Question 1

Which vitamin is known as Retinol?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Retinol is the preformed, active form of vitamin A found in animal-derived foods and used in the body for vision (rhodopsin formation), epithelial integrity, and immune function. Vitamin B2 is riboflavin, vitamin C is ascorbic acid, and vitamin E is tocopherol/tocotrienols, so they do not match the name retinol. Therefore, the correct answer is vitamin A.

Question 2

Weakness of bone in elderly occur due to deficiency of ...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamin D deficiency reduces intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate, leading to impaired bone mineralization and decreased bone strength. In older adults this contributes to osteomalacia and worsens osteoporosis-related fragility. Vitamin C deficiency primarily affects collagen synthesis (e.g., scurvy), vitamin B complex deficiency is linked to neurologic/hematologic issues, and vitamin A excess (not deficiency) can increase fracture risk.

Question 3

Deficiency of Vitamin B12 causes?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamin B12 deficiency leads to impaired DNA synthesis in rapidly dividing cells, causing a megaloblastic anemia. Pernicious anemia is a classic cause of B12 deficiency due to lack of intrinsic factor and resulting malabsorption. In contrast, rickets is due to vitamin D deficiency, scurvy to vitamin C deficiency, and pellagra to niacin (vitamin B3) deficiency.

Question 4

Vitamin B1 is also known as?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamin B1 is thiamine. Niacin is vitamin B3, riboflavin is vitamin B2, and pyridoxine is vitamin B6. Thiamine is a key coenzyme in carbohydrate metabolism and deficiency classically causes beriberi and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.

Question 5

Severe Acute Malnutrition is example of?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Severe acute malnutrition (SAM) is characterized by rapid, severe weight loss and low weight-for-height (or MUAC criteria), which corresponds to wasting. Stunting reflects chronic malnutrition with low height-for-age rather than acute wasting. Underweight (low weight-for-age) can reflect either acute or chronic malnutrition and is less specific than wasting for SAM. Overnutrition is the opposite condition and does not apply.

Question 6

Which vitamin is fat-soluble?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Fat-soluble vitamins are A, D, E, and K, which are absorbed with dietary fat and can be stored in the liver and adipose tissue. Among the options given, only vitamin A is in this fat-soluble group. Vitamins C and the B vitamins (including B6 and B12) are water-soluble and are not stored to the same extent. This distinction is clinically important because fat-soluble vitamins have a higher risk of toxicity with excess intake.

Question 7

Which organization provides global guidelines for BMI classification?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The World Health Organization (WHO) publishes internationally used BMI cutoffs and classification categories (e.g., underweight, normal weight, overweight, obesity classes). CDC guidance is primarily U.S.-focused (and provides BMI-for-age growth charts for children/adolescents), while UNICEF and FDA do not set global BMI classification standards. Therefore, WHO is the single best answer for global BMI classification guidelines.

Question 8

Which vitamin is essential for maintaining a healthy heart?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Among the options, vitamin D has the strongest, widely taught association with cardiovascular health, with deficiency linked to higher risks of hypertension and adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Vitamin D also influences vascular smooth muscle function and modulates inflammation, both relevant to atherosclerosis and overall heart health. Vitamin A is mainly for vision/epithelial integrity, vitamin B12 is primarily for neurologic function and red blood cell production, and vitamin C is mainly for collagen synthesis and antioxidant roles rather than being uniquely “essential” for heart health.

Question 9

Egg is a rich source of ____?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Eggs provide high-quality complete protein (especially in the egg white) and also contain multiple vitamins such as A, D, E, B12, and folate. They also supply minerals including selenium, phosphorus, iodine, and iron (more concentrated in the yolk). Because eggs are significant sources of proteins, vitamins, and minerals, the best choice is that they are a rich source of all of these nutrients.

Question 10

Excessive bleeding during an injury is a deficiency of ________?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamin K is required in the liver for gamma-carboxylation (activation) of clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X as well as proteins C and S. Deficiency leads to impaired coagulation and increased bleeding or easy bruising after injury. By contrast, vitamin A deficiency is associated with vision/epithelial problems, most B-vitamin deficiencies cause anemia/neurologic issues, and vitamin E deficiency more commonly causes neurologic symptoms and hemolysis rather than primary coagulopathy.

