Question 1

______ hormone is important for fight and flight response?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Adrenaline (epinephrine) is released from the adrenal medulla during sympathetic activation and mediates the fight-or-flight response. It increases heart rate and contractility, dilates bronchi, and mobilizes glucose via glycogenolysis to prepare the body for acute stress. Insulin regulates blood glucose, oxytocin mediates uterine contraction and bonding, and melatonin regulates sleep–wake cycles.

Question 2

What is the primary role of insulin in the body?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Insulin, secreted by pancreatic beta cells, lowers blood glucose by promoting cellular uptake of glucose and stimulating glycogen synthesis while inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis. This maintains euglycemia after meals. Red blood cell production is primarily regulated by erythropoietin, not insulin. Digestive enzymes are produced by exocrine pancreatic acinar cells, and blood pressure is chiefly controlled by systems like the RAAS and autonomic nervous system.

Question 3

Angiotensin-II increases which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor via AT1 receptors, increasing systemic vascular resistance and blood pressure. It also stimulates the adrenal cortex (zona glomerulosa) to release aldosterone, promoting sodium and water reabsorption. While it can stimulate ADH, it does not cause vasodilation; therefore the correct pairing is vasoconstriction with aldosterone secretion.

Question 4

Blood pressure is controlled by?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The adrenal glands regulate blood pressure via multiple hormones. The adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine, which alter vascular tone and cardiac output. The adrenal cortex produces aldosterone, promoting sodium and water retention through the RAAS, thereby increasing intravascular volume and blood pressure. The thyroid, thymus, and corpus luteum are not primary regulators of blood pressure.

Question 5

The master gland of the brain is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The pituitary gland is termed the master gland because it secretes tropic hormones (e.g., TSH, ACTH, LH, FSH) that regulate the activity of other endocrine glands. It lies at the base of the brain in the sella turcica and integrates with hypothalamic control. The pineal gland mainly produces melatonin; the adrenal glands sit atop the kidneys; and the thyroid is in the neck. Thus, the pituitary is the best answer.

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of hyperthyroidism?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hyperthyroidism increases basal metabolic rate and sympathetic activity, leading to weight loss, heat intolerance, tachycardia, and nervousness/anxiety. Weight gain is more characteristic of hypothyroidism due to reduced metabolism. Therefore, among the options, weight gain is not a symptom of hyperthyroidism.

Question 7

The primary female sex hormone is ____?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Estrogen, produced mainly by the ovaries, is the principal female sex steroid responsible for development of secondary sex characteristics and regulation of the menstrual cycle. Progesterone also plays key roles, but estrogen is considered the primary female sex hormone. Testosterone is primarily a male sex hormone, while thyroxine and insulin are thyroid and pancreatic hormones, respectively.

Question 8

Insulin is secreted by __?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Insulin is produced by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. It lowers blood glucose by promoting cellular uptake of glucose and inhibiting hepatic glucose production. The liver does not secrete insulin; it produces substances like bile and IGF-1. The kidneys secrete erythropoietin and renin, and the heart secretes natriuretic peptides.

Question 9

Diabetes mellitus is caused by lack of?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Diabetes mellitus results from absolute insulin deficiency (type 1) or relative deficiency due to insulin resistance with progressive beta-cell failure (type 2), leading to chronic hyperglycemia. Insulin is the pancreatic hormone that enables cellular glucose uptake and suppresses hepatic glucose production. Lack of insulin’s action causes polyuria, polydipsia, and weight loss from catabolism. Thyroxine, estrogen, and cortisol do not directly cause diabetes when deficient.

Question 10

Which hormone is responsible for uterine contraction during labor?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Oxytocin, released from the posterior pituitary, binds to myometrial receptors and increases intracellular calcium, triggering powerful rhythmic uterine contractions during labor. Estrogen upregulates oxytocin receptors but does not directly cause contractions. Progesterone maintains uterine quiescence during pregnancy. Relaxin softens the cervix and pelvic ligaments rather than stimulating contractions.

Question 11

An 18-year-old patient is seen at the healthcare center with swelling of the hands and face. The patient is diagnosed with acromegaly. The nurse knows that this condition is typically caused by?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Acromegaly results from chronic excess secretion of growth hormone, most commonly due to a GH-secreting pituitary adenoma. Elevated GH increases IGF-1, leading to soft tissue and bony overgrowth such as enlargement of hands and facial features. Cortisol excess causes Cushing syndrome, not acromegaly. Parathyroid hormone excess and chromosomal abnormalities are not typical etiologies of acromegaly.

Question 12

Signs of hypothyroidism include all of the following EXCEPT?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hypothyroidism lowers basal metabolic rate, producing fatigue, cold intolerance, dry skin, and often hair loss. Menstrual irregularities, including menorrhagia or oligomenorrhea, are common. Weight loss is characteristic of hyperthyroidism, while hypothyroidism typically leads to weight gain or difficulty losing weight. Therefore, weight loss is the exception.

