Question 1

The hormonal Responsible for ovation is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Ovulation is triggered by the mid-cycle surge of luteinizing hormone (LH), which causes the dominant follicle to rupture and release the oocyte. FSH primarily stimulates follicular growth and estrogen production earlier in the cycle. Progesterone rises after ovulation from the corpus luteum to prepare and maintain the endometrium. Testosterone is not the primary hormone responsible for ovulation in the normal menstrual cycle.
Category reason: This question tests endocrine regulation of the menstrual cycle—specifically which pituitary gonadotropin triggers ovulation—so it belongs to the Endocrine System within Nursing Science.

Question 2

Which acid-base imbalance occurs in diabetic ketoacidosis?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Diabetic ketoacidosis results from insulin deficiency leading to increased lipolysis and hepatic ketone production (acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate). The accumulation of these organic acids consumes bicarbonate, producing a high anion gap metabolic acidosis. Patients may compensate with Kussmaul respirations (respiratory alkalosis as compensation), but the primary disorder is metabolic acidosis.
Category reason: The question tests the underlying pathophysiology of DKA and its resulting acid-base disturbance, which is primarily an endocrine/metabolic concept rather than a nursing intervention or prioritization scenario.

Question 3

Which hormone is responsible for Release of milk in the let_down reflex ?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Milk let-down (ejection) is mediated by oxytocin released from the posterior pituitary in response to nipple stimulation. Oxytocin causes contraction of myoepithelial cells around the alveoli and ducts, pushing milk toward the nipple. Prolactin primarily stimulates milk production (lactogenesis), not ejection. Dopamine inhibits prolactin release, and estrogen supports breast development but does not trigger the let-down reflex.
Category reason: The question tests a hormonal mechanism of lactation (milk ejection reflex), which is primarily endocrine physiology rather than a nursing intervention or care-prioritization scenario.

Question 4

PCOS is most commonly associated with which metabolic abnormality?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is strongly linked to insulin resistance and compensatory hyperinsulinemia, which contribute to hyperandrogenism and anovulation. This association also explains the increased risk of impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes in PCOS. Hypoglycemia is not typical, and hyperthyroidism/hypocalcemia are not characteristic metabolic abnormalities of PCOS.
Category reason: The question tests a core pathophysiologic/metabolic association of PCOS (insulin resistance and endocrine-metabolic dysfunction), which is best categorized under the Endocrine System rather than nursing care decision-making.

Question 5

Which hormone regulates blood sugar levels?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Insulin is the primary hormone responsible for lowering blood glucose by promoting cellular glucose uptake (especially in muscle and adipose tissue) and stimulating glycogen synthesis in the liver. It is secreted by pancreatic beta cells in response to elevated blood glucose after meals. While adrenaline can raise glucose transiently during stress, and thyroxine affects basal metabolic rate, neither is the main regulator of blood sugar levels. Estrogen does not directly regulate blood glucose homeostasis.
Category reason: The question tests foundational knowledge of hormone function and glucose homeostasis, which is primarily an Endocrine System physiology concept rather than a nursing intervention or safety decision.

Question 6

Goiter is caused by?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Goiter is an enlargement of the thyroid gland, most classically due to iodine deficiency. Inadequate iodine reduces thyroid hormone (T3/T4) synthesis, leading to compensatory increased TSH stimulation from the pituitary. Chronic TSH stimulation causes thyroid hypertrophy and hyperplasia, producing goiter. Calcium, iron, and unspecified “vitamin” deficiencies are not typical primary causes of endemic goiter.
Category reason: The question tests the cause of thyroid gland enlargement related to thyroid hormone synthesis, which is core endocrine physiology/pathophysiology rather than a nursing intervention scenario.

Question 7

Which hormone increases energy during stress?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Cortisol is a primary stress hormone released from the adrenal cortex that increases available energy by promoting gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, and protein catabolism, raising blood glucose and fuel substrates. This helps the body meet increased metabolic demands during stress. Insulin generally lowers blood glucose and is not the hormone that increases energy availability in stress. ADH mainly regulates water balance, and glucagon raises glucose but is less representative of the overall stress-response hormone compared with cortisol.
Category reason: The question tests foundational knowledge of hormone function in the physiologic stress response, which is core content of the Endocrine System rather than a nursing intervention or prioritization scenario.

