Question 1

Which blood vessel carries blood from digestive organs to the liver?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Venous blood from the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, and spleen drains into the hepatic portal vein, which delivers nutrient-rich blood to the liver for metabolism and detoxification before it returns to systemic circulation. This unique portal system allows the liver to process absorbed substances (e.g., glucose, drugs, toxins) first-pass. The renal artery/vein are involved in kidney circulation, not GI-to-liver flow. There is no standard vessel called a “hepatic portal artery”; hepatic arterial supply is via the hepatic artery proper.

Question 2

The ductus venosus connects the umbilical vein to the?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In fetal circulation, the ductus venosus is a vascular shunt that allows oxygenated blood from the umbilical vein to bypass most hepatic circulation. It carries this blood into the inferior vena cava (via the hepatic venous/IVC confluence), facilitating delivery to the right atrium and then across the foramen ovale to the left heart. Therefore, the umbilical vein is connected to the inferior vena cava through the ductus venosus. The other options represent downstream structures or unrelated venous pathways (SVC, pulmonary vein).

Question 3

Which fetal shunt connects the right atrium to the left atrium?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The foramen ovale is the fetal interatrial opening that shunts oxygenated blood from the right atrium to the left atrium, bypassing the nonfunctioning fetal lungs. In contrast, the ductus arteriosus connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta, and the ductus venosus connects the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava via the liver. The coronary sinus is a venous drainage structure of the adult heart and is not a fetal shunt between atria.

Question 4

Normal diastolic blood pressure in adults is approximately?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In healthy adults, normal blood pressure is commonly approximated as about 120/80 mmHg, making the typical diastolic value around 80 mmHg. A normal diastolic range is generally considered roughly 60–80 mmHg. Values like 40 mmHg are abnormally low for adults, while 100–120 mmHg are more consistent with elevated systolic (or severe hypertension if diastolic were that high). Therefore, 60–80 mmHg is the best approximation.

Question 5

What is the largest artery in the body?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The aorta is the largest artery in the body because it receives oxygenated blood directly from the left ventricle and must accommodate the highest stroke volume and pressure. It has the greatest diameter and elastic wall structure to dampen pulsatile flow and distribute blood to systemic circulation. The pulmonary artery is large but smaller than the aorta and carries blood from the right ventricle to the lungs. The mitral valve is a cardiac valve (not an artery), and the superior vena cava is a vein returning blood to the heart.

Question 6

What is the silent killer diseases?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hypertension (high blood pressure) is commonly called the “silent killer” because it is often asymptomatic for years while causing progressive end-organ damage. Uncontrolled BP increases risk of stroke, myocardial infarction, heart failure, and chronic kidney disease. In contrast, TB, HIV, and diarrhea more typically present with recognizable symptoms prompting evaluation, even though they can also be serious. Therefore, BP is the best answer.

Question 7

Hypotension is pressure lower than?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hypotension is commonly defined in basic nursing/clinical teaching as a blood pressure below 90/60 mmHg, reflecting inadequate perfusion pressure. Among the options provided, 100/60 mmHg is the only choice that approaches the low range and is lower than 110/70 and 120/80. The other choices (110/70, 120/80) are generally normotensive and 140/90 is hypertensive. Therefore, the best available answer from the listed options is 100/60 mmHg.

Question 8

The structure carrying deoxygenated blood is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In systemic circulation, veins generally return blood to the heart after it has delivered oxygen to tissues, so venous blood is typically deoxygenated. Arteries generally carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, with the key exception of the pulmonary arteries (and umbilical arteries in the fetus), which carry deoxygenated blood. Lymphatics carry lymph, not blood, and nerves transmit electrical impulses rather than transporting blood.

Question 9

Cardiac arrest means?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Cardiac arrest is the abrupt cessation of effective cardiac mechanical activity, resulting in no palpable pulse and no effective circulation. It leads to loss of consciousness and apnea/agonal breathing if not immediately treated with CPR and defibrillation when indicated. Increased heart rate, decreased blood pressure, and weak pulse can occur in other conditions but do not define cardiac arrest.

