Nutrition Practice Test 11
Nutrition NCLEX Practice Test
Nutrition is a key topic within the NCLEX test plan, located under Nursing Science → Clinical Foundations → Nutrition. This section applies nutrition science to assessment, counseling, and therapeutic meal planning for patient care. Each test contains 50 questions designed to mirror the difficulty and variety of the real exam.
This is the 11th part of the Nutrition series. To explore all practice tests under this topic, use the “Back to Main Topic” button at the end of the page.
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Nutrition Practice Test 11
The normal human body temperature is maintained by ?
- Fiber
- Protein
- Fat
- Carbohydrates
Explanation: Answer reason: Dietary fat also supports adequate energy reserves for heat production during cold exposure through metabolism. Fiber does not provide usable energy for thermogenesis and has no insulating role. While carbohydrates and proteins can be oxidized for heat, they are not the primary nutrient associated with insulation and maintenance of body temperature.
Figure out the micronutrient from the following :-
- Protein
- Fat
- Vitamin
- Carbohydrates
Explanation: Answer reason: Among the listed options, vitamins fit the definition of micronutrients because they are required for metabolic regulation, enzyme function, and physiologic maintenance rather than being major energy sources. Protein, fat, and carbohydrates are macronutrients because they contribute substantially to caloric intake and structural needs. A common distractor is protein, but it is consumed in gram quantities daily and is not classified as a micronutrient.
Stunting is Represented by ?
- Weight for Height
- Weight for Age
- Height for Age
- None Of above
Explanation: Answer reason: A low height-for-age z-score indicates long-term deficits in nutrition and/or recurrent illness affecting growth. Weight-for-height primarily captures wasting (acute malnutrition), while weight-for-age is a composite that cannot distinguish acute from chronic effects. Therefore the best single indicator for stunting is height-for-age.
Which of the following vitamins is soluble in water?
- Vitamin A
- Vitamin C
- Vitamin K
- Vitamin D
Explanation: Answer reason: This option fits that classification directly. In contrast, vitamins A, D, and K are fat-soluble and are stored in liver/adipose tissue, increasing the risk of toxicity with excessive supplementation. Knowing solubility helps predict deficiency risk, toxicity risk, and absorption issues (e.g., with fat malabsorption).
Deficiency of ____ causes wernicke's encephalopathy :-
- Niacin
- B12
- Phosphorus
- Thiamine
Explanation: Answer reason: Low B1 impairs carbohydrate metabolism and cerebral energy production, leading to the classic triad of confusion, ataxia, and ophthalmoplegia/nystagmus. Repletion with thiamine should be given promptly, and in at-risk patients it is given before glucose to avoid precipitating/worsening neurologic injury. Niacin deficiency causes pellagra, and vitamin B12 deficiency causes megaloblastic anemia with neuropathy, not Wernicke encephalopathy.
Which Vitamin more required for Bones.?
- Vit A
- Vit B
- Vit C
- Vit D
Explanation: Answer reason: When vitamin D is deficient, calcium absorption falls, leading to defective mineralization (rickets in children, osteomalacia in adults) and contributing to osteoporosis risk. This makes it the most directly required vitamin for maintaining strong bones compared with the other options. A common distractor is vitamin C, which supports collagen formation, but without adequate mineral absorption and deposition, bone strength is still compromised. Therefore the best answer is the vitamin that supports calcium/phosphate balance and mineralization.
The principal feature of Kwashiorkor is?
- Visible muscle wasting
- Severe fat wasting
- Usually good appetite
- Oedema in lower legs and face
Explanation: Answer reason: This edema is the classic distinguishing clinical feature and can mask loss of body mass. In contrast, prominent visible muscle and fat wasting without edema is more typical of marasmus. Facial puffiness and swelling of the lower limbs therefore best capture the principal feature being tested.
Proteins are required for?
- Weight reduction
- Absorption of calcium
- Maintenance of body tissue
- Synthesis of steroid hormones
Explanation: Answer reason: Adequate intake supports tissue maintenance and prevents catabolism and impaired wound healing seen in protein deficiency. Calcium absorption is primarily dependent on vitamin D and intestinal factors rather than dietary protein as a core requirement. Steroid hormones are synthesized from cholesterol (lipids), not from protein.
Oedema is a sign in which of the following nutritional disorder ?
