Question 1

A patient with Addison's disease presents with weakness and dizziness. Which of the following findings would the nurse expect?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Addison's disease (primary adrenal insufficiency) causes low aldosterone, leading to decreased renal potassium excretion and therefore hyperkalemia. Low aldosterone also causes sodium wasting and volume depletion, contributing to dizziness and weakness from hypotension. In addition, cortisol deficiency more typically leads to hypoglycemia rather than hyperglycemia. Thus, among the options, hyperkalemia is the expected finding.
Category reason: The question tests pathophysiologic effects of adrenal hormone deficiencies (cortisol/aldosterone) and resulting electrolyte changes, which is foundational endocrine physiology/pathology rather than a nursing intervention or prioritization scenario.

Question 2

Placenta secretes all the following hormones, except..

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The placenta functions as an endocrine organ and produces hormones essential for maintaining pregnancy, including progesterone, estrogens (especially estriol), and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Luteinizing hormone (LH) is produced by the anterior pituitary, not by the placenta. While the placenta can secrete hPL and other factors, LH is not among its secreted hormones. Therefore, LH is the exception.
Category reason: This question tests knowledge of hormone production during pregnancy and which endocrine tissues secrete specific hormones, which fits the Endocrine System domain.

Question 3

What hormones are responsible for maintaining blood glucose levels?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason:  Insulin and Glucagon Insulin lowers blood glucose by promoting cellular uptake of glucose and increasing glycogen synthesis in the liver and muscle. Glucagon raises blood glucose by stimulating hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. Together, they provide the primary short-term hormonal regulation that maintains glucose homeostasis between meals and after eating.
Category reason: This question tests hormonal regulation of blood glucose, a core function of pancreatic endocrine physiology, which belongs to the Endocrine System.

Question 4

Which organ stores and releases hormones that control stress response?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason:  Adrenal glands The adrenal glands secrete key stress-response hormones, including cortisol (adrenal cortex) and epinephrine/norepinephrine (adrenal medulla), which mediate the body’s response to stress. These hormones regulate glucose availability, cardiovascular tone, and the “fight-or-flight” response. The thyroid primarily regulates metabolic rate, the pituitary regulates many endocrine axes but is not the main stress-hormone secreting organ, and the pancreas primarily regulates blood glucose via insulin and glucagon.
Category reason: This question tests knowledge of which endocrine organ produces hormones involved in the stress response (cortisol and catecholamines), which is core Endocrine System physiology.

Question 5

All of the following are hormones of the anterior pituitary except....?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason:  PARATHYROID HORMONE Growth hormone (GH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) are all secreted by the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis). Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is produced by the parathyroid glands, not the pituitary. Therefore, PTH is the exception among the listed choices.
Category reason: This item tests knowledge of endocrine gland anatomy and which hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary versus other endocrine organs, which is core Endocrine System content.

Question 6

Which hormone is responsible for triggering ovulation?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason:  Luteinizing hormone (LH) The mid-cycle LH surge triggers ovulation by causing the dominant ovarian follicle to rupture and release the oocyte. LH also initiates luteinization of the follicle, forming the corpus luteum, which then produces progesterone. FSH primarily supports follicular growth, and estrogen rises before ovulation but is not the direct trigger.
Category reason: This question tests hormonal regulation of the menstrual cycle and ovulation, which is primarily an endocrine physiology concept within the Endocrine System.

Question 7

Growth hormone is secreted by ?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason:  Anterior pituitary Growth hormone (somatotropin) is produced and secreted by somatotroph cells in the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis). The posterior pituitary primarily stores and releases hypothalamic hormones (ADH and oxytocin), not GH. Thyroid and parathyroid glands secrete thyroid hormones/calcitonin and PTH respectively, not growth hormone.
Category reason: This question tests basic endocrine physiology—specifically which gland secretes growth hormone—so it best fits the Endocrine System subject rather than a nursing care decision category.

Question 8

The hormone oxytocin is related to _?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason:  Child birth Oxytocin is produced in the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary, where it stimulates uterine smooth muscle contractions during labor. It also promotes milk ejection (let-down) during breastfeeding, another key reproductive function. The other choices are more closely linked to different hormones or systems (e.g., digestion to gastrointestinal hormones, growth to growth hormone, vision to ocular/neurologic pathways).
Category reason: This question tests the physiological role of a hormone and its primary effects on reproductive processes, which falls under the Endocrine System within foundational nursing science.