Question 13

Which of the following is known as master gland?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The pituitary gland is termed the master gland because it secretes trophic hormones (e.g., TSH, ACTH, LH, FSH) that regulate the activity of other endocrine glands such as the thyroid, adrenal cortex, and gonads. It also releases growth hormone and prolactin, exerting widespread physiologic effects. While other glands are important, they are often under pituitary control via these hormones.

Question 14

Insulin is produce by...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Insulin is synthesized and secreted by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans in response to rising blood glucose. The pituitary gland releases hormones such as ACTH, GH, and TSH, not insulin. The thyroid gland produces thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and calcitonin. Therefore, the correct source of insulin is the pancreas.

Question 15

Which hormone is called pregnancy maintaining hormone?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Progesterone stabilizes the endometrium and inhibits uterine contractions, making it essential for maintaining pregnancy. Early in gestation it is produced by the corpus luteum; later the placenta becomes the primary source. Testosterone, thyroid hormones, and insulin do not serve as the primary pregnancy-maintaining hormone.

Question 16

Pregnancy Hormone is also called as ...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is known as the pregnancy hormone because it is produced by the trophoblastic tissue of the developing placenta soon after implantation. It maintains the corpus luteum to support progesterone production in early pregnancy and is the basis of most pregnancy tests. Thyroxin, testosterone, and insulin are not specific markers of pregnancy.

Question 17

Insulin is secreted by...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Insulin is produced by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. It promotes cellular glucose uptake and regulates blood glucose levels. The liver responds to insulin but does not secrete it, and neither the spleen nor gonads produce insulin.

Question 18

Oxytocin helps in ...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Oxytocin, released from the posterior pituitary, causes contraction of myoepithelial cells around mammary alveoli, producing the milk let-down reflex. It also stimulates uterine contractions during labor and postpartum involution. It does not have primary roles in digestion, blood coagulation, or vision.

Question 19

Myxedema is the deficiency of?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Myxedema refers to severe hypothyroidism caused by deficiency of thyroid hormones, predominantly thyroxine (T4). Low T4 leads to decreased metabolic rate and accumulation of mucopolysaccharides in tissues, producing nonpitting edema and other classic features. Insulin deficiency causes diabetes mellitus, adrenaline deficiency relates to adrenal disorders, and estrogen deficiency produces reproductive changes, not myxedema.

Question 20

The gland present in males for testosterone is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Testosterone is primarily produced by Leydig cells in the testes under stimulation by luteinizing hormone. The adrenal glands produce weak androgens (e.g., DHEA) but are not the main source of testosterone. The pituitary regulates gonadal function via LH and FSH but does not secrete testosterone. The thyroid is unrelated to androgen production.

Question 21

Which hormone is responsible for milk ejection reflex?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The milk ejection (let-down) reflex is triggered by oxytocin released from the posterior pituitary in response to nipple stimulation. Oxytocin causes contraction of myoepithelial cells surrounding the alveoli, pushing milk into the ducts. Prolactin from the anterior pituitary promotes milk production, not ejection, while estrogen and progesterone modulate breast development and inhibit lactation during pregnancy.

Question 22

Which hormone stimulates milk production in the breast?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Prolactin from the anterior pituitary stimulates milk synthesis in the mammary alveolar cells. Oxytocin promotes milk ejection (let-down) rather than production. High estrogen levels promote breast growth but inhibit milk synthesis during pregnancy. LH primarily regulates ovulation and corpus luteum function, not lactation.

Question 23

Hormone stimulating erythropoiesis is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Erythropoietin, produced primarily by the kidneys in response to hypoxia, is the key hormone that stimulates erythroid progenitor cells in the bone marrow to increase red blood cell production. Insulin, thyroxine, and cortisol influence metabolism and stress responses but do not directly drive erythropoiesis. Therefore, erythropoietin is the specific physiologic regulator of RBC formation.

Question 24

Study of hormones is called?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Endocrinology is the branch that studies hormones, the endocrine glands that secrete them, and related disorders. Pathology focuses on disease processes in general, cardiology on the heart, and neurology on the nervous system. Therefore, the specific field dealing with hormones is endocrinology.

Question 25

Which hormone regulates the amount of sugar in the blood?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Insulin, secreted by pancreatic beta cells, lowers blood glucose by promoting cellular glucose uptake and stimulating glycogen synthesis while inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis. Thyroxine regulates basal metabolic rate, not acute blood glucose control. Adrenaline actually raises blood glucose via glycogenolysis during stress. Testosterone has no primary role in glycemic regulation.

Question 26

Oxytocin is secreted by?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Oxytocin is synthesized in the hypothalamic paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei and transported to the posterior pituitary, where it is stored and released into circulation. It stimulates uterine contractions and milk ejection. The ovary, placenta, and adrenal glands do not secrete oxytocin.