Question 8

Female sex hormone is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Estrogen is the primary female sex hormone produced mainly by the ovaries and is responsible for development and maintenance of female secondary sexual characteristics and regulation of the menstrual cycle. Testosterone is primarily the male sex hormone (though present in females in smaller amounts). Insulin and thyroxine are endocrine hormones but are not sex hormones; they regulate glucose metabolism and basal metabolic rate, respectively.
Category reason: The question tests identification of a key reproductive/sex hormone and its endocrine classification, which is foundational biomedical knowledge within the Endocrine System rather than a nursing care decision.

Question 9

Hormones responsible for milk secretion

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Prolactin is the primary hormone responsible for milk production (secretion) in the breast after delivery. Oxytocin causes milk ejection (let-down) by contracting myoepithelial cells, but it does not produce the milk. Estrogen and progesterone support breast development during pregnancy and, at higher levels, inhibit lactation until they fall postpartum. Therefore, prolactin is the best answer.
Category reason: This item tests knowledge of lactation-related hormones and their physiological effects, which falls under endocrine regulation of reproduction and breastfeeding.

Question 10

Rickets is caused by deficiency of?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Rickets is most commonly due to vitamin D deficiency, which reduces intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate and impairs bone mineralization in growing children. This leads to soft, weak bones and characteristic skeletal deformities. Vitamin A deficiency is associated with vision problems, vitamin C deficiency causes scurvy, and vitamin B12 deficiency causes megaloblastic anemia and neurologic changes, not rickets.
Category reason: The item tests foundational biomedical knowledge about vitamin D’s role in calcium-phosphate balance and bone mineralization, rather than a nursing intervention or prioritization scenario, so it fits NursingScience. The central concept is vitamin D regulation of calcium/phosphate homeostasis affecting skeletal development, aligning best with the Endocrine System topic area.

Question 11

Which is the smallest organ in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Among the listed endocrine glands, the pineal gland is generally the smallest, typically only a few millimeters in size (pea/grain-of-rice sized). The pituitary gland is also small but is usually larger than the pineal. The adrenal glands and thyroid gland are substantially larger organs. Therefore, the pineal gland is the best answer from the provided options.
Category reason: The question tests knowledge of endocrine gland anatomy/size rather than nursing interventions or clinical decision-making, so it best fits the Endocrine System within NursingScience.

Question 12

Which is hormone?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Insulin is a peptide hormone produced by pancreatic beta cells and released into the bloodstream to regulate glucose uptake and metabolism. Ascorbic acid is vitamin C (a vitamin, not a hormone), invertase is an enzyme that breaks down sucrose, and RNA is a nucleic acid involved in gene expression. Therefore, insulin is the only option that is a hormone.
Category reason: The question tests identification of a hormone and basic endocrine function, which is foundational biomedical knowledge within the Endocrine System.

Question 13

Which hormone is responsible for increasing blood glucose levels?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Glucagon increases blood glucose levels by stimulating hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. Insulin lowers blood glucose, while glucose and glycogen are not hormones but metabolic substances.
Category reason: This question tests endocrine regulation of blood glucose, which is a core concept of the Endocrine System.

Question 14

Which disease is caused by a deficiency of insulin?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Insulin deficiency leads to impaired cellular uptake of glucose and persistent hyperglycemia, which defines diabetes mellitus (especially type 1 diabetes due to beta-cell failure). Anemia is related to reduced red blood cells/hemoglobin, not insulin. Goiter is enlargement of the thyroid, commonly associated with iodine deficiency or thyroid dysfunction rather than insulin.
Category reason: The question tests knowledge of a hormone (insulin) and the disease state caused by its deficiency, which is a core concept of the Endocrine System.