Question 9

Which hormone is known as the “satiety hormone”?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason:  Leptin Leptin is secreted primarily by adipocytes and signals the hypothalamus about energy stores, decreasing appetite and promoting satiety. In contrast, ghrelin is the “hunger hormone” that stimulates appetite. Glucagon and insulin primarily regulate blood glucose rather than serving as primary satiety signals.
Category reason: This question tests hormonal regulation of appetite/energy balance (leptin vs ghrelin), which is core Endocrine System physiology.

Question 10

Labor pain is caused by?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason:  Oxytocin Oxytocin stimulates rhythmic uterine smooth muscle contractions during labor, which produce much of the pain via uterine ischemia and cervical stretching. Prolactin primarily promotes milk production, not labor contractions. Estrogen helps prime the uterus and increases oxytocin receptor expression but is not the direct primary cause of labor pain. Cortisol is a stress hormone and is not responsible for generating uterine contractions.
Category reason: This question tests hormonal physiology of labor and the endocrine control of uterine contractions rather than a nursing intervention or prioritization decision, so it fits the Endocrine System under NursingScience.

Question 11

A nurse cares for a client who has elevated levels of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Which disorder should the nurse identify as a trigger for the release of this hormone?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: B. Dehydration ADH (vasopressin) release increases in response to increased plasma osmolality and/or decreased circulating volume to conserve water by the kidneys. Dehydration is a primary physiologic trigger for ADH secretion. Pneumonia can be associated with SIADH in some cases, but the most direct and universal trigger among the options is dehydration. Edema generally reflects fluid excess rather than a stimulus to increase ADH.
Category reason: This item tests the physiologic/endocrine regulation of ADH secretion and fluid balance, which is foundational biomedical knowledge within the Endocrine System.

Question 12

Which of the following is a common cause of obesity?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hypothyroidism Hypothyroidism lowers basal metabolic rate and can cause weight gain and difficulty losing weight due to reduced energy expenditure. Hyperthyroidism typically causes weight loss from increased metabolism. Addison's disease more often causes weight loss, anorexia, and fatigue rather than obesity. Anemia is not a typical primary cause of obesity.
Category reason: This question tests endocrine causes of weight gain/obesity, specifically thyroid hormone effects on metabolism, which belongs to the Endocrine System.

Question 13

Oxytocin is secreted by?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Pituitary gland Oxytocin is synthesized in the hypothalamus (paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei) and transported down axons to be stored and released from the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis). Therefore, in standard exam terms, it is secreted by the pituitary gland (posterior pituitary). The pancreas, liver, and kidneys do not secrete oxytocin.
Category reason: This tests endocrine hormone source and release physiology (oxytocin and posterior pituitary), which belongs to the Endocrine System within Nursing Science rather than a nursing care decision.

Question 14

Pituitary gland is located in?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Brain The pituitary gland sits at the base of the brain in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone and connects to the hypothalamus via the pituitary stalk. It is therefore an intracranial endocrine gland, not located in the neck, chest, or abdomen. Its location is key to understanding symptoms of pituitary tumors (e.g., headaches, visual field defects) due to nearby structures.
Category reason: This item tests knowledge of the anatomical location of an endocrine gland (pituitary), which is core Endocrine System content rather than nursing care decision-making.

Question 15

Which organ is called "Emergency gland"?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Adrenal The adrenal glands are called the “emergency glands” because the adrenal medulla rapidly releases catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) during acute stress, initiating the fight-or-flight response. These hormones increase heart rate, blood pressure, bronchodilation, and glucose availability to help the body respond to emergencies. The adrenal cortex also supports stress adaptation via cortisol, but the classic “emergency” label primarily reflects the medullary catecholamine surge.
Category reason: This is a foundational question about endocrine organ function and stress hormone release, which is primarily tested under the Endocrine System in Nursing Science rather than nursing interventions or care decisions.