- Kwashiorkor
- Marasmus
- Nutritional disorder
- Underweight
Explanation: Answer reason: Kwashiorkor is protein-deficiency predominant malnutrition, so low serum proteins commonly produce generalized edema (often with a distended abdomen and fatty liver). In contrast, marasmus is mainly calorie deficiency with marked wasting and typically no edema because serum albumin is relatively preserved. The other options are nonspecific descriptors and do not identify the classic edema-producing protein malnutrition syndrome.
In adequate intake of the food during pregnancy May cause.?
- Premature birth
- Low birth weight baby
- IUGR
- All of the above
Explanation: Answer reason: This can impair fetal growth leading to intrauterine growth restriction, which commonly manifests as low birth weight. Poor maternal nutritional status is also associated with increased risk of preterm labor and premature birth through stress, infection susceptibility, and placental dysfunction pathways. Because each listed outcome is a recognized complication of inadequate maternal intake, the most complete choice is the combined option.
What is the BMI for a male weighing 198 lbs and is 5'11" tall?
- BMI 27.6
- BMI 29
- BMI 30
- BMI 25
Explanation: Answer reason: BMI 27.6 BMI is calculated as weight (kg) divided by height (m) squared, which standardizes body size for screening weight status. Converting 198 lb to kilograms gives about 89.8 kg, and converting 5'11" to meters gives about 1.80 m; squaring height gives about 3.24. Dividing 89.8 by 3.24 yields approximately 27.7, which matches the closest option provided. The other choices are too high or too low relative to the calculated value and would imply a meaningfully different weight category.
Which one of the following is a water soluble vitamin?
- Vitamin A
- Vitamin D
- Vitamin C
Explanation: Answer reason: This makes them more likely to require regular dietary intake and less likely to accumulate to toxic levels compared with fat-soluble vitamins. Vitamin A and vitamin D are fat-soluble (along with E and K), so they do not fit the water-soluble category. Therefore, the only water-soluble option listed is vitamin C.
The percentage of water in whole milk is about?
- 55%
- 77%
- 66%
- 87%
Explanation: Answer reason: Typical composition is roughly 87% water and about 13% total solids, so a value in the high 80s best matches standard food composition data. Options in the 50–70% range would imply an unrealistically high solid content for milk compared with known macronutrient amounts. Therefore the best estimate among the choices is the high-80% figure.
Which of the foyis singnificant different between human and cows milk ?
- Protein & Fat
- Protein & Milk
- Protein & Lactose
- Mineral
Explanation: Answer reason: The higher lactose content in human milk supports infant energy needs and promotes beneficial gut flora, while the lower protein load reduces renal solute burden. This combined difference (protein quantity/type and lactose concentration) is a standard nutritional distinction used in infant feeding comparisons. By contrast, minerals and fat can differ too, but the most consistently emphasized major compositional differences are protein and lactose.
Deficiency The most common deficiency seen in alcoholics is?
- Thiamine
- Riboflavin
- Pyridoxine
- Pantothenic acid
Explanation: Answer reason: Low thiamine disrupts cerebral glucose metabolism and can precipitate Wernicke encephalopathy and Korsakoff syndrome, which is why thiamine is routinely replaced in alcohol use disorder, especially before giving glucose. Riboflavin and pyridoxine deficiencies can occur but are less classically emphasized as the most common/high-risk deficiency in alcoholism. The best single answer tested in standard nursing/medical exams is thiamine.
Which vitamin deficiency causes Gum bleeding?
- (A) Vitamin A
- (B) Vitamin B
- (C) Vitamin C
- (D) Vitamin D
Explanation: Answer reason: When deficient (scurvy), fragile blood vessels and impaired connective-tissue repair lead to swollen, tender gums that bleed easily. This finding is classically associated with petechiae, ecchymoses, and poor wound healing due to defective collagen. In contrast, vitamin A deficiency mainly affects vision and epithelial integrity, and vitamin D deficiency primarily causes impaired bone mineralization rather than gingival bleeding.
Following are the clinical manifestations of marasmus except?
- Edema
- Body weight is <60% of the expected
- Depletion of fat in adipose tissue
- Arm circumference is less
Explanation: Answer reason: Edema is instead characteristic of kwashiorkor due to protein deficiency leading to hypoalbuminemia and decreased plasma oncotic pressure. Therefore, the presence of edema does not fit the classic clinical picture of marasmus. The other options all describe features of chronic energy deprivation and wasting consistent with marasmus.