Question 15

INSULIN HORMONE IS SECRETED BY?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Insulin is produced and secreted by the beta (β) cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. Its primary role is to lower blood glucose by promoting cellular uptake of glucose and glycogen synthesis. The liver is a major target organ for insulin but does not secrete insulin. The pituitary and thyroid glands secrete other hormones (e.g., GH, TSH, T3/T4) rather than insulin.
Category reason: The question tests knowledge of which endocrine organ secretes a specific hormone (insulin), which is foundational endocrine physiology rather than a nursing intervention scenario.

Question 16

A 20 year old woman, anamnesis results: menstruation has finished, ah's last menstrual period 23 days ago. Examination results: tension 120/80 mmHg, pulse: 88x/min, breathing: 20 times/minute, temperature: 37°c, no masses were found in the abdomen and mammae. What are the low levels of hormones in this case?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Day 23 of a typical menstrual cycle is in the luteal phase, when the corpus luteum produces high progesterone (and some estrogen). These ovarian steroids exert negative feedback on the pituitary, suppressing gonadotropin secretion. Therefore FSH and LH are relatively low at this time compared with the mid-cycle surge. Testosterone is not a primary cycle hormone in this context and is not expected to be the defining low pair.
Category reason: The question tests menstrual-cycle hormonal regulation (pituitary gonadotropins vs ovarian steroid feedback), which is core endocrine physiology rather than nursing interventions.

Question 17

Which gland secretes growth hormone?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Growth hormone (somatotropin) is produced and secreted by somatotroph cells in the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis). It stimulates linear growth in children and has metabolic effects such as increasing protein synthesis and lipolysis. The thyroid primarily secretes T3/T4, the adrenal secretes cortisol/aldosterone/catecholamines, and the pineal secretes melatonin, not growth hormone.
Category reason: The question tests foundational knowledge of which endocrine gland produces a specific hormone (growth hormone), which is core content within the Endocrine System.

Question 18

Which hormone regulates blood sugar levels?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Insulin, produced by pancreatic beta cells, is the primary hormone responsible for regulating blood glucose by promoting cellular uptake of glucose and storage as glycogen and fat. Deficiency of insulin or impaired insulin action leads to hyperglycemia, as seen in diabetes mellitus. While cortisol and adrenaline can raise blood glucose during stress, they are not the main hormone responsible for routine blood sugar regulation. Thyroxine primarily regulates basal metabolic rate rather than directly controlling blood glucose.
Category reason: This is a foundational question about hormonal control of blood glucose homeostasis, which is a core concept of endocrine physiology rather than a nursing care decision.

Question 19

Deficiency of which vitamin causes defective bone mineralization disorder called rickets?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Rickets is caused by inadequate vitamin D, which leads to decreased intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate and impaired mineralization of growing bone. The result is soft, poorly mineralized bones with skeletal deformities in children. Vitamin A deficiency is classically associated with night blindness, vitamin E with neuropathy/hemolysis, and B vitamins with anemia/neurologic syndromes rather than rickets.
Category reason: This question tests foundational physiology of vitamin D in calcium-phosphate homeostasis and bone mineralization rather than nursing interventions, fitting a biomedical NursingScience classification under endocrine-related mineral metabolism.

Question 20

Which hormone deficiency is the main cause of Diabetes Mellitus Type 1?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Type 1 diabetes mellitus is primarily caused by autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells, leading to an absolute deficiency of insulin. Without insulin, glucose cannot be effectively taken up by insulin-sensitive tissues and hepatic glucose output is not adequately suppressed, producing hyperglycemia. The other listed hormones are not the primary deficient hormone driving type 1 diabetes.
Category reason: This question tests foundational knowledge of hormone function and the pathophysiologic basis of type 1 diabetes, which is primarily an endocrine disorder involving insulin deficiency.

Question 21

Which organ is both endocrine and exocrine?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The pancreas has both endocrine and exocrine functions. Its endocrine portion (islets of Langerhans) secretes hormones like insulin and glucagon directly into the bloodstream. Its exocrine portion (acinar cells) secretes digestive enzymes and bicarbonate through ducts into the duodenum. The other listed organs are primarily endocrine (thyroid) or have different primary secretory roles not classically both endocrine and exocrine in this context.
Category reason: This question tests a foundational concept about organ functions and hormone secretion versus ductal secretion, which is core endocrine physiology/anatomy rather than a nursing care decision.