Question 16

Who treats diabetes and hormone problems?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Endocrinologist Endocrinologists specialize in disorders of the endocrine glands and hormone regulation, including diabetes mellitus (insulin/glucose metabolism). Cardiologists focus on heart disease, pulmonologists on lung disease, and ENT specialists on ear, nose, and throat conditions. Therefore, diabetes and hormone problems are primarily managed by an endocrinologist.
Category reason: This question tests which medical specialty manages hormonal disorders such as diabetes, which is core content of the Endocrine System rather than a nursing care decision-making scenario.

Question 17

Secretion of which of the gland is not under the control of the pituitary gland?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Adrenal medulla The adrenal medulla is primarily regulated by sympathetic preganglionic neurons (autonomic nervous system) and releases catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine) in response to stress, not by pituitary tropic hormones. In contrast, the thyroid is controlled by pituitary TSH, and the testes are stimulated by pituitary LH and FSH. While the pancreas is mainly regulated by blood glucose and autonomic input rather than direct pituitary control, the most clearly non-pituitary-controlled gland among the options is the adrenal medulla.
Category reason: This question tests hormonal control pathways and which endocrine organs are regulated by pituitary tropic hormones versus neural/metabolic regulation, which is core Endocrine System physiology.

Question 18

Which organ is known as the "master gland" of the body?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Pituitary gland The pituitary gland is called the “master gland” because it secretes tropic hormones (e.g., TSH, ACTH, LH/FSH) that regulate other endocrine glands such as the thyroid, adrenal cortex, and gonads. It also releases growth hormone and prolactin and stores/releases ADH and oxytocin from the posterior pituitary. Although the hypothalamus controls the pituitary, the pituitary directly coordinates many endocrine functions throughout the body.
Category reason: This is a foundational question about endocrine anatomy/physiology and which gland regulates other endocrine organs, which belongs to the Endocrine System.

Question 19

Which gland secretes FSH and LH?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Pituitary gland Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) are gonadotropins produced by gonadotroph cells in the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis). Their release is regulated primarily by hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). The pancreas, thyroid, and adrenal glands secrete other hormones but not FSH or LH.
Category reason: This question tests knowledge of which endocrine gland produces specific hormones (FSH and LH), which is core Endocrine System physiology rather than a nursing care decision.

Question 20

Which hormone is primarily responsible for ovulation in females?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Lutenizing Hormone The mid-cycle surge of luteinizing hormone (LH) is the immediate trigger for ovulation, causing rupture of the dominant ovarian follicle and release of the oocyte. Estrogen primarily helps build up the endometrium and, at high sustained levels, contributes to the positive feedback that triggers the LH surge rather than directly causing ovulation. Progesterone mainly rises after ovulation from the corpus luteum to support the luteal phase and endometrial stability. Insulin is involved in glucose metabolism and is not the primary hormone driving ovulation.
Category reason: This question tests hormonal regulation of the menstrual cycle (LH surge and ovulation), which is core endocrine physiology rather than a nursing care/action decision.

Question 21

Q.The hormone oxytocin is related to -?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Child birth Oxytocin, released from the posterior pituitary, stimulates uterine smooth muscle contractions during labor and promotes postpartum uterine involution. It also triggers milk ejection (let-down reflex) during breastfeeding, both key reproductive functions. The other options (digestion, growth, vision) are not primary physiologic actions of oxytocin.
Category reason: This question tests the physiologic role of a hormone (oxytocin) and its effects on reproductive processes, which is core endocrine system knowledge rather than a nursing care decision.

Question 22

Which hormone is responsible for male pubery?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: B. Testosterone Testosterone is the primary androgen responsible for male pubertal development, including growth of male external genitalia, increased muscle mass, deepening of the voice, and development of secondary sexual characteristics such as facial/body hair. It is produced mainly by Leydig cells in the testes under stimulation from luteinizing hormone (LH). Estrogen and progesterone are primarily associated with female reproductive physiology, and insulin regulates glucose metabolism rather than pubertal maturation.
Category reason: This question tests knowledge of which hormone drives male pubertal changes, a core concept in endocrine regulation of reproduction and development, so it best fits the Endocrine System.