Question 10

“Single second heart sound (S2)” is most commonly heard in?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: A single S2 occurs when the pulmonic component (P2) is diminished or absent, leaving only a loud/solitary A2. In tetralogy of Fallot, severe right ventricular outflow obstruction/pulmonary stenosis reduces pulmonary artery pressure and valve closure sound, making P2 soft or inaudible. ASD more classically produces a wide fixed split S2, and VSD often has a holosystolic murmur without a characteristic single S2. TGA typically features a single loud S2 as well, but the finding is most classically associated with TOF in standard congenital heart disease exam patterns.

Question 11

After birth, the foramen ovale becomes the?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The fetal foramen ovale is an opening between the right and left atria that allows blood to bypass the nonfunctioning fetal lungs. After birth, increased left atrial pressure (from pulmonary venous return) functionally closes the foramen ovale as the septum primum apposes the septum secundum. The residual anatomical depression on the interatrial septum in the adult heart is called the fossa ovalis. Other fetal shunts close to form different remnants (e.g., ductus arteriosus → ligamentum arteriosum; ductus venosus → ligamentum venosum).

Question 12

Hypertension is diagnosed when blood pressure is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Traditionally, hypertension is diagnosed at a sustained blood pressure of ≥140/90 mmHg based on repeated properly measured readings, which is the classic cutoff used in many nursing and exam references. A reading of 120/80 mmHg is considered normal/elevated, not diagnostic of hypertension. A cutoff of 130/80 mmHg reflects newer ACC/AHA staging but is not universally used as the single diagnostic threshold across all curricula. ≥160/100 mmHg represents more severe (stage 2) hypertension, not the initial diagnostic threshold.

Question 13

The study of Heart is ____?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Cardiology is the medical specialty that focuses on the heart and cardiovascular system, including its anatomy, physiology, diseases, and treatments. Oncology is the study and treatment of cancer, zoology is the study of animals, and biology is a broad life science rather than a heart-specific field. Therefore, the study of the heart is best termed cardiology.

Question 14

This device measures cardiac output through which of the following mechanisms?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The pictured device is a pulmonary artery (Swan-Ganz) catheter, which measures cardiac output using the thermodilution technique. A known volume of cold injectate is delivered into the right atrium, and a distal thermistor in the pulmonary artery detects the resulting temperature change over time. The area under the temperature-time curve is inversely related to cardiac output, allowing calculation of CO. The other methods (Fick, indicator dye, echocardiography, bioimpedance) estimate CO using different principles and are not the standard mechanism for a PA catheter device.

Question 15

Pulse pressure in a normal man ...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Pulse pressure is defined as systolic blood pressure minus diastolic blood pressure. In a typical normal adult, blood pressure is about 120/80 mmHg, so pulse pressure is 120 − 80 = 40 mmHg. Values like 120 mmHg or 80 mmHg are individual BP components, and 120/80 mmHg is the BP itself rather than the pulse pressure. Therefore, 40 mmHg is the best answer.

Question 16

"Tachycardia" is a condition of ...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Tachycardia refers to an abnormally increased heart rate, typically defined in adults as a resting heart rate >100 beats per minute. It is a cardiac rhythm/rate descriptor, not a blood pressure pattern. Slow heartbeat would be bradycardia, and low sugar refers to hypoglycemia, which are different conditions. Therefore, the best answer is fast heartbeat.

Question 17

Human heart is made of?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The heart is primarily composed of cardiac muscle tissue (myocardium), a specialized involuntary striated muscle responsible for pumping blood. While the heart contains nerves for conduction and autonomic regulation, its main structural and functional tissue is muscle. It is not made of bone or cartilage. Therefore, the best answer is muscles.

Question 18

Which fetal shunt directs blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The ductus arteriosus is the fetal vascular shunt that connects the pulmonary artery to the descending aorta, allowing most right ventricular output to bypass the high-resistance fetal lungs. This shunt is maintained in utero by low fetal oxygen tension and prostaglandins. After birth, increased oxygenation and decreased prostaglandins lead to functional closure, forming the ligamentum arteriosum. The other options represent different pathways: foramen ovale shunts right atrium to left atrium, ductus venosus bypasses the liver, and the umbilical vein carries oxygenated blood from placenta to fetus.

Question 19

The conduction of impulse is slowed in?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Impulse conduction is physiologically slowed at the AV node, creating a delay that allows the atria to finish contracting and the ventricles to fill before ventricular depolarization. This AV nodal delay is a key timing mechanism of the cardiac conduction system. In contrast, Purkinje fibers and the His-Purkinje system conduct rapidly to synchronize ventricular contraction, and the SA node primarily serves as the pacemaker rather than the main site of conduction delay.