Question 22

Which of the following non-communicable disease is characterized by hyperglycemia?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hyperglycemia (elevated blood glucose) is the hallmark metabolic abnormality in diabetes mellitus due to inadequate insulin secretion, impaired insulin action, or both. Stroke and hypertension are vascular disorders and are not defined by persistent elevated blood glucose. Cancer is not characterized primarily by hyperglycemia, though glucose abnormalities can occur secondary to illness or treatment. Therefore, diabetes is the non-communicable disease characterized by hyperglycemia.
Category reason: The question tests recognition of a disease defined by dysregulation of glucose homeostasis and insulin function, which is a core concept of the Endocrine System.

Question 23

Myxedema in adults is caused due to hyposecretion of which gland?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Myxedema in adults refers to severe hypothyroidism, which results from inadequate secretion of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4). Low thyroid hormone levels cause decreased metabolic activity and characteristic nonpitting edema due to glycosaminoglycan accumulation in tissues. Therefore, hyposecretion of the thyroid gland is the underlying cause. The other listed glands are associated with different endocrine syndromes (e.g., pancreas with diabetes mellitus, adrenal with Addison/Cushing, pituitary with secondary endocrine regulation).
Category reason: The item tests which endocrine gland’s hyposecretion leads to myxedema, a classic manifestation of hypothyroidism; this is foundational endocrine pathophysiology rather than a nursing intervention or prioritization scenario.

Question 24

Which gland in the human body regulates metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The thyroid gland regulates the body’s basal metabolic rate primarily through secretion of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4), which increase cellular oxygen consumption and energy expenditure. Changes in thyroid hormone levels lead to characteristic metabolic effects: hypothyroidism slows metabolism, while hyperthyroidism increases it. The pineal gland primarily affects circadian rhythms via melatonin, and the adrenal glands mainly mediate stress responses and fluid/electrolyte balance rather than baseline metabolic rate.
Category reason: This question tests foundational endocrine physiology—identifying which endocrine gland controls metabolic rate—so it best fits the Endocrine System subject rather than a nursing care decision category.

Question 25

Which hormone regulates sodium balance in the body?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Aldosterone, a mineralocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex (zona glomerulosa), is the primary hormone regulating sodium balance. It increases sodium reabsorption in the distal nephron (distal tubule and collecting duct) while promoting potassium and hydrogen ion excretion. By retaining sodium, it also increases water retention and helps maintain blood volume and blood pressure. The other options primarily regulate glucose (insulin) or reproductive/uterine functions (estrogen, oxytocin) rather than sodium balance.
Category reason: This item tests foundational endocrine physiology—specifically the role of adrenal hormones in renal sodium handling and fluid-volume regulation—so it best fits the Endocrine System under NursingScience rather than a nursing judgment/intervention scenario.

Question 26

Estrogen is an example of?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Estrogen is a steroid hormone synthesized from cholesterol, which is a lipid. Steroid hormones are lipophilic and typically travel in the bloodstream bound to carrier proteins. They diffuse through cell membranes and act via intracellular receptors to alter gene transcription, unlike peptide/protein hormones which act on surface receptors. Therefore, estrogen is best classified as a lipid-derived (steroid) hormone.
Category reason: This question tests classification of a hormone by its biochemical class (steroid derived from cholesterol) and its relationship to lipid chemistry, which is foundational endocrine science rather than a nursing intervention scenario.

Question 27

TSH (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone), also known as...

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: TSH is another name for thyrotropin, a hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. It stimulates the thyroid gland to synthesize and release thyroid hormones (T3 and T4). The other options are incorrect because “thyroid” refers to the gland itself, and thrombin is a coagulation factor involved in blood clotting.
Category reason: The question tests basic knowledge of hormone nomenclature and function within the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, which is a core topic of the Endocrine System.

