Question 1

Which part of the body is Affected in typhoid?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Typhoid fever, caused by Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi, primarily targets the small intestine, especially the ileum. The bacteria invade Peyer’s patches, leading to inflammation, ulceration, and potential complications such as gastrointestinal bleeding or perforation. While typhoid can cause systemic symptoms, the intestines are the principal site of disease.

Question 2

Jaundice is a disorder of?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Jaundice is yellow discoloration of skin and sclera due to elevated bilirubin. Bilirubin is conjugated and excreted by the liver, so hepatic dysfunction or cholestasis commonly leads to jaundice. While hemolysis can increase bilirubin load, the disorder reflects impaired hepatic/biliary metabolism and excretion.

Question 3

What is the average length of an adult's stomach?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The adult stomach typically measures about 25–30 cm in length, which corresponds to roughly 10–12 inches. While its volume can vary considerably with distension (about 1–1.5 L at rest), the organ’s average length remains about a foot. Among the given choices, 12 inches best represents the normal anatomic length.

Question 4

Oral Rehydration Therapy is recommended for?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Oral rehydration therapy (ORT) is first-line management for acute watery diarrhea causing dehydration, classically seen in cholera. The glucose–sodium cotransport in ORS promotes effective water and electrolyte absorption, reducing mortality and need for IV fluids. Tuberculosis, typhoid, and tetanus require antimicrobial and specific supportive treatments; ORT is not the primary therapy for these conditions.

Question 5

Which acid found in human stomach?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The stomach secretes hydrochloric acid (HCl) from parietal cells. HCl creates a highly acidic environment that denatures proteins and activates pepsinogen to pepsin, aiding digestion and killing ingested pathogens. Nitric acid and sulfuric acid are not produced by the body, and citric acid is a dietary organic acid from fruits, not a gastric secretion.

Question 6

Which enzyme breaks down starch into maltose?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Amylase, produced by salivary glands and the pancreas, hydrolyzes alpha-1,4 glycosidic bonds in starch to yield maltose and dextrins. Lipase digests fats, not carbohydrates. Proteases break down proteins. Sucrase splits sucrose into glucose and fructose, not starch.

Question 7

Constipation is a disorder of?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Constipation involves slowed transit and excessive water absorption in the colon, leading to hard, infrequent stools. The large intestine is responsible for stool formation and dehydration; decreased colonic motility produces dry stools that are difficult to pass. While the rectum stores feces, the primary dysfunction originates in the colon. Therefore, it is a disorder of the large intestine.

Question 8

The most affected organ in Typhoid fever is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Typhoid fever caused by Salmonella typhi primarily targets the gastrointestinal tract. The bacteria invade the intestinal mucosa, proliferating in Peyer’s patches of the terminal ileum, which can lead to necrosis, ulceration, bleeding, and perforation. While systemic involvement occurs, the small intestine is the principal site of pathology and complications.

Question 9

The main site of digestion is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The small intestine is the primary site of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption. Pancreatic enzymes and bile enter the duodenum to digest carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, and brush-border enzymes complete the process. The stomach mainly initiates protein digestion and the mouth starts carbohydrate digestion, while the large intestine is chiefly for water and electrolyte absorption with minimal digestion.

Question 10

The absorption of vitamin B12 in the gastrointestinal tract requires a glycoprotein known as?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamin B12 absorption depends on intrinsic factor, a glycoprotein secreted by gastric parietal cells. Intrinsic factor binds B12, allowing its receptor-mediated uptake in the terminal ileum. Amylase and pepsin are digestive enzymes for carbohydrates and proteins, respectively. Bile salts facilitate fat absorption, not B12 uptake.

Question 11

What is the function of saliva in digestion?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Saliva contains salivary amylase (ptyalin), which initiates chemical digestion by hydrolyzing starch into maltose and dextrins in the mouth. It does not significantly digest proteins or fiber. Lingual lipase has minimal activity in the mouth and primarily acts in the stomach, so fats are not a primary target of saliva. Therefore, saliva’s key digestive action is on starch.

Question 12

Which enzyme digests proteins in the stomach?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Pepsin is secreted by gastric chief cells as pepsinogen and activated by hydrochloric acid to pepsin in the acidic stomach. It cleaves peptide bonds, initiating protein digestion. Amylase digests carbohydrates, trypsin functions in the small intestine as a pancreatic protease, and lipase digests fats.