Question 23

Which gland releases cortisol, the stress hormone?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Adrenal Gland Cortisol is a glucocorticoid hormone produced and released by the adrenal cortex (primarily the zona fasciculata). During stress, ACTH from the pituitary stimulates the adrenal cortex to increase cortisol secretion as part of the HPA axis. The pituitary regulates cortisol indirectly via ACTH, while the thyroid produces T3/T4 and the pancreas produces insulin/glucagon.
Category reason: This question tests knowledge of which endocrine gland secretes a specific hormone (cortisol), which is foundational endocrine physiology rather than a nursing intervention or clinical judgment scenario.

Question 24

Which hormone regulates blood sugar by lowering glucose levels?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Pancreas The hormone that lowers blood glucose is insulin, which is produced by the beta cells in the pancreas. Insulin promotes cellular uptake of glucose and stimulates glycogen synthesis in the liver and muscle, reducing circulating glucose levels. The adrenal gland hormones (e.g., cortisol, epinephrine) typically increase blood glucose, and pituitary/thyroid hormones do not directly lower glucose as the primary regulator.
Category reason: This question tests endocrine regulation of blood glucose (insulin production and function), which falls under the Endocrine System.

Question 25

A deficiency of which hormone causes diabetes insipidus?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Diabetes insipidus is caused by inadequate ADH secretion (central DI) or reduced renal response to ADH (nephrogenic DI), leading to inability to concentrate urine. ADH normally acts on the kidney collecting ducts to increase water reabsorption via aquaporin insertion. Deficiency results in polyuria with dilute urine and compensatory polydipsia, and can cause hypernatremia if water intake is insufficient. Insulin and glucagon regulate glucose, and aldosterone primarily regulates sodium and potassium balance rather than free-water retention.
Category reason: This question tests foundational knowledge of hormone function and the physiologic basis of diabetes insipidus, which falls under the Endocrine System rather than nursing interventions or prioritization.

Question 26

Which assessment finding would the nurse expect in a client with hypothyroidism?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Bradycardia Hypothyroidism decreases metabolic rate and sympathetic activity, which commonly leads to a slower heart rate (bradycardia). In contrast, heat intolerance and weight loss are typical findings of hyperthyroidism due to increased metabolism. Exophthalmos is classically associated with Graves disease (hyperthyroidism), not hypothyroidism.
Category reason: This question tests expected manifestations of thyroid hormone deficiency, a core concept of endocrine physiology/pathophysiology rather than nursing prioritization or intervention.

Question 27

Which gland produces thyroxine to regulate metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Thyroid Gland Thyroxine (T4) is synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland’s follicular cells and is a primary regulator of basal metabolic rate. In peripheral tissues, T4 is converted to the more active triiodothyronine (T3), which increases oxygen consumption and heat production. The pituitary controls thyroid function via TSH but does not produce thyroxine, while adrenal glands and pancreas produce other hormones (e.g., cortisol, catecholamines, insulin, glucagon).
Category reason: This is a foundational question about which endocrine organ produces a specific hormone (thyroxine) that regulates metabolism, which fits the Endocrine System.

Question 28

A client is admitted to the hospital with a suspected diagnosis of Graves’ disease. Which symptom related to the client’s menstrual cycle would the client likely report?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: A. Amenorrhea Graves’ disease causes hyperthyroidism, which can disrupt the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis and alter gonadotropin release. This often results in oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea (decreased frequency or absence of menses). Menorrhagia is more classically associated with hypothyroidism, while metrorrhagia and dysmenorrhea are not the characteristic menstrual pattern change linked to Graves’ hyperthyroidism.
Category reason: This question tests the physiologic effects of thyroid hormone excess on reproductive/menstrual function, which is core endocrine system content rather than a nursing action or prioritization scenario.

Question 29

Which organ is responsible for producing insulin?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Pancreas Insulin is produced by the beta cells in the islets of Langerhans within the pancreas. This hormone lowers blood glucose by promoting cellular uptake of glucose and storage as glycogen and fat. The stomach and gallbladder do not produce insulin, and “digestion of fats” is a function rather than an organ.
Category reason: This question tests which endocrine organ produces a specific hormone (insulin), which is core content of the Endocrine System within Nursing Science.