Question 28

Diabetes is known as...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Diabetes mellitus is a disorder of glucose metabolism characterized by elevated blood glucose (blood sugar) due to insufficient insulin secretion, impaired insulin action, or both. Therefore, the concept most directly associated with diabetes is blood sugar regulation. The other options (blood cells, blood group, blood cancer) are not defining features of diabetes.
Category reason: The question tests understanding of diabetes as a disease of glucose regulation and insulin function, which is primarily an endocrine system topic rather than a nursing intervention or prioritization scenario.

Question 29

Which hormone regulates the sleep-wake cycle and is produced by the pineal gland?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Melatonin is secreted by the pineal gland and is the primary hormone involved in regulating circadian rhythms, including the sleep-wake cycle. Its secretion increases in darkness and decreases with light exposure, helping synchronize sleep timing. Insulin regulates blood glucose, cortisol is a stress hormone from the adrenal cortex with a diurnal pattern but is not produced by the pineal gland, and thyroxine is produced by the thyroid to regulate metabolism.
Category reason: This question tests foundational knowledge of hormone source and function (pineal gland secretion and circadian regulation), which is core endocrine physiology rather than a nursing intervention or prioritization scenario.

Question 30

Which of the following isotopes is used for the treatment of thyroid?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Radioiodine is selectively taken up by thyroid follicular cells via the sodium-iodide symporter, allowing targeted radiation to ablate thyroid tissue in conditions like hyperthyroidism and some thyroid cancers. Among the listed options, the iodine isotope (I-313 as written) is the one aligned with thyroid treatment because of this physiologic uptake. Co-60 is primarily an external-beam radiotherapy source, P-32 is used for certain hematologic and malignant conditions, and C-14 is mainly a tracer for diagnostic studies.
Category reason: This item tests foundational knowledge about which radioactive isotope is used to treat the thyroid based on thyroid iodine uptake physiology, which fits the Endocrine System.

Question 31

Anterior pituitary is also known as -??

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The anterior pituitary gland is called the adenohypophysis because it is glandular tissue derived from Rathke’s pouch and is responsible for synthesizing and secreting hormones such as ACTH, TSH, GH, prolactin, LH, and FSH. In contrast, the posterior pituitary is the neurohypophysis, which primarily stores and releases hypothalamic hormones (ADH and oxytocin). Corpus callosum is a cerebral white-matter tract, and arachnoid villi are involved in CSF absorption, so they are not pituitary terms.
Category reason: This is a foundational terminology/anatomy question about pituitary gland divisions and their names, which falls under endocrine system science rather than nursing care decisions.

Question 32

Which is a female sex-hormone?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Estrogen is the primary female sex hormone responsible for development and maintenance of female secondary sexual characteristics and regulation of the menstrual cycle. Testosterone and androsterone are androgens that are present in females in smaller amounts but are classically considered male sex hormones. Thyroxine (T4) is a thyroid hormone involved in metabolism, not a sex hormone.
Category reason: This question tests identification of a sex hormone and its physiologic role, which is primarily an endocrine system topic rather than a nursing intervention or patient-care decision.

Question 33

Which hormone prevent diabetes to occur?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Insulin lowers blood glucose by promoting cellular uptake of glucose and stimulating glycogen and fat storage. Diabetes mellitus occurs when insulin is absent (type 1) or ineffective due to insulin resistance with relative deficiency (type 2), leading to persistent hyperglycemia. In contrast, glucagon and adrenaline increase blood glucose, and thyroid hormone increases metabolic rate and can worsen glycemic control rather than prevent diabetes.
Category reason: This question tests foundational knowledge of hormones involved in glucose homeostasis and diabetes pathophysiology, which is primarily an Endocrine System topic rather than a nursing care decision.

Question 34

Which organ is responsible for insulin secretion?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Insulin is produced and secreted by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. It is released in response to elevated blood glucose to promote cellular glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis. The liver responds to insulin but does not secrete it, and the kidney and spleen are not insulin-secreting organs.
Category reason: This question tests knowledge of which endocrine organ secretes the hormone insulin, a core concept of hormonal regulation and glucose homeostasis within the Endocrine System.