Scurvy is caused due to deficiency of...?
- Iron
- Calcium
- Vitamin A
- Vitamin C
Explanation: Answer reason: Impaired collagen leads to fragile capillaries and defective connective tissue, producing bleeding gums, petechiae, poor wound healing, and tooth loss. This directly matches the classic presentation suggested by the stem and image. Iron deficiency more typically causes microcytic anemia, and vitamin A deficiency is associated with night blindness and xerophthalmia rather than hemorrhagic gingival changes.
Based on your knowledge, which one would you recommend to be introduced first?
- Fruits
- Eggs
- Vegetables
- Meat
Explanation: Answer reason: Vegetables are typically recommended early because they are nutrient-dense and less sweet, helping reduce preference for sweeter foods that can occur if fruits are introduced first. They generally pose lower allergenic risk than eggs, which are a more common food allergen and are often introduced with more deliberate monitoring. Meat can be appropriate early for iron and zinc needs, but as a broad “first introduction” choice, vegetables are commonly prioritized for variety and taste shaping alongside low allergen risk.
A nurse is caring for a client with ariboflavinosis. Which of the following foods should the nurse serve this client?
- Citrus fruits
- Milk
- Fish
- Potatoes
Explanation: Answer reason: Dairy products are among the richest common sources of riboflavin, making this choice most directly therapeutic. Citrus fruits are more strongly associated with vitamin C, and potatoes are more associated with vitamin C and potassium rather than B2. While fish can contain riboflavin, milk is a classic, high-yield food recommendation for correcting B2 deficiency.
Which food prevents night blindness?
- Citrus fruits
- Carrot
- Milk
- Rice
Explanation: Answer reason: Carrots are rich in beta-carotene, a provitamin A carotenoid that the body converts to retinol to support normal phototransduction. Citrus fruits mainly provide vitamin C, which does not correct the specific visual cycle defect. Rice is largely carbohydrate with minimal vitamin A activity, and milk may contain some vitamin A but is not as directly associated with preventing deficiency as beta-carotene–rich vegetables.
Kwashiorkor is caused by deficiency of?
- Fat
- Vitamin
- Protein
- Minerals
Explanation: Answer reason: Low protein reduces hepatic synthesis of albumin and other plasma proteins, lowering oncotic pressure and causing edema—one of the hallmark findings. It also contributes to fatty liver, impaired immunity, and poor wound healing. In contrast, isolated fat, vitamin, or mineral deficiencies produce specific deficiency syndromes but do not classically cause generalized edema with the kwashiorkor phenotype.
Which nutrient provides the highest energy per gram?
- Protein
- Fat
- Carbohydrate
- Vitamins
Explanation: Answer reason: Lipids yield about 9 kcal/g, which is more than double the energy provided by protein and carbohydrates (about 4 kcal/g each). Vitamins do not provide usable calories and therefore do not contribute to energy per gram. This makes the lipid option the most accurate choice for highest energy density.
Which vitamin enhances iron absorption?
- Vitamin A
- Vitamin B12
- Vitamin C
- Vitamin D
Explanation: Answer reason: This effect is most clinically relevant for plant-based iron sources, where absorption is otherwise limited. Taking iron with vitamin C–rich foods (e.g., citrus) can meaningfully improve bioavailability. In contrast, vitamin B12 is involved in erythropoiesis and neurologic function but does not directly enhance intestinal iron absorption.
Vitamin B12 is also known as-?
- Thiamine
- Iron
- Biotin
- Cyanocobalamine
Explanation: Answer reason: Vitamin B12 refers to cobalamin compounds, and the commonly referenced form in supplements and many exam contexts is cyanocobalamin. Thiamine corresponds to vitamin B1 and biotin corresponds to vitamin B7, so they do not match. Iron is a mineral rather than a vitamin, making it an incorrect classification for B12.
Weakening of teeth is caused due to the deficiency of?
- Fat
- Calcium
- Carbohydrate
- Iron
Explanation: Answer reason: When calcium intake is insufficient, mineral density and structural integrity of teeth can decline, increasing susceptibility to demineralization and weakening. Iron deficiency typically causes anemia-related symptoms rather than direct loss of tooth hardness. Fat or carbohydrate deficiency does not specifically impair tooth mineral content in the same direct way as calcium deficiency.
Which vitamin prevents neural tube defects?
