Question 1

Carrots are rich in which pigment?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: BETA-CAROTENE Carrots contain high amounts of carotenoids, predominantly beta-carotene, which gives them their characteristic orange color. Beta-carotene is a provitamin A compound that can be converted to retinol in the body. Anthocyanins/cyanidin are pigments more associated with red-purple coloration in plants, not orange roots like carrots. Therefore, beta-carotene is the best answer.
Category reason: This question tests knowledge of food pigments and nutrient biochemistry (carotenoids as provitamin A compounds), which is a foundational biochemical concept rather than a nursing care decision.

Question 2

Scientific name of ascorbic acid is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vit C Ascorbic acid is the chemical name for vitamin C, a water-soluble vitamin. It functions as an antioxidant and is essential for collagen synthesis and wound healing. Deficiency causes scurvy, characterized by bleeding gums and poor tissue repair.
Category reason: This is a foundational chemistry/nutrition identification question about the chemical name of a vitamin, which fits Biochemistry rather than a nursing care decision.

Question 3

When an acid reacts with a carbonate or metal hydrogen, it forms salts, carbon dioxide gas and water accordingly. Which of the following equations is correct for this chemical reaction?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Na2CO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → 2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) Carbonate (CO3^2−) requires two H+ from the acid to form H2CO3, which decomposes into CO2 and H2O, so 2 moles of HCl are needed per mole of Na2CO3. The balanced products are 2NaCl, 1 CO2, and 1 H2O, conserving atoms and charge. Options 1 and 2 are unbalanced (incorrect coefficients/products), so only option 3 is correct.
Category reason: This item tests balancing and understanding an acid–carbonate reaction producing salt, CO2, and water, which is a foundational chemical reaction concept within Biochemistry/basic chemistry rather than a nursing care decision.

Question 4

Grignard reagent when react with CO2 form ??

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: carboxylic acid Grignard reagents (RMgX) react with carbon dioxide to form a magnesium carboxylate intermediate (RCOO−MgX+). After acidic workup (H3O+), this intermediate is protonated to yield the corresponding carboxylic acid (RCOOH). This is a standard carbon–carbon bond-forming carboxylation reaction of organomagnesium compounds, not an alcohol or ester formation.
Category reason: This question tests an organic reaction mechanism and functional group interconversion (Grignard carboxylation with CO2), which is part of foundational chemistry/biochemistry rather than nursing care decision-making.

Question 5

Ascorbic acid is the Chemical name of which Vitamin?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitmain C Ascorbic acid is the chemical name for vitamin C. Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin essential for collagen synthesis, wound healing, and antioxidant function; deficiency leads to scurvy. The other options refer to different vitamins with different chemical names (e.g., B2 = riboflavin, B12 = cobalamin, D = calciferol).
Category reason: This question tests the biochemical (chemical) name of a vitamin, which is foundational nutrient chemistry rather than a nursing intervention or patient-care decision.

Question 6

Enzymes are mainly composed of?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Proteins Most enzymes are proteins (typically globular) whose amino-acid sequences fold into specific 3D shapes that create active sites for catalysis. While some RNA molecules can act as enzymes (ribozymes), the vast majority of enzymes in human biology are protein-based. Vitamins and minerals more commonly serve as cofactors/coenzymes that assist enzyme function rather than forming the enzyme itself. Carbohydrates are not the primary structural component of enzymes.
Category reason: This tests the chemical nature and composition of enzymes, a foundational topic in Biochemistry rather than nursing care actions or clinical prioritization.

Question 7

The non-protein part of an enzyme is called?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Cofactor A cofactor is the non-protein component required for an enzyme’s activity; it may be an inorganic metal ion (e.g., Mg2+, Zn2+) or an organic coenzyme. The protein portion alone is the apoenzyme, which is typically inactive without its cofactor. The complete, active enzyme complex (apoenzyme + cofactor) is called the holoenzyme.
Category reason: This tests definitions of enzyme components (apoenzyme, cofactor, holoenzyme), which is a core concept in Biochemistry rather than a nursing intervention or patient-care decision.