Question 20

Which of the following cause hear attack ...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Elevated cholesterol—especially increased LDL—promotes atherosclerotic plaque formation in coronary arteries, which can narrow vessels or rupture and trigger thrombus formation leading to myocardial infarction (heart attack). Blood urea and blood protein are not typical direct causes of MI. While abnormal blood sugar (diabetes) is a major risk factor, the option most directly tied to the mechanism of coronary artery disease in this list is cholesterol.

Question 21

The pacemaker of the heart is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The sinoatrial (SA) node is the heart’s primary pacemaker because it has the highest intrinsic rate of spontaneous depolarization, initiating each normal heartbeat. Its impulses spread through the atria and then reach the AV node for conduction to the ventricles. The AV node serves mainly as a relay and delay center rather than the primary pacemaker under normal conditions.

Question 22

“Blue baby” is commonly seen in?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: “Blue baby” refers to cyanosis from right-to-left shunting of deoxygenated blood into systemic circulation. Tetralogy of Fallot is a classic cyanotic congenital heart disease due to right ventricular outflow obstruction and a VSD leading to right-to-left shunt. In contrast, VSD, ASD, and PDA are typically acyanotic left-to-right shunts early on (cyanosis would be a late finding only after pulmonary hypertension/Eisenmenger syndrome). Therefore, Tetralogy of Fallot is the most commonly associated condition.

Question 23

The most common cyanotic congenital heart disease in the first week of life is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Transposition of the great arteries (TGA) is the most common cyanotic congenital heart disease presenting in the first week of life because it causes profound cyanosis shortly after birth when the ductus arteriosus begins to close. Survival depends on mixing between the systemic and pulmonary circulations via a PDA, ASD, or VSD; as mixing decreases, hypoxemia becomes severe early. Tetralogy of Fallot is the most common cyanotic CHD overall beyond the neonatal period, but classically presents later with hypercyanotic spells rather than immediate severe cyanosis in the first days.

Question 24

What is the normal Cardiac output?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Normal resting cardiac output in a healthy adult is approximately 5 L/min (often cited as 4–8 L/min depending on body size and physiologic state). It is calculated as heart rate multiplied by stroke volume (e.g., ~70 bpm × ~70 mL/beat ≈ 4.9 L/min). Values like 1–2 L/min are abnormally low and would suggest severe cardiac dysfunction or shock. Therefore, 5 liters/minute is the best answer.

Question 25

Ductus arteriosus connects?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In fetal circulation, the ductus arteriosus is a vascular shunt that diverts blood away from the nonfunctioning fetal lungs by connecting the pulmonary artery to the aorta. This allows right ventricular output to enter the systemic circulation. After birth, rising oxygen tension and decreased prostaglandins lead to closure (becoming the ligamentum arteriosum). The atria are connected by the foramen ovale, and the umbilical vein-to-IVC connection is via the ductus venosus, not the ductus arteriosus.

Question 26

BP= 120/80mm/Hg 120 stands for?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In a blood pressure reading written as systolic/diastolic, the first (higher) number represents systolic pressure. Systolic pressure reflects the peak arterial pressure when the ventricles contract. The second number (80) represents diastolic pressure during ventricular relaxation. Therefore, 120 corresponds to systolic blood pressure.

Question 27

Heartbeat in a minute?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: A commonly taught average resting heart rate for a healthy adult is about 72 beats per minute. While the normal adult resting range is broader (about 60–100 bpm), 72 bpm is the classic textbook “average” value. The other choices are either high for a typical resting average (120) or less standard as the representative average (83, 66).

Question 28

Essential hypertension is also called?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Essential hypertension refers to high blood pressure with no identifiable secondary cause, which is why it is synonymous with primary hypertension. In contrast, secondary hypertension results from a specific underlying condition (e.g., renal disease, endocrine disorders). Malignant and accelerated hypertension describe severe, rapidly progressive forms with end-organ damage, not the usual definition of essential hypertension.

Question 29

Deoxygenated blood is carried in-?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In adult circulation, the pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs for oxygenation. In contrast, pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium. The aorta and carotid arteries also carry oxygenated blood to systemic tissues. Therefore, the best answer is the pulmonary artery.

