Question 1

How many kilocalories are provided by one banana?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: A typical medium banana provides about 100–105 kcal; 104 kcal is the closest standard value.

Question 2

The given clinical features are due to deficiency of which amino acid?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Phenylalanine is a precursor of tyrosine and melanin; deficiency lowers tyrosine-derived products and causes characteristic clinical signs such as hypopigmentation and related features.

Question 3

Which of the following is a chemical name for Vitamin A?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Retinol is the chemical name for Vitamin A; the other choices are amino acids.

Question 4

How many kilocalories of energy does one egg provide?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: A typical large chicken egg provides about 70 kilocalories (approximately 72 kcal), making 70 kcal the best answer.

Question 5

Which component is NOT present in excess in colostrum compared to breast milk?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Colostrum is higher than mature breast milk in protein and immune factors such as immunoglobulins and lactoferrin, but it has lower lactose; thus carbohydrates are not in excess.

Question 6

How many kilocalories of energy does 1 gram of lipid provide?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Fats provide about 9 kcal per gram, compared with 4 kcal for carbohydrates and proteins and 7 kcal for alcohol.

Question 7

Which vitamin deficiency is commonly found in a newborn baby?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Newborns have low vitamin K stores due to poor placental transfer and a sterile gut, so they are prone to vitamin K deficiency and receive prophylactic vitamin K at birth.

Question 8

Why should you encourage a patient with cobalamin deficiency to seek treatment?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Untreated cobalamin (vitamin B12) deficiency can lead to severe megaloblastic anemia and neurologic complications that may be fatal; therefore prompt treatment prevents death.

Question 9

What is the most common vitamin deficiency in pregnant women?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Pregnancy increases folate requirements, making folic acid deficiency the most common vitamin deficiency unless supplemented.

Question 10

Which is the most sensitive test for detection of argimone oil?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Chromatographic methods (paper/TLC) can detect the toxic alkaloids of argemone oil with higher sensitivity than simple color tests like the nitric acid test.

Question 11

What is the richest source of Vitamin B2?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) is abundant in yeast; dried yeast provides the highest riboflavin content among the listed foods.

Question 12

Which vitamin is involved in the synthesis of acetylcholine and serotonin neurotransmitters?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Thiamine (vitamin B1) supports neuronal metabolism and functions as a coenzyme (TPP) in pathways generating acetyl-CoA and in neurotransmitter synthesis; deficiency impairs production of acetylcholine and serotonin. Among the choices, B1 is the vitamin linked to these neurotransmitters.

Question 13

How many main types of vitamins are there?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamins are categorized into two main types: fat‑soluble (A, D, E, K) and water‑soluble (B‑complex and C).

Question 14

Which fatty acid can the body synthesize?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Humans lack delta-12 and delta-15 desaturases, so omega-3 and omega-6 are essential and must be obtained from the diet. The body can synthesize omega-9 fatty acids (e.g., oleic acid).

Question 15

Which vitamin increases cholesterol levels?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Niacin (vitamin B3) raises HDL (good) cholesterol and is used therapeutically to modify lipid profiles. Thiamine (B1), biotin (B7), and cobalamin (B12) do not increase cholesterol.

Question 16

Which vitamin is most heat sensitive?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is the most heat-labile vitamin and is readily destroyed by cooking, whereas fat-soluble vitamins A, D, and K are relatively heat-stable.

Question 17

Among commonly used nuts, which is the richest source of iron?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Cashew nuts contain the highest iron content per 100 g among the listed nuts, higher than almonds, pistachios, or groundnuts.

Question 18

What is another name for vitamin C?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamin C is chemically known as ascorbic acid; the other acids listed are unrelated.

Question 19

Which of the following is an energy source?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Fructose is a monosaccharide carbohydrate that provides metabolic energy via glycolysis. Somatostatin and prostaglandins are signaling molecules, and proteins are not a primary immediate energy source.

Question 20

Which disease is characterized by the 3 D's?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Pellagra (niacin/Vitamin B3 deficiency) presents with the classic 3 D's: dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia.

Question 21

A high fiber diet is associated with reduced incidence of?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Dietary fiber lowers LDL cholesterol, improves glycemic control, and is linked to reduced cardiovascular disease risk.