Question 27

Which hormone is only released during pregnancy ...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: HCG is produced by trophoblastic (placental) tissue and is a hallmark hormone of pregnancy. Human placental lactogen (hPL) is produced by the placenta and is essentially pregnancy-specific, supporting maternal metabolic adaptations for fetal nutrition. Relaxin rises markedly in pregnancy and is produced primarily by the corpus luteum early and the placenta later, facilitating cervical softening and pelvic ligament relaxation; therefore, the best choice among the options is that all listed are released in pregnancy.

Question 28

All of the following diseases can be affected by lifestyle behaviour except?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and many cancers are strongly influenced by lifestyle behaviors such as diet, physical activity, smoking, alcohol use, and weight management. In contrast, type 1 diabetes is primarily an autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells leading to absolute insulin deficiency, and it is not caused by lifestyle factors. Healthy lifestyle choices are still important for overall health and complication prevention in type 1 diabetes, but they do not determine disease onset in the way they do for the other conditions. Therefore, type 1 diabetes is the exception.

Question 29

The hormone Insulin is a ...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Insulin is a peptide (protein) hormone synthesized as preproinsulin in pancreatic beta cells and processed to proinsulin and then insulin. As a peptide hormone, it is water-soluble and acts via cell-surface receptors (a receptor tyrosine kinase), triggering intracellular signaling cascades. It is not lipid-derived like sterols or fatty acids, nor is it a glycolipid.

Question 30

Which hormone is first detected in urine or blood to confirm pregnancy?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is produced by trophoblastic cells shortly after implantation and rises rapidly in early pregnancy. Standard urine and serum pregnancy tests detect hCG, making it the earliest routinely detectable hormone used to confirm pregnancy. Estrogen and progesterone also rise in pregnancy but are not the primary early diagnostic markers. Relaxin is produced later and is not used for initial confirmation.

Question 31

Pregnancy is confirmed by detecting ...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Pregnancy tests confirm pregnancy by detecting human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), a hormone produced by trophoblastic cells after implantation. Urine pregnancy tests are designed to identify hCG at levels that rise rapidly in early gestation. Blood in urine, calcium in urine, or fats in urine are not specific biomarkers used to confirm pregnancy. Therefore, detecting hCG in urine is the correct confirmation method among the choices.

Question 32

The hormone FSH stands for?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: FSH is the abbreviation for follicle-stimulating hormone, a gonadotropin secreted by the anterior pituitary. In females it stimulates ovarian follicle growth and estrogen production via granulosa cells, and in males it supports spermatogenesis via Sertoli cells. The other expansions listed are not recognized hormone names or standard medical abbreviations for FSH.

Question 33

Which gland controls metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The thyroid gland primarily controls basal metabolic rate through secretion of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4), which regulate cellular energy use, heat production, and overall metabolism. While the adrenal gland influences metabolism via cortisol and catecholamines, it is not the main controller of basal metabolic rate. The pancreas mainly regulates blood glucose (insulin/glucagon), and the pituitary regulates other glands via trophic hormones rather than directly controlling metabolism.

Question 34

Which hormone maintains pregnancy?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Progesterone is the primary hormone that maintains pregnancy by stabilizing and maintaining the endometrial lining to support implantation and ongoing gestation. It also decreases uterine contractility, helping prevent premature expulsion of the embryo/fetus. Early in pregnancy progesterone is produced mainly by the corpus luteum (supported by hCG), and later predominantly by the placenta. LH and FSH regulate ovulation and follicular development, while estrogen supports uterine growth but is not the main hormone maintaining pregnancy.

Question 35

In males, FSH mainly acts on ____?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In males, FSH primarily targets Sertoli cells in the seminiferous tubules to support spermatogenesis. FSH stimulates Sertoli cells to produce androgen-binding protein and inhibin, helping maintain high intratesticular testosterone and regulate pituitary FSH secretion. By contrast, LH acts mainly on Leydig cells to stimulate testosterone production, making Leydig cells an incorrect choice here.

Question 36

The endocrine system secretes?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The endocrine system consists of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate body functions such as metabolism, growth, and reproduction. Enzymes are typically secreted by exocrine glands into ducts (e.g., digestive enzymes). Vitamins and minerals are nutrients obtained primarily from diet rather than secretions of endocrine glands.

Question 37

Vitamin D deficiency causes?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamin D is essential for intestinal calcium and phosphate absorption and for normal bone mineralization. Deficiency leads to defective mineralization of the osteoid matrix, causing rickets in children (impaired mineralization at growth plates) and osteomalacia in adults (softening of bones). The other options correspond to other vitamin deficiencies: beriberi (thiamine/B1), dry eyes (vitamin A), and mouth ulcers (often B-complex, iron, or folate deficiency).