Question 13

What acid is found in the stomach?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Parietal cells of the stomach secrete hydrochloric acid, creating a highly acidic environment (pH ~1–3). This acidity activates pepsinogen to pepsin and helps denature proteins and kill ingested pathogens. Sulfuric, nitric, and acetic acids are not physiologically secreted by the stomach.

Question 14

Appendix is a part of?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The vermiform appendix is a narrow, blind-ended tube that arises from the cecum, the first portion of the large intestine, near the ileocecal junction. Therefore, anatomically it is part of the large intestine. It is not part of the liver, small intestine, or stomach.

Question 15

What is the last and longest portion of the small intestine?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The small intestine is divided into the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum in that order. The ileum is the terminal segment that connects to the large intestine at the ileocecal valve. It is also the longest portion of the small intestine, comprising roughly three-fifths of its length beyond the duodenum.

Question 16

Bilirubin increases when?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Bilirubin rises in prehepatic hemolysis due to excess unconjugated bilirubin production. Hepatocellular injury impairs uptake, conjugation, and secretion, increasing serum bilirubin. Posthepatic biliary obstruction blocks excretion of conjugated bilirubin, also elevating levels. Thus all listed conditions cause hyperbilirubinemia.

Question 17

Saliva has the enzyme...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Saliva contains salivary amylase, also known as ptyalin, which begins carbohydrate digestion by hydrolyzing starch into maltose at a near-neutral pH. Pepsin is a proteolytic enzyme secreted by the stomach, not in saliva. Lipase is primarily pancreatic, and gastrin is a gastric hormone rather than an enzyme. Therefore, the salivary enzyme is ptyalin.

Question 18

What is the role of the small intestine in digestion?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The small intestine is the principal site for nutrient absorption due to its large surface area with villi and microvilli. While some enzymatic digestion continues there, its key role is transferring digested carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals into the bloodstream. Bile is stored in the gallbladder, and blood filtration is performed by the liver and kidneys.

Question 19

Which is secreted by the liver?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The liver produces and secretes bile, which flows through the hepatic ducts and is stored in the gallbladder. Bile contains bile salts, bilirubin, and cholesterol and is essential for emulsifying fats and aiding their absorption in the intestine. Glucose is regulated by the liver via glycogen storage and gluconeogenesis but is not secreted as an exocrine product. Iodine is a dietary mineral used by the thyroid, and cortisol is secreted by the adrenal cortex.

Question 20

The major complication of diarrhoea is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Diarrhea causes excessive losses of water and electrolytes from the gastrointestinal tract, leading to dehydration and possible hypovolemia. This is the primary cause of morbidity and mortality, especially in infants and older adults. Fever, cough, and headache may occur with some illnesses but are not direct or major complications of diarrhea.

Question 21

Which of the following cells secrete pepsin?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Gastric chief cells secrete pepsinogen, the inactive precursor that is converted to pepsin in the acidic environment of the stomach. Parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor, not pepsin. Mucous cells produce mucus and bicarbonate to protect the gastric mucosa. Therefore, chief cells are responsible for pepsin production via pepsinogen release.

Question 22

Main cause of death in severe diarrhoea is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Severe diarrhoea leads to large losses of water and electrolytes, causing hypovolemia. Without prompt rehydration this can progress to circulatory collapse, acute kidney injury, and death. Vomiting and weakness are symptoms but not the primary lethal mechanism. Therefore dehydration is the main cause of mortality in severe diarrhoea.

Question 23

What is the main role of the large intestine?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The large intestine primarily absorbs water and electrolytes from indigestible chyme, consolidating it into feces. Most nutrient absorption occurs in the small intestine, not the colon. Protein digestion and fat breakdown also occur mainly in the stomach and small intestine via enzymes and bile, respectively.

Question 24

The digestive wastes are solidified into which part of large intestine?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Water and electrolytes are absorbed throughout the colon, converting liquid chyme into semisolid feces. The cecum primarily receives chyme from the ileum and begins fermentation but is not the main site of solidification. The rectum mainly stores formed feces prior to defecation. While the transverse colon contributes, solidification is a function of the entire colon.