Question 35

Which hormone maintains pregnancy...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Progesterone is the primary hormone responsible for maintaining pregnancy by sustaining the endometrium and promoting a uterine environment that supports implantation and fetal development. It also decreases uterine contractility, helping prevent premature uterine contractions. Early in pregnancy it is produced by the corpus luteum (supported by hCG), and later the placenta becomes the main source. Estrogen, prolactin, and oxytocin have key roles in reproductive physiology but do not primarily maintain early pregnancy.
Category reason: This item tests foundational knowledge of reproductive hormones and their physiologic roles in sustaining pregnancy, which is primarily an endocrine physiology concept rather than a nursing intervention/priority question.

Question 36

Melatonin is Secreted by -???

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Melatonin is a hormone synthesized and secreted primarily by the pineal gland. Its secretion follows a circadian rhythm, increasing in darkness and helping regulate the sleep–wake cycle. The thyroid gland secretes thyroid hormones (T3/T4), the anterior pituitary secretes multiple trophic hormones (e.g., TSH, ACTH), and the pancreas secretes insulin and glucagon, not melatonin.
Category reason: This tests foundational knowledge of which endocrine organ secretes a specific hormone (melatonin), which is primarily an Endocrine System physiology concept rather than a nursing intervention or prioritization task.

Question 37

Which of the following is not a peptide hormone?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Glucagon, insulin, and oxytocin are peptide hormones (amino-acid–based) synthesized as polypeptides and generally act via cell-surface receptors. Aldosterone, in contrast, is a steroid hormone (a mineralocorticoid) derived from cholesterol produced by the adrenal cortex (zona glomerulosa). Steroid hormones typically diffuse into cells and bind intracellular receptors to alter gene transcription. Therefore, aldosterone is not a peptide hormone.
Category reason: This item tests classification of hormones by chemical structure (peptide vs steroid) and their endocrine origins, which is core Endocrine System physiology/biochemistry rather than nursing care actions.

Question 38

Which of the following patients is at the highest risk for developing type 2 diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Type 2 diabetes risk is strongly associated with insulin resistance driven by excess adiposity and physical inactivity. Older age further increases risk due to progressive decline in insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function. While a history of gestational diabetes is also a significant risk factor, the combination of obesity plus sedentary lifestyle in an older adult represents the highest overall risk profile among the options provided.
Category reason: This question tests risk factors and pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus (insulin resistance and predictors of disease), which is primarily an Endocrine System topic rather than a nursing-intervention decision.

Question 39

Which maternal serum hormone is most commonly used as a biochemical indicator of fetal well-being?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Maternal serum (and urinary) unconjugated estriol reflects the integrity of the fetoplacental unit because it is synthesized from fetal adrenal and liver precursors and then converted by the placenta. Therefore, falling or low estriol levels can indicate fetal compromise or placental dysfunction. Estradiol and estrone are primarily maternal/placental estrogens and are less specific as indicators of fetal well-being. hCG is mainly used for early pregnancy detection and some screening contexts rather than ongoing biochemical monitoring of fetal well-being.
Category reason: This is a foundational question about pregnancy-related hormone production and the fetoplacental endocrine pathway, which is best categorized under the Endocrine System within NursingScience rather than nursing intervention/management.

Question 40

The love and bond hormone is also known as?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Oxytocin is commonly referred to as the “love” or “bonding” hormone because it promotes social bonding, maternal-infant attachment, and pair bonding. It is released from the posterior pituitary and increases during behaviors such as breastfeeding and close physical contact. In contrast, FSH and TSH are tropic pituitary hormones that regulate gonadal and thyroid function, and prolactin primarily stimulates milk production rather than bonding.
Category reason: The question tests identification of a hormone by its common functional nickname, which is foundational endocrine physiology rather than a nursing intervention or prioritization task.