Question 38

Which gland is also called the “Third eye” of the body?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The pineal gland is commonly referred to as the “third eye” because of its photoneuroendocrine role in regulating circadian rhythms via melatonin secretion. Its activity is influenced by light input from the retina through the suprachiasmatic nucleus, linking environmental light-dark cycles to sleep-wake patterns. The pituitary is the “master gland,” the thyroid regulates metabolic rate, and the adrenal glands primarily mediate stress responses, so they do not match the “third eye” designation.

Question 39

Insulin Is Produce By_______?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Insulin is produced by the beta cells in the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas. Its primary role is to lower blood glucose by facilitating cellular glucose uptake and promoting glycogen synthesis. The pituitary and thyroid glands secrete other hormones (e.g., ACTH, TSH, thyroid hormones) but not insulin. Therefore, the pancreas is the correct source of insulin.

Question 40

When the levels of glucose drop, alpha-cells in the pancreas secrete?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Pancreatic alpha cells respond to low blood glucose by releasing glucagon. Glucagon increases serum glucose by stimulating hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. This counter-regulatory hormone balances insulin, which is released by beta cells in response to elevated glucose. The other options are not hormones secreted by alpha cells to correct hypoglycemia.

Question 41

All of the following are pancreatic hormones, except?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin are endocrine hormones produced by pancreatic islet cells and released into the bloodstream to regulate glucose and other metabolic processes. Lipase, in contrast, is an exocrine digestive enzyme secreted by the pancreas into the duodenum to help digest fats. Because it functions as an enzyme rather than a hormone and is not primarily released into blood for signaling, lipase is the exception.

Question 42

In human body pituitary gland is situated in-?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain, seated in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone and connected to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum. It is the “master gland,” releasing hormones that regulate other endocrine glands. Therefore, among the options provided, the correct location is the brain.

Question 43

Source of progesterone in early pregnancy is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In early pregnancy, progesterone is primarily produced by the corpus luteum in the ovary, which is maintained by hCG from the developing trophoblast. This progesterone is essential to maintain the endometrium and support implantation and early gestation. The placenta becomes the dominant source of progesterone later (after the luteal-placental shift around the end of the first trimester). Adrenal and pituitary glands do not serve as the main progesterone source in early pregnancy.

Question 44

Human placental lactogen (hPL) is also known as?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Human placental lactogen (hPL) is the same hormone referred to as chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS). It is produced by the syncytiotrophoblast and has growth hormone- and prolactin-like effects, helping shift maternal metabolism (increasing insulin resistance and lipolysis) to support fetal nutrition. hCG, progesterone, and oxytocin are distinct hormones with different sources and physiologic roles in pregnancy and labor.

Question 45

The hormone responsible for milk production after delivery is _____?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Prolactin, released from the anterior pituitary, is the primary hormone that stimulates milk synthesis (lactogenesis) in the postpartum period. After delivery, the drop in estrogen and progesterone removes inhibition of prolactin’s action on the mammary glands, allowing milk production to begin. Suckling further increases prolactin secretion to maintain ongoing milk production. (Oxytocin is responsible for milk ejection/let-down, not production.)

Question 46

Insulin is secreted by?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Insulin is produced and secreted by the beta (β) cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. Its primary role is to lower blood glucose by promoting cellular glucose uptake and storage as glycogen and fat. The liver is a major target organ for insulin, but it does not secrete insulin. The kidney and thyroid are not sources of insulin secretion.

Question 47

Which hormone helps in development of female secondary sexual characters?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Estrogen is the primary hormone responsible for development of female secondary sexual characteristics such as breast development, widening of hips, and maturation of the reproductive tract. Testosterone primarily drives male secondary sex characteristics, though it is present in small amounts in females. Insulin regulates glucose metabolism, and thyroxine regulates basal metabolic rate and growth, but neither specifically drives female secondary sexual development.

Question 48

Pregnancy test is done by presence of ...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Standard urine pregnancy tests detect the presence of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), a hormone produced by the syncytiotrophoblast shortly after implantation. hCG rises rapidly in early pregnancy and is the biomarker targeted by most over-the-counter and clinical tests. hPL is mainly relevant later in pregnancy and is not used for routine pregnancy testing, while LH and FSH are pituitary gonadotropins not specific for pregnancy detection.

Question 49

Which hormone is responsible for milk let-down in lactating mothers?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Milk let-down (milk ejection reflex) is mediated by oxytocin released from the posterior pituitary in response to nipple stimulation. Oxytocin causes contraction of myoepithelial cells around the mammary alveoli and ducts, pushing milk toward the nipple. In contrast, prolactin primarily stimulates milk production rather than ejection. Estrogen and progesterone modulate breast development and, during pregnancy, tend to inhibit full lactation until postpartum levels fall.

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