Question 25

Anxiety and eating spicy food together in an otherwise normal human, may lead to?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Anxiety alters autonomic balance and increases colonic motility and secretion, which commonly produces loose stools. Spicy foods (capsaicin) can irritate the gastrointestinal mucosa and further accelerate transit. Together, these effects most likely result in acute diarrhoea. Jaundice is unrelated, and while indigestion or vomiting can occur, diarrhoea is the characteristic outcome of heightened motility.

Question 26

The rectum is part of?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The rectum is the terminal portion of the large intestine, continuous with the sigmoid colon and leading to the anal canal. It serves primarily as a reservoir for feces before defecation. It is not part of the stomach, small intestine, or pancreas.

Question 27

Optimum pH of saliva action is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The primary digestive activity of saliva is due to salivary amylase (ptyalin). This enzyme has an optimum activity in a slightly acidic to neutral environment, around pH 6.7–7.0. Activity declines in more acidic or alkaline conditions and is inactivated in the acidic stomach. Therefore, 6.8 best represents the optimum pH.

Question 28

Which type of large animals has filter feeding?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Many large whales (baleen whales) are classic filter feeders, straining plankton and small fish from seawater using baleen plates. Lions are predators that hunt large prey, not filter feeders. Seahorses use suction feeding on small crustaceans. Hydra are small cnidarians that capture prey with tentacles rather than filtering water.

Question 29

Villi are found on the inner surface of?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Villi are fingerlike projections of the mucosa that line the small intestine. They greatly increase surface area and, with the brush border of microvilli, facilitate nutrient digestion and absorption. The pharynx and esophagus are primarily conduits without villi, and the stomach has rugae and gastric pits rather than villi.

Question 30

Hydrochloric acid is secreted in?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hydrochloric acid is produced by parietal (oxyntic) cells in the gastric glands of the stomach. The acid creates a low pH that denatures proteins and activates pepsinogen to pepsin for protein digestion. The small intestine, liver, and mouth do not secrete hydrochloric acid.

Question 31

Which enzyme is responsible for breaking down proteins in the stomach?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Pepsin is the primary protease active in the acidic environment of the stomach, where it begins protein digestion. It is secreted by chief cells as pepsinogen and activated by gastric acid. Amylase digests carbohydrates, lipase digests fats, and trypsin is a pancreatic enzyme active in the small intestine, not the stomach.

Question 32

Where is the appendix located?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The vermiform appendix is a blind tube attached to the cecum, which is the first part of the large intestine near the ileocecal junction in the right lower quadrant. It is not part of the stomach. While it is close to the terminal ileum, it is anatomically a structure of the large intestine.

Question 33

Gastrointestinal GIT tract consist of?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The wall of the gastrointestinal tract is classically composed of four concentric layers: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and an outer serosa (or adventitia where not peritonealized). These layers extend throughout the tract from esophagus to rectum with regional specializations. Therefore, the correct count is four.

Question 34

The pH level of normal stomach acid is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Gastric parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid, producing a highly acidic environment with a typical fasting pH around 1–2. This acidity activates pepsinogen to pepsin and provides antimicrobial protection. Neutral (6–7) and alkaline (9–10) values are inconsistent with gastric physiology, and 2–3 is less acidic than the usual baseline. Therefore, 1–2 is the best choice.

Question 35

Inflammation of gall bladder?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Inflammation of the gallbladder is termed cholecystitis (cholecyst- = gallbladder, -itis = inflammation). Hepatitis refers to liver inflammation, pancreatitis to inflammation of the pancreas, and gastritis to inflammation of the stomach lining. Therefore, the correct term specific to the gallbladder is cholecystitis.

Question 36

Bile acid is secreted by?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Bile acids are synthesized by hepatocytes in the liver from cholesterol and secreted into bile canaliculi. They are stored and concentrated in the gallbladder and released into the duodenum to emulsify dietary fats. Kidneys, pancreas, and intestines do not produce bile acids.

Question 37

Which part of the stomach connects to the duodenum?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The pylorus is the distal region of the stomach that empties into the duodenum through the pyloric canal and sphincter, regulating gastric emptying. The fundus is the dome-shaped superior portion, the cardia is where the esophagus enters the stomach, and the body is the central portion. Therefore, only the pylorus connects directly to the duodenum.

Question 38

Which organ is called the "Detoxifying organ"?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The liver is the primary detoxifying organ, performing biotransformation of endogenous and exogenous substances. Through phase I (cytochrome P450) and phase II conjugation reactions, it converts toxins and drugs into more water‑soluble forms for excretion via bile or urine. It also converts ammonia to urea, reducing neurotoxic waste. Kidneys primarily excrete metabolites but do not carry out most metabolic detoxification.