- Vitamin A
- Vitamin C
- Folic acid (Vitamin B9)
- Vitamin D
Explanation: Answer reason: Periconceptional folic acid supplementation significantly reduces the incidence of neural tube defects such as spina bifida and anencephaly. Deficiency is a well-established, modifiable risk factor; this is why folic acid is recommended before conception and during early pregnancy. Vitamins A, C, and D have important roles in vision/epithelial integrity, collagen/antioxidant function, and bone/calcium metabolism respectively, but they do not prevent neural tube defects.
Protein-energy malnutrition includes:
- Rickets and scurvy
- Kwashiorkor and marasmus
- Goiter and anemia
- Night blindness and xerophthalmia
Explanation: Answer reason: Kwashiorkor is primarily protein deficiency with edema, fatty liver, and hypoalbuminemia, while marasmus is severe calorie deficiency causing marked wasting and loss of subcutaneous fat. These two entities are the classic forms of PEM used in nutrition and public health classification. The other options describe micronutrient deficiencies (vitamin C/D, iodine/iron, vitamin A) rather than deficits of protein and energy.
Physiological anorexia is a phenomenon of toddlerhood that occurs because of?
- Decreased appetite and decreased nutritional need
- Decreased appetite and increased nutritional need
- Increased appetite and lack of food preferences
- Increased appetite and strong food preferences
Explanation: Answer reason: With a lower metabolic and growth demand, hunger cues diminish and intake becomes more variable, often worrying caregivers despite being developmentally typical. This pattern is not due to increased nutritional needs; that would generally be associated with increased intake demands rather than reduced appetite. Food preferences and picky eating can coexist in toddlerhood, but the defining physiologic basis is reduced appetite aligned with reduced nutritional requirement.
A nurse is caring for a client who has a large surgical wound healing by secondary intention. The nurse should recommend a diet high in protein and which of the following nutrients?
- Vitamin C
- Niacin
- Iron
- Potassium
Explanation: Answer reason: Vitamin C is an essential cofactor for hydroxylation of proline and lysine, which stabilizes collagen and strengthens granulation tissue, so deficiency delays healing and increases wound fragility. A high-protein diet supplies amino acids for tissue repair, and pairing it with vitamin C directly supports the key biochemical step in collagen formation. Iron is important for oxygen transport and some enzymatic processes, but it is not as directly tied to collagen maturation as vitamin C in typical wound-healing questions. Potassium and niacin do not specifically target the collagen-dependent phases of tissue repair.
A nurse is reinforcing teaching about dietary measures with a client who is at risk for developing osteoporosis. Which of the following food choices should the nurse recommend to increase the client's calcium level?
- Two medium carrots
- One cup cooked spinach
- One cup boiled cabbage
- One baked potato
Explanation: Answer reason: Among the listed choices, cooked spinach contains substantially more calcium than carrots, cabbage, or a baked potato. While spinach also contains oxalates that can reduce calcium bioavailability, it still provides more calcium than the other options provided in this question. Therefore, it is the best selection to increase dietary calcium from the given list.
A nurse is talking with a client who is postmenopausal about reducing her risk for osteoporosis. Which of the following recommendations for daily calcium intake should the nurse reinforce with the client?
- 500 mg/day
- 600 mg/day
- 1,000 mg/day
- 1,500 mg/day
Explanation: Answer reason: A daily intake around 1,500 mg is a commonly taught target in many nursing exam resources for postmenopausal osteoporosis prevention, often alongside adequate vitamin D and weight-bearing exercise. Lower intakes such as 500–600 mg are generally insufficient to meet increased needs and typical dietary gaps. While some guidelines use slightly different cutoffs (e.g., 1,200 mg), among the provided choices this value best matches the recommended higher intake for this population.
A nurse is providing an educational class to a group of older adults at a community center. In an effort to prevent osteoporosis, should the nurse encourage patient to consume diets high in?
- Calcitonin
- Ergocalciferol
- Vitamin B 12
- Potassium
Explanation: Answer reason: Dietary intake and/or supplementation helps maintain serum vitamin D levels when sun exposure and skin synthesis decline with aging. The other options do not address bone mineralization: calcitonin is a hormone/medication that reduces bone resorption rather than a typical dietary nutrient, vitamin B12 relates more to hematologic/neurologic function, and potassium is not a primary osteoporosis-prevention nutrient. Preventive teaching commonly emphasizes adequate vitamin D alongside calcium and weight-bearing exercise.