Question 22

An important function of vitamin A is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamin A is essential for maintaining normal differentiation and integrity of epithelial tissues (and vision). Coenzyme roles are typical of B vitamins, protein synthesis is not a primary function of vitamin A, and prevention of hemorrhage is a function of vitamin K.

Question 23

Niacin deficiency is common in people whose staple food is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Pellagra (niacin deficiency) is common in populations relying on maize, where niacin is bound and tryptophan is low; sorghum (jowar) is high in leucine, which inhibits tryptophan-to-niacin conversion.

Question 24

Cane sugar is known as?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Cane sugar (table sugar) is the disaccharide sucrose composed of glucose and fructose.

Question 25

The caloric value of lipids is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Fats yield 9 kcal per gram; carbs and proteins yield 4 kcal/g and alcohol 7 kcal/g.

Question 26

Energy value in kilocalorie per gram of carbohydrates in the body is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Carbohydrates provide 4 kilocalories per gram (Atwater factor); fats provide 9 and proteins 4.

Question 27

This is a rich source for Vitamin C?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Citrus fruits like lemon are rich in vitamin C; rice, milk, and eggs are poor sources.

Question 28

Energy value in kilocalorie per gram of fat in the body is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Fats provide 9 kcal per gram; carbohydrates and proteins provide 4 kcal/g, alcohol 7 kcal/g.

Question 29

A fatty acid which is not synthesized in human body and has to be supplied in the diet is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Linoleic acid is an essential omega-6 fatty acid; humans cannot introduce double bonds beyond Δ9 and therefore cannot synthesize it de novo. Palmitic, stearic, and oleic acids can be synthesized in the body.

Question 30

Which of the following is a incomplete dietary protein found in connective tissues?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Collagen is the major protein of connective tissue and is considered an incomplete dietary protein because it lacks adequate amounts of essential amino acids (notably tryptophan).

Question 31

Keratomalacia can be prevented by which vitamin?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Keratomalacia is corneal softening from severe vitamin A deficiency; supplementation with vitamin A prevents it.

Question 32

Sunlight is a good source of which vitamin?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: UVB exposure from sunlight enables skin synthesis of vitamin D, making sunlight a source of vitamin D rather than vitamins A, C, or B.

Question 33

Which one among the following vitamins is necessary for blood clotting?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamin K is required for gamma-carboxylation and activation of clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X, making it essential for blood coagulation.

Question 34

Which of the following is caused by vitamin D deficiency?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamin D deficiency reduces calcium and phosphate absorption, leading to defective bone mineralization and rickets in children; the other options are unrelated.

Question 35

Vitamin B12 is also known as-?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamin B12 is the cobalamin vitamin; the common supplemental form is cyanocobalamin (spelled here as cyanocobalamine). Thiamine is vitamin B1, and biotin is vitamin B7. Iron is a mineral, not a vitamin. Therefore, the correct name for vitamin B12 among the options is cyanocobalamin.

Question 36

Beriberi is caused by deficiency of?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Beriberi results from thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency. Thiamine is a key cofactor in carbohydrate metabolism for enzymes such as pyruvate dehydrogenase, α‑ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, and transketolase. Deficiency impairs energy production, leading to peripheral neuropathy (dry beriberi) and high-output heart failure with edema (wet beriberi). It is commonly associated with malnutrition and chronic alcohol use.

Question 37

Deficiency of vitamin E can cause?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) is an antioxidant that protects cell membranes, including those in reproductive tissues. Deficiency can impair spermatogenesis and reproductive function, leading to infertility. “Scuby” refers to scurvy, which is due to vitamin C deficiency, and kyphosis is a spinal curvature not caused by vitamin E deficiency. Therefore, infertility is the best answer.

Question 38

In human body, Vitamin A is stored in?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: About 80–90% of the body's vitamin A stores are in the liver, primarily in hepatic stellate (Ito) cells as retinyl esters. The liver releases retinol bound to retinol-binding protein to meet peripheral needs. Skin, lungs, and kidneys are not primary storage sites for vitamin A. Therefore, the correct answer is the liver.