Question 30

What factors would change during a pregnancy if the hormone progesterone were reduced or withdrawn?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The uterus would contract more and peristalsis would increase. Progesterone relaxes uterine smooth muscle and helps maintain uterine quiescence; if progesterone falls or is withdrawn, uterine contractility increases, which can precipitate labor. Progesterone also decreases gastrointestinal smooth muscle tone and motility during pregnancy. Therefore, reduced progesterone would be expected to increase GI peristalsis as well. The other options are not the primary physiologic effects of progesterone withdrawal.
Category reason: This question tests hormonal (progesterone) effects on uterine and gastrointestinal smooth muscle—core reproductive/endocrine physiology rather than nursing interventions or prioritization—so it fits NursingScience under the Endocrine System.

Question 31

The hormone that maintains pregnancy is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Progesterone Progesterone maintains pregnancy by preparing and sustaining the endometrium for implantation and supporting early gestation. It decreases uterine contractility by relaxing smooth muscle, helping prevent premature uterine activity. Early in pregnancy it is primarily produced by the corpus luteum, then by the placenta as pregnancy progresses.
Category reason: This question tests knowledge of hormonal regulation in pregnancy, which is a foundational concept in the Endocrine System rather than a nursing intervention or prioritization scenario.

Question 32

Melatonin is secreted by which gland?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Pineal gland Melatonin is produced primarily by the pineal gland, with secretion increasing in darkness and decreasing in light. It helps regulate circadian rhythms and the sleep–wake cycle. The pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands secrete other hormones (e.g., GH/TSH, T3/T4, cortisol/epinephrine) rather than melatonin.
Category reason: This is a foundational question about which endocrine gland secretes a specific hormone (melatonin), which falls under the Endocrine System.

Question 33

Which gland is also called "Emergency gland"?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Adrenal The adrenal glands are called the “emergency glands” because they rapidly release catecholamines (especially epinephrine and norepinephrine) from the adrenal medulla during acute stress, producing the fight-or-flight response. This increases heart rate, blood pressure, and blood glucose to help the body respond to emergencies. The adrenal cortex also contributes via cortisol, which supports longer-term stress adaptation.
Category reason: This question tests endocrine gland function and stress-response hormones, which is core content of the Endocrine System.

Question 34

Name the gland which controlled blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Adrenal The adrenal glands regulate blood pressure primarily via aldosterone (adrenal cortex), which increases sodium and water retention, raising intravascular volume. They also influence vascular tone and cardiac output through catecholamines (epinephrine/norepinephrine) from the adrenal medulla. While the hypothalamus and pituitary affect fluid balance (e.g., ADH release), the adrenal gland is the key gland directly responsible for hormonal control of blood pressure through aldosterone and catecholamines.
Category reason: This is a foundational question about hormonal regulation of blood pressure by endocrine glands, which is best classified under the Endocrine System.

Question 35

What is the average weight of the thyroid gland?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: 15-25 g The normal adult thyroid gland typically weighs about 15–25 g, though it can vary with age, sex, iodine status, and physiologic states such as pregnancy. Values like 50 g or 100 g are more consistent with thyroid enlargement (goiter) rather than average normal size. A weight of 5–10 g would be below the usual adult average.
Category reason: This is a factual question about the normal anatomic/physiologic characteristic (organ weight) of an endocrine gland, fitting Endocrine System rather than nursing care decision-making.

Question 36

HbA1c level diagnostic for diabetes is ≥?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: 6.5% An HbA1c of 6.5% or higher is the standard diagnostic threshold for diabetes mellitus when measured using a standardized assay (typically confirmed on a repeat test unless hyperglycemia is unequivocal). Values from 5.7% to 6.4% indicate prediabetes, so 5.7% is not diagnostic for diabetes. Higher values (e.g., 7.5%) may reflect poorer glycemic control but are not the minimum cutoff for diagnosis.
Category reason: This question tests the diagnostic cutoff for HbA1c, which relates to glucose regulation and diabetes within the endocrine system.

Question 37

Which hormone regulates Blood sugar level?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Insulin Insulin, secreted by pancreatic beta cells, is the primary hormone that lowers blood glucose by promoting cellular uptake of glucose and stimulating glycogen synthesis in liver and muscle. It also suppresses hepatic gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis, reducing glucose release into the bloodstream. The other options are not the main regulators of blood glucose homeostasis (thyroxine affects metabolic rate, estrogen affects reproductive tissues, and adrenaline tends to increase blood glucose during stress).
Category reason: This is a foundational question about a hormone’s role in regulating blood glucose, which is a core concept in endocrine physiology rather than a nursing care decision.