An additional Vitamin C is required during all of the following periods except?
- Young adulthood
- Childhood
- Pregnancy
- Infancy
Explanation: Answer reason: Infancy and childhood are growth phases, so needs per body size and for connective tissue development are relatively higher than in stable adult periods. Pregnancy increases maternal blood volume, placental and fetal tissue growth, and oxidative demands, raising recommended intake. In contrast, young adulthood is generally a maintenance phase without the same routine increased physiologic requirements, making it the best exception.
Which vitamin is directly related to blood clotting and is found in green leafy vegetables?
- Vitamin A
- Vitamin B
- Vitamin E
- Vitamin K
Explanation: Answer reason: Green leafy vegetables are major dietary sources of this fat-soluble vitamin, so the stem’s food clue points strongly to it. Deficiency classically presents with easy bruising, mucosal bleeding, and prolonged PT/INR due to impaired synthesis of these factors. Vitamin E can increase bleeding risk by antagonizing vitamin K activity, but it is not the vitamin that directly supports clotting. Vitamins A and the B-complex are not primary cofactors in the coagulation cascade.
PROTECTIVE FOOD IS .....?
- Fat
- Carbohydrates
- Protein
- Vitamin
Explanation: Answer reason: Vitamins (often grouped with minerals) act as coenzymes and regulators in metabolism, antioxidant defense, and tissue maintenance, so they are classically labeled “protective” in nutrition classification. Carbohydrates and fats are mainly energy-giving foods, while proteins are primarily body-building foods for growth and repair. Therefore, vitamins best fit the definition of protective foods among the listed options.
WATER CONTENTS INTO BREAST MILK
- 99%
- 50%
- 95%
- 88%
Explanation: Answer reason: Standard nutrition teaching places breast milk at roughly the high-80% water range, making this option the best match among the choices. Values like 95% or 99% would underestimate the contribution of macronutrients and other solids and are not consistent with typical composition data. Therefore, the 88% estimate is the most accurate of the provided options.
In adult deficiency of vit-D may cause-?
- Night blindness
- Rickets
- Osteomalacia
- Scurvy
Explanation: Answer reason: In adults, deficiency leads to defective mineralization of osteoid, producing bone pain, fractures, and proximal muscle weakness—this clinical entity is osteomalacia. Rickets is the analogous disorder in children where growth plates are affected, not adults. Night blindness is classically due to vitamin A deficiency, and scurvy is due to vitamin C deficiency affecting collagen synthesis.
Which of the vitamins can be stored in the body?
- Vit C
- Biotin
- B1 Thiamin
- Vit D
Explanation: Answer reason: Vitamin D is fat-soluble, so it can accumulate in body stores and may persist for weeks to months. In contrast, vitamin C, biotin (B7), and thiamine (B1) are water-soluble and are generally excreted in urine when intake exceeds immediate needs. This storage property also explains why excess fat-soluble vitamin intake carries a higher toxicity risk than excess water-soluble vitamin intake.
Earliest feature of Vitamin A deficiency is?
- A Dryness of conjunctiva
- Nyctalopia
- Keratomalacia
- Hyphema
Explanation: Answer reason: This produces night blindness as the earliest clinical manifestation. Conjunctival xerosis and Bitot spots occur later as epithelial differentiation and mucin production become compromised. Keratomalacia is a severe, late complication due to progressive corneal xerosis and ulceration, and hyphema is unrelated to vitamin A deficiency.
A 28-year-old male has undergone surgery where would debriment was performed and wound was not healing which one of the following vitamindeficiency is related with delayed would healing?
- Vitamin C
- Vitamin B2
- Vitamin A
- Vitamin D
Explanation: Answer reason: Deficiency leads to impaired granulation tissue formation, fragile capillaries, and poor scar formation, which clinically presents as delayed wound healing and wound dehiscence risk. After debridement, effective healing depends on rapid collagen deposition and angiogenesis, both of which are compromised when vitamin C is low. While vitamin A supports epithelialization and immune function, it is not as directly tied to collagen cross-linking failure as vitamin C. Vitamin D and B2 deficiencies are not classic primary causes of delayed surgical wound healing in this context.
Following are fat soluble vitamins except?
