumin, clotting factors), electrolytes, nutrients, hormones, and waste products for transport. Platelets and blood cells are cellular components, not the fluid portion, and hormones are substances carried within plasma rather than the blood’s fluid matrix.
Category reason: This question tests foundational knowledge of blood composition and the function of its components, which is a core topic in physiology rather than a nursing intervention or safety decision.

Question 42

Which IV fluid is hypotonic?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Ringer’s lactate (RL) and 0.9% normal saline (NS) are isotonic crystalloids. D5W (listed as “Dextrose 5%”) is considered functionally hypotonic after dextrose is rapidly metabolized, leaving free water that shifts into cells and lowers effective plasma osmolality. Dextrose normal saline (DNS, typically D5NS) is hypertonic due to the combined dextrose and saline content. Therefore, among the options, Dextrose 5% is the best answer for a hypotonic IV fluid.
Category reason: This question tests the tonicity classification of IV solutions based on osmolarity and water movement across compartments, which is a foundational body-fluid/osmolality concept within Physiology rather than a nursing judgment/prioritization scenario.

Question 43

What's the term for the type of respiration that takes place through the skin?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Respiration through the skin is called cutaneous respiration, in which gases diffuse directly across the integument into underlying capillaries. This mechanism is characteristic of some amphibians and other organisms with thin, moist, well-perfused skin. Alveolar respiration occurs in lung alveoli, bronchial relates to airways, and cellular respiration refers to intracellular metabolic energy production rather than gas exchange with the environment.
Category reason: The question tests a foundational concept of gas exchange mechanisms and terminology, which is a physiology topic rather than a nursing care decision-making scenario.

Question 44

Low Oxygen supply to tissue is scientifically known as?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Low oxygen supply at the tissue level is termed hypoxia (inadequate tissue oxygenation). Hypoxemia refers specifically to low oxygen in arterial blood (low PaO2), which can lead to hypoxia but is not the same concept. Dyspnea is the subjective sensation of difficult breathing, not a tissue oxygen diagnosis. Anoxia indicates a near-complete absence of oxygen in tissues and is more extreme than the general term “low oxygen supply.”.
Category reason: This question tests definitions of oxygenation terms (tissue vs blood oxygenation), which is foundational respiratory/circulatory physiology rather than a nursing intervention or prioritization scenario.

Question 45

What is the main source of energy for brain cells?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The brain primarily relies on glucose as its main fuel under normal physiologic conditions because neurons have a high, continuous demand for ATP and limited energy storage. Fatty acids do not efficiently cross the blood-brain barrier to serve as a primary fuel source. In prolonged fasting, ketone bodies can supplement energy needs, but glucose remains the main source in typical conditions. Therefore, among the options, glucose is the correct answer.
Category reason: This question tests basic body function and energy metabolism of brain cells (primary fuel source), which is a core concept in physiology rather than a nursing intervention or clinical judgment scenario.

Question 46

Yellow color of urine is due to?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Normal urine’s yellow color is primarily due to urochrome (also called urobilin), a pigment produced from hemoglobin breakdown and excreted in urine. The intensity varies with urine concentration (hydration status), making it appear pale to deep yellow. Hemoglobin in urine would suggest hematuria/hemoglobinuria and is not the normal cause of yellow color. Bilirubin/bile pigments more typically darken urine (amber/tea-colored) in hepatobiliary disease.
Category reason: This asks for the physiologic basis of normal urine coloration (body function and excreted pigments), which is a foundational concept in Physiology rather than a nursing intervention or safety judgment.

Question 47

Energy is stored in liver and muscles in the form of...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In humans, short-term carbohydrate energy is stored primarily as glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscles. Liver glycogen helps maintain blood glucose between meals, while muscle glycogen is used locally to fuel muscle contraction during activity. Fat is the major long-term energy store, but it is stored in adipose tissue as triglycerides rather than in liver and muscle as the primary storage form. Protein is not a dedicated energy storage form and is used for energy mainly during prolonged fasting or catabolic states.
Category reason: This question tests how the body stores energy substrates in specific tissues (liver and skeletal muscle), which is a core concept of human physiology and metabolism.

Question 48

Which activity is considered aerobics exercise?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Aerobic exercise is sustained, rhythmic activity that increases heart rate and ventilation and relies primarily on oxidative metabolism. Running is a classic aerobic activity because it can be maintained continuously for minutes to hours at a moderate-to-vigorous intensity. Weightlifting is primarily anaerobic/strength training, while yoga and stretching emphasize flexibility and balance rather than sustained cardiovascular conditioning.
Category reason: The question tests understanding of aerobic (cardiorespiratory) versus anaerobic exercise based on energy metabolism and physiologic response, which falls under Physiology.

Question 49

The plasma contains...

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Blood plasma is predominantly water, commonly taught as about 90% (often cited ~90–92%) with the remainder made up of proteins, electrolytes, nutrients, and waste products. Among the provided choices, 85% is the closest reasonable approximation to the standard teaching and is more accurate than 70% or 80%. While 92% can also be cited in some references, many nursing/physiology texts present plasma water content as ~90%, making 85% the best match in this set.
Category reason: This question tests a foundational fact about the composition of blood plasma and body fluid makeup, which is a core concept in physiology rather than a nursing care decision.

Question 50

Which of the following is not a cause of cyanosis?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Cyanosis results from increased deoxygenated hemoglobin in capillary blood, which is promoted by low arterial oxygenation or sluggish peripheral circulation. Cardiac failure can reduce effective oxygen delivery and increase venous desaturation, leading to cyanosis. Exposure to cold causes peripheral vasoconstriction, decreasing cutaneous blood flow and increasing oxygen extraction in tissues, producing peripheral cyanosis. Vasodilation generally increases skin blood flow and tends to reduce peripheral cyanosis rather than cause it.
Category reason: The question tests the physiological mechanisms (oxygenation and peripheral circulation) that lead to cyanosis, which is primarily a Physiology concept rather than a nursing intervention or prioritization scenario.

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