Question 11

Which vitamin deficiency is strongly associated with increased risk of osteoporosis?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamin D is essential for intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate and for normal bone mineralization. Deficiency leads to reduced calcium absorption, secondary hyperparathyroidism, increased bone resorption, and loss of bone density over time, raising osteoporosis and fracture risk. In contrast, vitamins A, B12, and C are not the primary determinants of calcium homeostasis and bone mineralization in the way vitamin D is.

Question 12

Which vitamin is generally low in breast milk?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Human breast milk typically contains insufficient vitamin D to meet an infant’s needs, especially without adequate sunlight exposure. Because vitamin D is essential for calcium/phosphate absorption and bone mineralization, low intake increases risk of rickets. Therefore, exclusively breastfed infants are commonly recommended to receive vitamin D supplementation. The other listed vitamins are not generally characteristically low in breast milk to the same extent as vitamin D.

Question 13

Which vitamin deficiency most commonly causes brittle nails?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamin B7 (biotin) deficiency is classically associated with brittle nails, hair thinning (alopecia), and dermatitis. Biotin is a water-soluble B vitamin important for keratin infrastructure and multiple carboxylase-dependent metabolic pathways. While brittle nails can have many non-vitamin causes, among the listed vitamins biotin deficiency is the best-supported association. Vitamins A, C, and D deficiencies have other hallmark findings (e.g., night blindness, scurvy, osteomalacia) rather than isolated brittle nails.

Question 14

Deficiency of Thismine?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency classically causes beriberi. Dry beriberi leads to peripheral neuropathy and muscle wasting, while wet beriberi causes high-output heart failure and edema. Pellagra is due to niacin (B3) deficiency, and anemia is more typically linked to iron, folate, or vitamin B12 deficiency, making those options less accurate.

Question 15

Vitamin E is important for?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamin E (tocopherols/tocotrienols) is a fat-soluble antioxidant that protects cell membranes from oxidative damage by scavenging free radicals and preventing lipid peroxidation. This role is especially important in tissues rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (e.g., nervous tissue and RBC membranes). Vision is primarily associated with vitamin A, blood clotting with vitamin K, and wound healing is more strongly linked to vitamin C and zinc.

Question 16

Folic acid is also known as?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Folic acid is the synthetic form of folate, which is vitamin B9. It is essential for DNA synthesis and red blood cell production, and deficiency classically causes megaloblastic anemia. Folate supplementation is also important in pregnancy to reduce neural tube defects.

Question 17

Which vitamin is also called Retinol?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Retinol is the preformed, biologically active form of vitamin A found in animal-derived foods and supplements. Vitamin A also includes provitamin A carotenoids (e.g., beta-carotene) that can be converted to retinol in the body. Vitamins D, C, and B1 (thiamine) are distinct vitamins with different chemical forms and functions. Therefore, the vitamin also called retinol is vitamin A.

Question 18

Which iv fluid has more calories?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: IV fluids provide calories only if they contain macronutrients such as dextrose; normal saline and lactated Ringer’s provide essentially no calories. Dextrose yields ~3.4 kcal per gram, so a higher dextrose concentration delivers more calories per liter. Therefore, 10% dextrose in water provides more calories than 5% dextrose in water and more than crystalloids without dextrose.

Question 19

Which vitamin is also known as Ascorbic Acid?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Ascorbic acid is the chemical name for vitamin C. Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin important for collagen synthesis, wound healing, and antioxidant activity. Deficiency can lead to scurvy with symptoms such as bleeding gums and poor wound healing. The other listed vitamins have different chemical names and functions.

Question 20

Which of the following indicates a healthy BMI range?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: A healthy (normal) adult BMI is defined as 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m². Values below 18.5 are classified as underweight, 25 to 29.9 as overweight, and 30 or higher as obesity. Therefore, the option that correctly reflects the healthy BMI range is 18.5–24.9.