Question 39

Which is the vitamin that is not normally found in any animal food?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamin C is largely absent from animal-derived foods and is obtained mainly from fruits and vegetables; animals generally synthesize it endogenously, so their tissues contain negligible amounts. In contrast, vitamin B12 is abundant in animal foods, vitamin D is present in fatty fish and egg yolks, and vitamin K (menaquinones) occurs in animal products and is produced by gut bacteria. Therefore, vitamin C is the vitamin not normally found in animal food.

Question 40

Night-blindness is caused by the deficiency of vitamin?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Night-blindness (nyctalopia) results from vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is required to form rhodopsin in rod photoreceptors, which mediates vision in low-light conditions; deficiency impairs dark adaptation. Vitamins C, D, and E are not primarily associated with night vision deficits.

Question 41

Vitamin B9 is also known as?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamin B9 is the water-soluble vitamin folate, commonly referred to as folic acid in supplement form. Biotin is vitamin B7, niacin is vitamin B3, and riboflavin is vitamin B2. Folate functions in one-carbon metabolism essential for DNA synthesis and cell division, particularly important in pregnancy to prevent neural tube defects.

Question 42

Which of the following is a fat-soluble vitamin?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Fat-soluble vitamins are A, D, E, and K, which are absorbed with dietary fats and can be stored in body tissues. Vitamin D is therefore fat-soluble. Vitamin C and B-complex vitamins (e.g., B2) are water-soluble and not stored to the same extent. Vitamin B4 is an outdated term historically applied to compounds like choline/adenine and is not a recognized fat-soluble vitamin.

Question 43

Which of the following vitamins is stored in the liver?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The liver stores the fat-soluble vitamins, notably vitamins A, D, E, and K, with additional storage in adipose tissue. In contrast, most water-soluble vitamins are not stored and are readily excreted. Since K, D, and E are all fat-soluble and stored in the liver, the correct choice is all of the above.

Question 44

The human body does not produce?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Humans synthesize DNA via replication and produce numerous hormones and enzymes endogenously. In contrast, vitamins are micronutrients that the body generally cannot synthesize in sufficient amounts to meet needs and therefore must be obtained primarily from the diet. Although there are limited exceptions (e.g., vitamin D synthesis in skin, gut bacterial production of vitamin K), they are not adequate to cover total requirements. Hence, vitamins are considered dietary essentials.

Question 45

Early sign of calcium deficiency is _____?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hypocalcemia increases neuromuscular excitability, leading early to paresthesias and tetany (carpopedal spasm, positive Chvostek/Trousseau signs). Coagulation problems from low calcium can occur but are not typically the earliest clinical manifestation. Osteoporosis is a chronic, late effect of prolonged calcium deficiency. Yellowing of teeth is not a recognized sign of calcium deficiency.

Question 46

What is the definition of overweight?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In adults, overweight is defined by a body mass index of 25.0–29.9 kg/m2 as per WHO/CDC criteria. A threshold of >25 would also include obesity, and 25–30 kg/m2 incorrectly includes 30, which is obese. A single value of 25 kg/m2 does not encompass the full category.

Question 47

In which organ of the human body is Vitamin A stored?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin stored primarily in the liver, mainly within hepatic stellate (Ito) cells as retinyl esters. The liver acts as the main reservoir, releasing retinol bound to retinol-binding protein as needed. Skin, kidney, and heart do not serve as major storage sites for vitamin A.

Question 48

Water soluble vitamins are?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The water-soluble vitamins are the B-complex group and vitamin C, which dissolve in water and are not stored extensively in the body. In contrast, vitamins A, D, E, and K are fat-soluble. Options 'B only' and 'C only' are incomplete because both groups are water soluble. Therefore, the correct choice is B and C.

Question 49

Which vitamin important for blood clotting?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamin K is required in the liver for gamma-carboxylation of clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X, and proteins C and S, enabling them to bind calcium and function in coagulation. Deficiency leads to impaired clot formation and prolonged PT/INR with bleeding tendency. Vitamins A, C, and E do not play a primary role in activating coagulation factors.

Question 50

Which of the following vitamin is not stored in Liver?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The liver stores significant amounts of fat-soluble vitamins such as vitamins A and D. Vitamin C is water-soluble and is not stored to any meaningful extent in the liver; excess is excreted in urine. Consequently, body reserves of vitamin C are limited and deficiency can develop relatively quickly without intake.

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