Question 30

Pulmonary circulation pumps blood to the ...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Pulmonary circulation is the pathway that carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs for gas exchange. In the lungs, carbon dioxide is removed and oxygen is added to the blood. Oxygenated blood then returns to the left atrium via the pulmonary veins, distinguishing it from systemic circulation which supplies the body.

Question 31

Which is the remnant of ductus arteriosus in adult life?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The fetal ductus arteriosus is a vascular shunt connecting the pulmonary artery to the aorta, allowing blood to bypass the fetal lungs. After birth, increased oxygen tension and decreased prostaglandins cause it to constrict and then fibrose. The adult fibrous remnant is the ligamentum arteriosum. The other options are remnants of different fetal structures (e.g., fossa ovalis from foramen ovale).

Question 32

The most common type of hypertension is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Primary (essential) hypertension accounts for the vast majority of hypertension cases (about 90–95%) and has no single identifiable secondary cause. Secondary hypertension is less common and is due to an underlying condition such as renal disease or endocrine disorders. Malignant hypertension is a severe, accelerated form rather than the most common type. White coat hypertension refers to elevated readings in clinical settings only and does not represent the most prevalent overall category.

Question 33

The blood pressure is the pressure of blood?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In routine clinical use, “blood pressure” refers to arterial blood pressure, typically measured in a large artery (e.g., brachial artery) and reported as systolic/diastolic pressure. Arteries are high-pressure vessels because they receive blood directly from ventricular ejection and their elastic walls help maintain pressure. Veins operate at much lower pressures, and auricles/ventricles are heart chambers rather than the vessels where standard blood pressure is defined and measured. Therefore, the best answer is arteries.

Question 34

Largest vein in han body is ...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The inferior vena cava (IVC) is the largest vein in the body and returns deoxygenated blood from the lower limbs, pelvis, and abdomen to the right atrium. It has a larger diameter and carries greater venous return volume compared with other major veins such as the superior vena cava or subclavian and jugular veins. Therefore, among the choices, the IVC is the best answer.

Question 35

Which of the following organ continuously works (24hours)?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The heart must contract continuously to pump blood and maintain perfusion to vital organs 24 hours a day; cessation for more than seconds to minutes leads to loss of consciousness and death. While the brain is highly active even during sleep, the question’s classic physiology emphasis for an organ that works continuously is the heart’s nonstop pumping function. Nose and eyes do not have continuous required activity in the same way (e.g., vision can be reduced during sleep). Therefore, the best answer is Heart.

Question 36

How Many Chambers Are Present In The Human Heart ?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The normal human heart has four chambers: right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle. The right-sided chambers handle deoxygenated blood returning from systemic circulation, and the left-sided chambers handle oxygenated blood returning from the lungs. This four-chamber structure enables separation of pulmonary and systemic circulation for efficient oxygen delivery. Therefore, the best answer is four.

Question 37

Which muscle is called the "heart of the heart"?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Papillary muscles are specialized ventricular muscles that attach to the chordae tendineae and help anchor the atrioventricular (mitral and tricuspid) valve leaflets. By contracting during systole, they prevent valve prolapse and regurgitation, supporting effective one-way blood flow. Because they are crucial to proper intracardiac valve function within the heart itself, they are sometimes referred to as the "heart of the heart." The other options are either the general myocardium (cardiac muscle) or muscles primarily involved in respiration (intercostals, diaphragm).

Question 38

Which heart sound indicates heart failure?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: An S3 heart sound ("ventricular gallop") is classically associated with volume overload and systolic heart failure due to rapid passive ventricular filling into a dilated, poorly compliant ventricle. In adults over about age 40, an S3 is usually pathologic and supports a diagnosis of heart failure when correlated with symptoms (e.g., dyspnea, edema) and signs (elevated JVP, crackles). S4 is more consistent with a stiff ventricle (e.g., LVH/diastolic dysfunction) and is absent in atrial fibrillation, while S1 and S2 are normal heart sounds.

Question 39

Cardiac output is equal to?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Cardiac output (CO) is defined as the volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute. It equals stroke volume (the amount ejected per beat) multiplied by heart rate (beats per minute), yielding mL/min or L/min. The other options use incorrect operations or include blood pressure, which is related to CO and systemic vascular resistance (MAP ≈ CO × SVR) but is not part of the CO formula.