Question 21

Vitamin D is also known as?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamin D is commonly referred to as calciferol (including D2 ergocalciferol and D3 cholecalciferol). Biotin is vitamin B7, niacin is vitamin B3, and folic acid is vitamin B9, so these do not match vitamin D. Calciferol is the correct alternate name used in nutrition and clinical contexts, especially related to calcium and phosphate homeostasis and bone health.

Question 22

Which of the following food item is rich in Vitamin C?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Oranges are a well-known dietary source of vitamin C (ascorbic acid), providing a relatively high amount per serving compared with many other common fruits. Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin important for collagen synthesis, wound healing, and immune function. Apples and pomegranates contain some vitamin C but generally less than oranges, and pineapple typically contains moderate amounts. Therefore, oranges are the best answer among the listed options.

Question 23

What is the normal BMI range for adults?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In adults, a BMI of 18.5–24.9 kg/m² is classified as the normal (healthy) weight range. Values below 18.5 indicate underweight, while 25–29.9 indicates overweight and ≥30 indicates obesity. Therefore, 18.5–24.9 is the single best answer among the options provided.

Question 24

1gm of fat produces –?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Fat provides the highest energy density among macronutrients. Standard nutritional values are approximately 9 kcal per gram of fat (compared with ~4 kcal/g for carbohydrates and proteins and ~7 kcal/g for alcohol). Therefore, 1 gram of fat produces about 9 kcal, making that option the best answer.

Question 25

Scurvy is caused by deficiency of?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Scurvy results from vitamin C (ascorbic acid) deficiency, which impairs collagen synthesis. Defective collagen leads to fragile capillaries and connective tissue, causing bleeding gums, petechiae, poor wound healing, and tooth loosening. Replacing vitamin C corrects the underlying defect and resolves symptoms over time.

Question 26

Pellagra is caused by deficiency of?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Pellagra is classically caused by niacin (vitamin B3) deficiency, often remembered by the “3 (or 4) Ds”: dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia (and death if untreated). Niacin is required for NAD/NADP coenzymes involved in cellular energy metabolism. Thiamine deficiency causes beriberi/Wernicke-Korsakoff, vitamin C deficiency causes scurvy, and vitamin D deficiency causes rickets/osteomalacia.

Question 27

Which nutrient is most important for wound healing?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Protein is the key macronutrient for wound healing because it supplies amino acids needed for collagen synthesis, fibroblast proliferation, angiogenesis, and immune function. Inadequate protein intake is associated with delayed wound closure, poor tensile strength, and increased infection risk. Carbohydrates and fats provide energy and can be protein-sparing, but they do not replace the structural and enzymatic roles of amino acids in tissue repair. Sodium is not a primary nutrient for tissue rebuilding and excess can worsen edema.

Question 28

Scurvy is caused due to the deficiency of which vitamin?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Scurvy results from deficiency of vitamin C (ascorbic acid), which is required for hydroxylation of proline and lysine during collagen synthesis. Impaired collagen formation leads to bleeding gums, petechiae/purpura, poor wound healing, and anemia. Repletion with vitamin C and improved dietary intake (e.g., citrus fruits, tomatoes, peppers) reverses symptoms.

Question 29

Which vitamin is known as the "sunshine vitamin"?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamin D is called the "sunshine vitamin" because ultraviolet B (UVB) sunlight triggers synthesis of vitamin D3 in the skin from 7-dehydrocholesterol. It is then activated through liver and kidney metabolism to calcitriol, which supports calcium and phosphate homeostasis and bone mineralization. Deficiency can lead to rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults, making the sunlight link clinically important. The other listed vitamins are not primarily synthesized via sun exposure.

Question 30

Vitamin B3 deficiency results?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamin B3 (niacin) deficiency classically causes pellagra, characterized by the “3 Ds”: dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia (and can progress to death if untreated). The other options correspond to different vitamin deficiencies: scurvy is due to vitamin C deficiency, rickets is due to vitamin D deficiency, and beriberi is due to vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency. Therefore, pellagra is the single best answer.

Question 31

Deficiency of which vitamin causes night blindness?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Night blindness (nyctalopia) classically results from vitamin A deficiency because vitamin A (retinol) is required to form 11-cis-retinal, a key component of rhodopsin in rod photoreceptors. Without adequate rhodopsin regeneration, rods cannot adapt well to low-light conditions. Prolonged deficiency can progress to xerophthalmia and corneal damage. The other listed vitamins are not primary causes of impaired dark adaptation.