Question 38

Which is most typical in Addison’s disease?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hyperpigmentation Primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison’s disease) causes low cortisol, leading to increased ACTH production from the pituitary. ACTH is derived from POMC, which also increases melanocyte-stimulating activity, producing characteristic bronzing/hyperpigmentation. In contrast, hypertension, moon face, and weight gain are more consistent with hypercortisolism (Cushing syndrome) rather than Addison’s disease.
Category reason: This question tests recognition of a classic clinical manifestation of primary adrenal insufficiency and its hormonal basis, which is core content within the Endocrine System.

Question 39

SIADH leads to fluid loss and dehydration.

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: False SIADH causes excessive release of ADH, leading to water retention rather than fluid loss. This results in dilutional hyponatremia and decreased serum osmolality, with concentrated urine and low urine output. Patients are therefore at risk for fluid volume excess and neurologic symptoms (e.g., confusion, seizures) from hyponatremia, not dehydration.
Category reason: This question tests understanding of ADH physiology and the pathophysiology of SIADH (water retention and dilutional hyponatremia), which is primarily an Endocrine System concept.

Question 40

Deficiency of Iodine causes?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Goiter Iodine is required for synthesis of thyroid hormones (T3/T4). When iodine is deficient, thyroid hormone production falls and TSH rises, stimulating thyroid hypertrophy and hyperplasia, producing an enlarged thyroid (goiter). The other options reflect deficiencies of different nutrients: rickets (vitamin D), scurvy (vitamin C), and pellagra (niacin).
Category reason: This is a foundational question about how a micronutrient (iodine) affects thyroid hormone production and resulting thyroid enlargement, which is core Endocrine System physiology/pathophysiology rather than nursing interventions.

Question 41

Clinical manifestations associated with a diagnosis of type 1 DM include all of the following except:

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hyponatremia Type 1 diabetes mellitus classically presents with hyperglycemia and catabolic symptoms such as polyphagia, along with ketosis/ketonuria due to absolute insulin deficiency. Hypoglycemia can occur as a clinically relevant manifestation in patients with type 1 DM, most often related to insulin therapy or missed meals/excess exercise. Hyponatremia is not a typical defining clinical manifestation of type 1 DM; if present it is usually secondary to other issues (e.g., dehydration, osmotic shifts, or comorbid conditions) rather than a hallmark feature.
Category reason: This item tests foundational understanding of diabetes mellitus manifestations (ketosis/ketonuria and polyphagia) and what is not characteristic, which is core endocrine pathophysiology rather than a nursing intervention or prioritization decision.

Question 42

Which hormone regulates the sleep-wake cycle?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Melatonin Melatonin is secreted by the pineal gland in response to darkness and helps synchronize the circadian rhythm, promoting sleep onset and regulating the sleep-wake cycle. Its secretion typically rises in the evening and falls in the morning with light exposure. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter involved in mood and can be a precursor in melatonin synthesis, but it is not the primary hormone regulating circadian sleep-wake timing. Cortisol follows a diurnal pattern (higher in the morning) related to stress and metabolism, and insulin regulates glucose homeostasis.
Category reason: This is a foundational question about hormonal control of circadian rhythms and sleep physiology, which is primarily an Endocrine System topic rather than a nursing intervention or clinical decision-making scenario.

Question 43

Which condition causes a "moon face"?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Cushing’s Syndrome Moon face is a classic feature of hypercortisolism due to fat redistribution seen in Cushing’s syndrome, often along with truncal obesity and a “buffalo hump.” Addison’s disease (adrenal insufficiency) typically causes weight loss, hypotension, and hyperpigmentation rather than a rounded face. Hyperthyroidism usually causes weight loss and hypermetabolic symptoms, and SIADH primarily causes hyponatremia with water retention without the characteristic cushingoid facies.
Category reason: This question tests recognition of a characteristic physical sign (moon face) and its association with cortisol excess, which is a core topic in endocrine disorders rather than nursing interventions or prioritization.

Question 44

True or False: Hyperthyroidism causes weight gain and cold intolerance.