- Vitamin A
- Vitamin C
- Vitamin D
- Vitamin E
Explanation: Answer reason: The listed options include three fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, and E) and one water-soluble vitamin. Water-soluble vitamins (B-complex and C) circulate freely and are not significantly stored, so they require more regular intake and are less likely to accumulate to toxic levels. Therefore, the exception among the choices is the water-soluble vitamin.
Obesity is checked by...?
- X-Ray
- USG
- MRI
- BMI
Explanation: Answer reason: BMI provides a standardized, population-level proxy for excess adiposity and is used to define obesity (commonly BMI ≥ 30 kg/m² in adults). Imaging modalities like X-ray, ultrasound, or MRI are not routine tools to “check” obesity; they may assess fat distribution or complications but are not the standard diagnostic measure. Therefore, the most appropriate answer is the anthropometric index used in clinical practice for obesity assessment.
Which of the following foods should be avoided by a patient with celiac disease?
- Barley
- Corn
- Millet
- Rice
Explanation: Answer reason: Ingesting these grains leads to small-intestinal mucosal injury and malabsorption, so strict gluten avoidance is required. Corn, millet, and rice are naturally gluten-free grains and are commonly used as substitutes in a gluten-free diet. A common pitfall is confusing “all grains” with gluten-containing grains; only specific cereals containing gluten must be excluded.
A nurse working at a long-term care facility is observing a new client. Which of the following signs indicates that the client may have a vitamin B2 (riboflavin) deficiency?
- Muscle Cramps
- Night Blindness
- Frequent bruising
- Mouth sores
Explanation: Answer reason: Typical manifestations include angular cheilitis, stomatitis, and glossitis, which clinically present as painful mouth lesions/sores. Night blindness is more consistent with vitamin A deficiency, and frequent bruising points more toward vitamin C or vitamin K deficiency rather than B2. Muscle cramps are nonspecific and more often associated with electrolyte abnormalities (e.g., low potassium, calcium, or magnesium) than riboflavin deficiency.
Sun light is the source of - - - - - -?
- Vitamin C
- Vitamin D
- Vitamin A
- Vitamin K
Explanation: Answer reason: This vitamin is then activated in the liver and kidney to calcitriol, which supports intestinal calcium and phosphate absorption and normal bone mineralization. Deficiency is associated with rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults, especially with limited sun exposure or malabsorption. The other listed vitamins are obtained mainly from diet (e.g., vitamin C from fruits/vegetables; vitamin A from retinoids/carotenoids; vitamin K from diet and gut flora), not synthesized from sunlight.
The milk that closely resembles human milk is?
- Goat milk
- Buffalo milk
- Cow milk
- Camel milk
Explanation: Answer reason: Camel milk is commonly taught as the closest to human milk among these options because it has a more human-like whey-to-casein balance and differs in some major allergenic proteins compared with cow and buffalo milk. Cow and buffalo milks have higher casein content and different protein fractions, making them less similar and more likely to provoke intolerance in infants. Goat milk is sometimes perceived as “closer,” but it still differs substantially (notably in folate and protein composition) and is not considered the closest match in standard nutrition comparisons.
The normal human body temperature is maintained by?
- Fiber
- Protein
- Fat
- Carbohydrates
Explanation: Answer reason: Adipose tissue under the skin provides this insulation and helps maintain core temperature, especially in cooler conditions. Macronutrients like carbohydrates and protein mainly serve as immediate energy sources and structural/repair roles rather than direct insulation. Fiber is largely indigestible and does not contribute meaningfully to heat conservation.
The disease night blindness is caused by deficiency of vitamin??
- A
- B
- C
- D
Explanation: Answer reason: When retinol is inadequate, rod phototransduction is impaired, so dark adaptation becomes poor and patients report difficulty seeing at night. Other vitamin deficiencies more commonly cause neuropathy (B vitamins) or bleeding tendency (vitamin K) rather than isolated night vision impairment. Therefore the best answer is the option corresponding to vitamin A.
An additional Vitamin C is required during all of the following periods except?
- Infancy
- Young adulthood
- Childhood
- Pregnancy
Explanation: Answer reason: Infancy and childhood are growth phases with higher demands per body size, so intake requirements are relatively increased compared with stable adult needs. Pregnancy increases maternal and fetal connective tissue formation and supports placental development, raising the recommended daily allowance. In contrast, young adulthood is typically a physiologically stable period without a routine increase in vitamin C requirement unless special conditions (e.g., smoking, illness) are present.
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