Question 32

How much iron is approximately required during pregnancy?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Total additional iron requirement over the course of pregnancy is approximately 1000 mg. This accounts for expansion of maternal red cell mass, iron transfer to the fetus and placenta, and blood loss at delivery. Although daily supplementation is often given (e.g., ~27 mg/day dietary requirement), the question asks for the approximate total requirement during pregnancy, best matched by 1000 mg.

Question 33

A Fisherman is presented with gingival bleeding and ecchymosis. He is suffering from?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Gingival bleeding and easy bruising (ecchymosis) are classic features of scurvy due to vitamin C deficiency. Vitamin C is required for hydroxylation of proline and lysine in collagen synthesis; deficiency causes capillary fragility and impaired connective tissue integrity, leading to bleeding gums and hemorrhagic manifestations. Fishermen may have limited access to fresh fruits/vegetables on prolonged trips, increasing risk for vitamin C deficiency. Iron, folate, and B12 deficiencies primarily cause anemia (with B12 also causing neurologic symptoms) rather than prominent gingival bleeding/ecchymoses.

Question 34

Soybean lack the following amino acid-?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Soybean protein is relatively low in sulfur-containing amino acids, with methionine being the primary limiting essential amino acid. While cysteine is also sulfur-containing, it is considered conditionally essential and can partially spare methionine needs but does not replace the essential requirement for methionine. Leucine and tryptophan are not typically the limiting amino acids in soy. Therefore, methionine is the best answer.

Question 35

Which vitamin is given to prevent Wernicke's encephalopathy in alcoholics?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Wernicke encephalopathy is caused by thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency, which is common in chronic alcohol use due to poor intake and impaired absorption. Giving thiamine (often before glucose) helps prevent precipitating or worsening acute Wernicke symptoms by restoring carbohydrate metabolism pathways. Vitamin C and D do not prevent this neurologic syndrome, and folate deficiency is more associated with macrocytic anemia rather than Wernicke encephalopathy.

Question 36

Which vitamin prevents neural tube defects in newborns?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Periconceptional folic acid (vitamin B9) supplementation reduces the risk of neural tube defects such as spina bifida and anencephaly by supporting DNA synthesis and cell division during early embryogenesis. Neural tube closure occurs very early in pregnancy (by about 4 weeks), often before pregnancy is recognized, making adequate folate intake before conception and in early pregnancy essential. Vitamin B6, D, and K do not have an established role in preventing neural tube defects.

Question 37

Which of the following conditions is associated with vitamin C deficiency?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) deficiency causes scurvy due to impaired collagen synthesis. This leads to fragile capillaries and connective tissue, producing symptoms such as bleeding gums, petechiae/bruising, poor wound healing, and corkscrew hairs. By contrast, rickets is due to vitamin D deficiency, beriberi to thiamine (B1) deficiency, and pellagra to niacin (B3) deficiency.

Question 38

Vitamin B9 is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamin B9 is folate, commonly referred to as folic acid in supplements and fortified foods. Folate is essential for one-carbon transfer reactions involved in DNA synthesis and red blood cell formation. Deficiency can cause megaloblastic anemia and, in pregnancy, increases risk of neural tube defects. The other options correspond to different B vitamins: thiamin (B1), niacin (B3), and riboflavin (B2).

Question 39

ORS is used for?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: ORS (oral rehydration solution/salts) is formulated with glucose and electrolytes to enhance intestinal sodium-and-water absorption via the sodium-glucose cotransport mechanism. Its primary clinical use is to treat and prevent dehydration, especially from diarrheal illness and ongoing fluid losses. It does not directly treat fever or cough, and while it can be used when vomiting is present (given in small frequent sips), the indication is correction of dehydration rather than vomiting itself.

Question 40

Which vitamin promotes bone and tooth formation?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamin D promotes bone and tooth formation by increasing intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate, which are required for mineralization of the osteoid matrix and developing teeth. Deficiency leads to poor mineralization (rickets in children, osteomalacia in adults) and can contribute to dental problems. Vitamin C is important for collagen synthesis, and B6/B9 support metabolic and hematologic functions, but they do not directly drive calcium/phosphate absorption and mineralization like vitamin D.