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: False Hyperthyroidism increases metabolic rate, which typically causes weight loss, heat intolerance, sweating, and tachycardia. Weight gain and cold intolerance are classic findings of hypothyroidism due to a reduced metabolic rate. Therefore, the statement attributing weight gain and cold intolerance to hyperthyroidism is incorrect.
Category reason: This question tests the physiologic effects of thyroid hormone excess versus deficiency, which is a core concept of the Endocrine System.

Question 45

Which hormone is mainly responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics in males?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Testosterone Testosterone is the primary androgen responsible for male secondary sexual characteristics such as increased muscle mass, deepening of the voice, facial/body hair growth, and maturation of the male reproductive system at puberty. Estrogen and progesterone are primarily associated with female reproductive physiology (though present in small amounts in males). Oxytocin mainly functions in uterine contraction and milk ejection and is not responsible for male secondary sexual characteristics.
Category reason: This question tests endocrine hormone function and physiologic effects on sexual development, which falls under the Endocrine System rather than nursing care decision-making.

Question 46

Hormones are transported by?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Blood Hormones secreted by endocrine glands are released into the bloodstream and carried to distant target tissues. While some hormones circulate freely, many (especially steroid and thyroid hormones) are transported bound to plasma proteins, but the transport medium is still blood. Nerves transmit electrical impulses and neurotransmitters locally, lymph is not the primary delivery route for endocrine signaling, and bone marrow is a hematopoietic organ rather than a transport system.
Category reason: This question tests how endocrine hormones reach their target organs, which is a core concept in the Endocrine System rather than a nursing care decision.

Question 47

Negative feedback in the endocrine system helps to:

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Maintain homeostasis Negative feedback counteracts deviations from a physiologic set point by reducing further hormone secretion once the desired effect is achieved (e.g., rising thyroid hormone suppresses TRH/TSH). This stabilizes internal conditions such as glucose, calcium, and osmolarity. It does not amplify secretion (that would be positive feedback), and it does not shut off all hormones—only the specific pathway is downregulated to restore balance.
Category reason: This question tests the regulatory role of endocrine feedback loops, a core concept in the Endocrine System subject area rather than a nursing care decision.

Question 48

In summer season, in fasting man which of the following water conserving hormone will be increased due to increased plasma Osmolality?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: ADH Increased plasma osmolality is sensed by hypothalamic osmoreceptors, which stimulates release of ADH (vasopressin) from the posterior pituitary. ADH increases water reabsorption in the kidney collecting ducts via insertion of aquaporin-2 channels, conserving free water and lowering osmolality. ANP promotes natriuresis/diuresis (opposes water conservation), aldosterone is primarily triggered by angiotensin II/hyperkalemia and mainly conserves sodium (water follows secondarily), and insulin is unrelated to osmolality-driven water balance.
Category reason: This tests hormonal regulation of water balance in response to plasma osmolality, which is a core concept of endocrine control (ADH/vasopressin).

Question 49

What is the primary function of the hormone oxytocin?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Stimulating uterine contractions during childbirth Oxytocin, released from the posterior pituitary, primarily stimulates uterine smooth muscle contraction, supporting labor and delivery. It also promotes milk ejection (let-down) via contraction of myoepithelial cells in the breast, but uterine contraction is the key function emphasized in childbirth. The other options correspond to different hormones (e.g., thyroid hormones for metabolism; insulin/glucagon for blood glucose) or are not primary oxytocin actions.
Category reason: This is a foundational question about a hormone’s physiologic function and its role in reproduction and pituitary endocrine regulation, which fits the Endocrine System in NursingScience rather than a nursing intervention scenario.

Question 50

Which organ system is primarily responsible for regulating homeostasis through hormones?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Endocrine system The endocrine system regulates homeostasis primarily by secreting hormones into the bloodstream to control processes such as metabolism, growth, fluid/electrolyte balance, and stress responses. These hormones act on target organs to adjust body functions and maintain internal stability. While the nervous system also helps regulate homeostasis, it mainly uses electrical signaling and neurotransmitters rather than endocrine hormones as the primary mechanism.
Category reason: This question tests foundational knowledge of hormone-based regulation of body functions, which is a core concept of the Endocrine System.

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