Question 41

Which organ is both endocrine and exocrine gland?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The pancreas has endocrine tissue (islets of Langerhans) that secretes hormones such as insulin and glucagon directly into the bloodstream. It also has exocrine acinar cells that secrete digestive enzymes (e.g., amylase, lipase, proteases) into ducts that drain into the duodenum. The thyroid is purely endocrine, while the liver and kidney have important metabolic/endocrine functions but are not classically both endocrine and exocrine glands in this context.
Category reason: This is a foundational question about gland types and hormone secretion, focusing on endocrine vs exocrine function rather than nursing interventions, so it best fits the Endocrine System.

Question 42

Diabetes insipidus is caused by the deficiency of. ????

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Diabetes insipidus is most commonly due to deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (ADH, vasopressin) from the posterior pituitary (central DI) or due to renal resistance to ADH (nephrogenic DI). ADH normally promotes water reabsorption in the kidney collecting ducts; without adequate ADH effect, large volumes of dilute urine are produced. This leads to polyuria and polydipsia with risk of dehydration and hypernatremia. Insulin deficiency causes diabetes mellitus, while glucagon and renin are not the primary hormones responsible for DI.
Category reason: The question tests foundational knowledge of hormonal regulation of water balance and the endocrine cause of diabetes insipidus, which fits the Endocrine System rather than nursing interventions or prioritization.

Question 43

In which organ is insulin produced?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Insulin is produced by the beta cells in the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas. Its primary role is to lower blood glucose by promoting cellular uptake of glucose and glycogen synthesis. The liver responds to insulin but does not produce it, and the lungs and kidneys are not insulin-producing endocrine organs.
Category reason: This question tests knowledge of the organ responsible for producing the hormone insulin, which is a core concept of endocrine physiology.

Question 44

Which is a hormone?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Insulin is a peptide hormone produced by pancreatic beta cells and is released into the bloodstream to regulate glucose uptake and metabolism. RNA is a nucleic acid involved in gene expression, not an endocrine messenger. Invertase is an enzyme (sucrase) that catalyzes carbohydrate breakdown, and ascorbic acid is vitamin C, a nutrient rather than a hormone.
Category reason: The question tests identification of a hormone and its role in physiologic regulation, which is a core concept of endocrine function (insulin as a pancreatic hormone).

Question 45

Which lab finding is expected in DKA?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In diabetic ketoacidosis, insulin deficiency leads to lipolysis and production of acidic ketone bodies (beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate), causing a high anion gap metabolic acidosis. Patients typically have low serum bicarbonate and low pH, often with compensatory Kussmaul respirations. Glucose is elevated (not low), and while total-body potassium is depleted, serum potassium is often normal or high initially rather than low.
Category reason: The question tests foundational pathophysiology of DKA and the expected acid–base laboratory abnormality, which is primarily endocrine/metabolic science knowledge rather than a nursing intervention or prioritization task.

Question 46

Pituitary gland is located in....?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone, connected to the hypothalamus by the pituitary stalk. It is a central endocrine organ that regulates multiple peripheral glands via tropic hormones. The liver, kidney, and intestine contain important endocrine functions, but none is the anatomical site of the pituitary gland.
Category reason: This question tests anatomical location of an endocrine gland and basic endocrine system knowledge rather than nursing interventions or clinical prioritization, so it fits NursingScience under the Endocrine System.

Question 47

The Hormone Insulin is a...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Insulin is a peptide (protein) hormone synthesized by pancreatic beta cells as proinsulin and then cleaved to active insulin and C-peptide. Peptide hormones are water-soluble and act via cell-surface receptors, triggering intracellular signaling cascades. In contrast, sterol hormones are lipid-derived (cholesterol-based) and typically diffuse through membranes to act on intracellular receptors, which does not describe insulin.
Category reason: This question tests the biochemical/endocrine classification of insulin as a hormone type, a foundational concept in endocrine physiology rather than a nursing intervention or patient-care decision.