Question 39

What is heartburn?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Heartburn is the classic symptom of gastroesophageal reflux, in which acidic gastric contents move backward into the esophagus. Acid exposure irritates the esophageal mucosa and causes a burning substernal sensation. It does not involve the heart, nor is it defined by regurgitation into the mouth or dental disease. Therefore, reflux of stomach contents into the esophagus is the best answer.

Question 40

Which of the following is the last part of the small intestine?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The small intestine is divided into the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum in that order. The ileum is the terminal segment and connects to the large intestine at the ileocecal valve. The colon is part of the large intestine, not the small intestine.

Question 41

The hepatic portal vein drains blood to liver from?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The hepatic portal vein carries nutrient-rich venous blood from the intestines to the liver for metabolism and detoxification. It is formed mainly by the superior mesenteric vein (draining the intestines) and the splenic vein. Kidneys and the heart do not drain into the portal system. Although gastric veins also join the portal system, the principal source emphasized is intestinal drainage.

Question 42

Bile is stored in ________?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Bile is synthesized in the liver and then transported via the biliary ducts to the gallbladder, where it is stored and concentrated between meals. In response to cholecystokinin after a fatty meal, the gallbladder contracts to release bile into the duodenum. The pancreas produces digestive enzymes, not bile, and the spleen has hematologic functions. Therefore, the storage site is the gallbladder.

Question 43

Digestion is completed in?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Most chemical digestion is finalized in the small intestine, particularly the duodenum and jejunum. Pancreatic enzymes and bile break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, and brush-border enzymes complete the final steps to absorbable molecules. The stomach initiates protein digestion but does not complete overall digestion, and the large intestine primarily absorbs water and electrolytes.

Question 44

Length of esophagus in adults is ...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In adults, the esophagus typically measures about 25 cm from the pharyngoesophageal junction to the gastroesophageal junction. Standard anatomic references cite a range of approximately 23–25 cm. Therefore, among the options provided, 25 cm is the best answer.

Question 45

First part of small intestine is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The small intestine is divided into three sections in order from proximal to distal: duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The duodenum is the first segment, beginning at the pylorus of the stomach. It receives bile and pancreatic secretions to initiate digestion. The colon is part of the large intestine, not the small intestine.

Question 46

Which part of human body is responsible for absorption of nutrients?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Most nutrient absorption occurs in the small intestine, whose villi and microvilli greatly increase surface area for efficient uptake of carbohydrates, amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals. The stomach primarily performs mechanical and chemical digestion with minimal absorption. The large intestine mainly absorbs water and electrolytes. The liver processes and stores absorbed nutrients but is not the primary site of absorption.

Question 47

Which of the following acids secreted internally helps in digestion?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hydrochloric acid is secreted by gastric parietal cells and lowers gastric pH, which activates pepsinogen to pepsin and denatures proteins to facilitate digestion. The acidic environment also helps kill ingested pathogens. Citric and acetic acids are dietary organic acids, not primary endogenous gastric secretions. Formalin is an aqueous solution of formaldehyde and is not a physiologic digestive acid.

Question 48

The digestion start from ___?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Digestion begins in the mouth where mastication mechanically breaks food into smaller particles, increasing surface area. Salivary amylase initiates chemical digestion of starches, and lingual lipase begins limited fat digestion. The esophagus primarily serves as a conduit, while significant protein and further chemical digestion occur later in the stomach and small intestine.

Question 49

What are the functions of the human liver?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The liver synthesizes and secretes bile, which emulsifies dietary fats for digestion. It is central to lipid metabolism, including synthesis and oxidation of fatty acids and lipoproteins. It also regulates carbohydrate metabolism through glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis to maintain blood glucose levels. Therefore, all listed functions are performed by the liver.

Question 50

Accessory pancreatic duct is called?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The accessory pancreatic duct is known as the duct of Santorini, which typically drains part of the pancreatic head into the minor duodenal papilla. The main pancreatic duct is the duct of Wirsung. The ampulla of Vater is the hepatopancreatic ampulla where the common bile duct and main pancreatic duct join. Rivinus’ ducts are associated with the sublingual salivary gland, not the pancreas.

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