Question 40

Which of the following is the largest artery in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The aorta is the largest artery in the human body, arising from the left ventricle and distributing oxygenated blood to the systemic circulation. It has the greatest diameter and highest elastic tissue content to accommodate the high-pressure output of the heart. The pulmonary artery carries blood from the right ventricle to the lungs and is large but not larger than the aorta, while the femoral and carotid arteries are smaller peripheral branches.

Question 41

Which artery is used to measure Blood Pressure (BP) ...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Standard noninvasive upper-arm blood pressure measurement uses the brachial artery, which runs along the medial aspect of the upper arm and is occluded by the cuff. Korotkoff sounds (manual) or oscillations (automatic) are detected over/through the brachial artery to estimate systolic and diastolic pressure. Coronary arteries are not accessible for routine BP measurement, and carotid/subclavian arteries are not the standard sites for cuff-based measurement.

Question 42

For each of the following, indicate whether it is true of only Arteries (A), only of Veins (V), both veins and arteries (B), or neither veins nor arteries (N). Place one of the following letters in each blank "A," "V," "B," or "N."?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Arteries are defined by the direction of blood flow: they carry blood away from the heart, whereas veins carry blood toward the heart. Oxygenation status is not the defining feature (e.g., pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood), making direction the most universally correct discriminator. Thus, the statement that best identifies arteries is that they carry blood away from the heart. The other statements describe venous features (valves, skeletal muscle pump) or are not universally true based solely on oxygen content.

Question 43

Slow heart is known as ...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: A slow heart rate is termed bradycardia, generally defined in adults as a heart rate less than 60 beats per minute. “Sinus bradycardia” is a specific type of bradycardia originating from the sinoatrial node, but the broader term for a slow heart rate is bradycardia. Tachycardia is the opposite condition, meaning an abnormally fast heart rate. Therefore, the best answer is bradycardia.

Question 44

A patient's ECG is showing absent P wave. what do you suspect?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Absent discrete P waves on ECG most classically suggests atrial fibrillation, where chaotic atrial electrical activity prevents coordinated atrial depolarization and produces an irregularly irregular rhythm. In atrial flutter, atrial activity is typically seen as "sawtooth" flutter (F) waves rather than truly absent atrial activity. Therefore, atrial fibrillation is the best answer among the options.

Question 45

Which chamber of the heart pumps blood to the lungs?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery, sending it to the lungs for oxygenation. The right atrium primarily receives systemic venous blood and passes it to the right ventricle. The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs, and the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the systemic circulation via the aorta.

Question 46

Hardening of the arteries is called?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hardening (loss of elasticity) and thickening of arterial walls in general is termed arteriosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a specific type of arteriosclerosis characterized by lipid plaque deposition in the arterial intima leading to narrowing. Thrombosis refers to formation of a clot within a vessel, and embolism refers to a traveling intravascular mass lodging elsewhere—neither describes generalized arterial wall hardening.

Question 47

What is Hypertension?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hypertension is defined as persistently elevated arterial blood pressure above normal thresholds. Among the options, this corresponds to “HIGH BP.” “LOW BP” describes hypotension, and “high sugar” or “high calcium” refer to hyperglycemia and hypercalcemia, respectively, which are different conditions.

Question 48

The umbilical vein carries?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In fetal circulation, the umbilical vein carries oxygenated, nutrient-rich blood from the placenta to the fetus. In contrast, the two umbilical arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta for gas exchange. This is an important exception to the typical adult rule that veins carry deoxygenated blood.

Question 49

Inflammation of heart muscle ...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Inflammation of the heart muscle (the myocardium) is termed myocarditis. The suffix “-itis” indicates inflammation, and “myo-” refers to muscle, specifically myocardium in this context. The other options refer to inflammation of other organs: hepatitis (liver), nephritis (kidney), and arthritis (joints).

Question 50

Which vessel carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In fetal circulation, the umbilical vein carries oxygenated, nutrient-rich blood from the placenta to the fetus. The two umbilical arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the fetus back to the placenta. The ductus venosus is a fetal shunt that directs a portion of umbilical venous blood past the liver into the inferior vena cava, not the vessel from placenta to fetus. The pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from lungs to the left atrium, which is not the source of fetal oxygenation before birth.

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