Question 41

Scurvy occurs due to deficiency of?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Scurvy is caused by deficiency of vitamin C (ascorbic acid), which is required for hydroxylation reactions in collagen synthesis. Impaired collagen leads to fragile capillaries and connective tissue, producing classic findings such as bleeding gums, petechiae/ecchymoses, and poor wound healing. Replacing vitamin C and improving dietary intake (e.g., citrus fruits, tomatoes, peppers) reverses the condition.

Question 42

DASH diet for hypertension recommends?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) eating plan emphasizes reducing sodium intake while increasing consumption of fruits and vegetables, along with low-fat dairy, whole grains, and lean proteins. This pattern increases potassium, magnesium, and fiber, which support blood pressure reduction. Options A and D do not reflect the balanced DASH pattern, and option B is the opposite of DASH recommendations (it encourages high sodium and low potassium).

Question 43

....... is synthesized only by micro-organism , it's not present in plants but present in liver , it's deficiency leads to pernicious anemia?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) is produced by microorganisms and is naturally found in animal-derived foods (including liver), not in plants unless fortified. Deficiency of vitamin B12 causes impaired DNA synthesis leading to megaloblastic anemia and can present as pernicious anemia when due to intrinsic factor deficiency. The other listed vitamins do not cause pernicious anemia and are not uniquely microbial in origin. Therefore, vitamin B12 is the best answer.

Question 44

....... plays a role in visual cycle it’s deficiency leads to night blindness, β-carotene is the major precursor of this vitamin in human?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamin A (retinol) is essential for the visual cycle because 11-cis-retinal is a key chromophore in rhodopsin within rod cells. Deficiency impairs rod function, causing night blindness (nyctalopia). β-carotene (a provitamin A carotenoid) is converted in the body to vitamin A, making it a major dietary precursor. Therefore the best answer is vitamin A.

Question 45

A large percentage of the ... requirement in humans is supplied by intestinal ...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: A significant portion of human biotin needs can be met by synthesis from intestinal bacteria, making biotin the best fit for a vitamin supplied by intestinal flora. In contrast, niacin is primarily derived from dietary sources and can also be synthesized from tryptophan. Folate and thiamin are essential vitamins that are mainly obtained from the diet, and gut bacterial contribution is not considered a major source to meet human requirements.

Question 46

....... are organic compounds required by the body in trace amount, can't be synthesized by humans, but supplied by diet?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamins are organic compounds needed in very small (trace) amounts to support normal metabolism and physiologic functions. Humans cannot synthesize most vitamins in sufficient quantities, so they must be obtained from the diet. Hormones are endogenous signaling molecules, and proteins/fats are macronutrients required in much larger amounts and are not defined by the “trace amount” requirement.

Question 47

Which of this increases absorption of iron except?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamin C and organic acids enhance non-heme iron absorption by reducing ferric iron (Fe3+) to ferrous iron (Fe2+) and forming soluble complexes; thus amla and citrus fruits increase absorption. Sprouting reduces phytates in grains/legumes, which can improve iron bioavailability compared with unsprouted forms. Curd is a dairy product high in calcium, and calcium can inhibit iron absorption when taken together, so it is the exception.

Question 48

Vitamin B1 is also called ?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamin B1 is thiamine, a water-soluble B-complex vitamin essential for carbohydrate metabolism and normal neurologic function. Riboflavin corresponds to vitamin B2, niacin to vitamin B3, and folic acid to vitamin B9. Therefore, the correct alternate name for vitamin B1 is thiamine.

Question 49

Obesity is checked by ...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Obesity screening and classification in routine practice is primarily done using body mass index (BMI), calculated from weight and height. BMI provides standardized thresholds (e.g., ≥30 kg/m² for obesity in adults) to categorize weight status and guide counseling and risk assessment. Imaging modalities like X-ray, ultrasound (USG), or MRI are not standard tools to “check” obesity; they may assess complications or body composition but are not the basic screening measure.

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