Question 48

24 hours post–head injury: sodium 124 mEq/L, low urine output, urine specific gravity 1.030, headache/confusion. Most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Post–head injury patients are at risk for SIADH due to inappropriate ADH release. SIADH causes water retention leading to dilutional hyponatremia (Na 124) and neurologic symptoms such as headache and confusion. Urine output is typically low and the urine is inappropriately concentrated, reflected by a high specific gravity (1.030). Diabetes insipidus would instead cause high urine output with dilute urine and often hypernatremia, while DKA/HHS are hyperglycemic crises not fitting these urine/sodium findings.
Category reason: The item tests recognition of an endocrine disorder (ADH dysregulation) and its physiologic effects on sodium balance and urine concentration, which is foundational endocrine physiology/pathophysiology rather than a nursing intervention/prioritization question.

Question 49

What is the primary symptom of diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: A classic primary/early symptom of diabetes mellitus is polyuria (frequent urination) due to osmotic diuresis from hyperglycemia once the renal threshold for glucose is exceeded. This is often accompanied by polydipsia, and sometimes polyphagia. Weight loss and fatigue can occur, especially in uncontrolled or type 1 diabetes, but are less specific as a primary presenting symptom. Vision changes can occur with hyperglycemia but are not typically the primary symptom.
Category reason: The question tests recognition of a hallmark symptom resulting from hyperglycemia and its physiologic effects (osmotic diuresis), which is core endocrine system knowledge rather than a nursing intervention/prioritization scenario.

Question 50

What is the symptom of hypoglycemia?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hypoglycemia commonly causes neuroglycopenic and adrenergic symptoms such as dizziness, shakiness, sweating, confusion, and palpitations due to inadequate glucose supply to the brain and sympathetic activation. Hypertension is not a typical defining symptom of hypoglycemia, although transient tachycardia/palpitations can occur. Dehydration is more characteristic of hyperglycemia (osmotic diuresis) rather than low blood glucose.
Category reason: This question tests recognition of a physiologic manifestation of low blood glucose, which is a core concept in endocrine regulation and glucose homeostasis rather than nursing-specific interventions or prioritization.

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The hormonal Responsible for ovation is?

Which acid-base imbalance occurs in diabetic ketoacidosis?

Which hormone is responsible for Release of milk in the let_down reflex ?

PCOS is most commonly associated with which metabolic abnormality?

Which hormone regulates blood sugar levels?

Goiter is caused by?

Which hormone increases energy during stress?

Female sex hormone is?

Hormones responsible for milk secretion

Rickets is caused by deficiency of?

Which is the smallest organ in the human body?

Which is hormone?

Which hormone is responsible for increasing blood glucose levels?

Which disease is caused by a deficiency of insulin?

INSULIN HORMONE IS SECRETED BY?

Which gland secretes growth hormone?

Which hormone regulates blood sugar levels?

Deficiency of which vitamin causes defective bone mineralization disorder called rickets?

Which hormone deficiency is the main cause of Diabetes Mellitus Type 1?

Which organ is both endocrine and exocrine?

Which of the following non-communicable disease is characterized by hyperglycemia?

Myxedema in adults is caused due to hyposecretion of which gland?

Which gland in the human body regulates metabolism?

Which hormone regulates sodium balance in the body?

Estrogen is an example of?

TSH (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone), also known as...

Diabetes is known as...?

Which hormone regulates the sleep-wake cycle and is produced by the pineal gland?

Which of the following isotopes is used for the treatment of thyroid?

Anterior pituitary is also known as -??

Which is a female sex-hormone?

Which hormone prevent diabetes to occur?

Which organ is responsible for insulin secretion?

Which hormone maintains pregnancy...?

Melatonin is Secreted by -???

Which of the following is not a peptide hormone?

Which of the following patients is at the highest risk for developing type 2 diabetes mellitus?

Which maternal serum hormone is most commonly used as a biochemical indicator of fetal well-being?

The love and bond hormone is also known as?

Which organ is both endocrine and exocrine gland?

Diabetes insipidus is caused by the deficiency of. ????

In which organ is insulin produced?

Which is a hormone?

Which lab finding is expected in DKA?

Pituitary gland is located in....?

The Hormone Insulin is a...?

24 hours post–head injury: sodium 124 mEq/L, low urine output, urine specific gravity 1.030, headache/confusion. Most likely diagnosis?

What is the primary symptom of diabetes mellitus?

What is the symptom of hypoglycemia?

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