Question 8

Which of the following is the chemical formula of an alkyne?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: C3H4 Alkynes are unsaturated hydrocarbons containing at least one carbon–carbon triple bond and follow the general formula CnH2n−2 (for acyclic alkynes). For n=3, this gives H=2(3)−2=4, so the formula is C3H4. The other options correspond to an alkane (CH4, C4H10) or an alkene (C2H4).
Category reason: This question tests an organic chemistry/biomolecular formula rule (general formula for alkynes), which is a foundational chemistry concept best categorized under Biochemistry rather than nursing clinical decision-making.

Question 9

The biochemical process taking place in human body is known as?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Metabolism This term refers to the totality of biochemical reactions occurring in the body to maintain life, including energy production, growth, repair, and homeostasis. It encompasses both catabolic pathways (breaking down molecules to release energy) and anabolic pathways (building complex molecules). Therefore, the most complete and correct umbrella term among the options is the one that includes both of those processes.
Category reason: This question tests the definition of the body’s overall set of biochemical reactions, which is a core concept in Biochemistry rather than a nursing care decision.

Question 10

Which of the following factors is not responsible for the denaturation of proteins?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Charge Denaturation refers to disruption of a protein’s higher-order structure (secondary/tertiary/quaternary) without breaking peptide bonds. Heat, extremes of pH, and organic solvents commonly denature proteins by disrupting hydrogen bonds, ionic interactions, and hydrophobic interactions. “Charge” by itself is not typically listed as an independent denaturing factor; rather, changes in pH or ionic strength alter charge interactions and can lead to denaturation.
Category reason: This tests chemical factors affecting protein structure and stability, which is a core topic in Biochemistry rather than clinical nursing decision-making.

Question 11

Which of the following chemical is known as Vitamin C?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Ascorbic acid Vitamin C is the nutrient chemically named ascorbic acid and functions as a water-soluble antioxidant. It is essential for collagen synthesis, supporting wound healing and connective tissue integrity, and deficiency can cause scurvy with bleeding gums and poor wound healing. The other listed acids are different organic compounds and are not vitamin C.
Category reason: This item tests the chemical identity/name of a vitamin, which is a foundational biochemical concept rather than a nursing care decision.

Question 12

Almost all of the oxygen one consumes in breathing is converted to which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Water In aerobic respiration, inhaled O2 serves as the terminal electron acceptor in the electron transport chain. It is reduced by accepting electrons and protons to form H2O at complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase). By contrast, CO2 is generated from decarboxylation reactions in pyruvate dehydrogenase and the TCA cycle, not from reduction of O2.
Category reason: This question tests the biochemical fate of oxygen in cellular respiration (electron transport chain), which is a core topic in Biochemistry rather than nursing care decision-making.

Question 13

Protein are made up of ?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Proteins are polymers built by linking amino acids through peptide bonds, forming polypeptide chains that fold into functional structures. Sugars are the building blocks of carbohydrates, fatty acids are key components of lipids, and nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides (DNA/RNA). Therefore, among the options, amino acids are the correct monomer units for proteins.
Category reason: This question tests foundational biomolecular composition (macromolecules and their monomers), which is a core topic in Biochemistry rather than nursing care decision-making.

Question 14

Carbohydrates are made of?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Carbohydrates are biomolecules primarily composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, typically following an approximate (CH2O)n ratio. This elemental composition distinguishes them from proteins (which commonly include nitrogen) and nucleic acids (which include nitrogen and phosphorus). Sulfur is not a characteristic primary element of carbohydrates.
Category reason: This question tests the elemental composition of a major biomolecule, which is a foundational concept in biochemistry rather than a patient-care decision.

Question 15

When sulphuric acid reacts with eggshell it produces?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Eggshell is primarily calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Acids such as sulfuric acid react with carbonates to form a salt (calcium sulfate), water, and release carbon dioxide as effervescence. This is the characteristic acid–carbonate reaction producing CO2 rather than hydrogen, nitrogen, or carbon monoxide.
Category reason: This tests a foundational chemical reaction (acid reacting with a carbonate) and the gas produced, which fits biochemical/basic chemistry concepts rather than nursing clinical judgment.

Question 16

Which one of the following tests can be used to distinguish between Folic acid and vitamin B12 deficiencies?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamin B12 is a required cofactor for conversion of methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA, so deficiency leads to accumulation of methylmalonic acid. Folate deficiency does not raise methylmalonic acid, even though both folate and B12 deficiencies can increase homocysteine via impaired methionine synthase activity. Therefore methylmalonate is the key discriminator between these two causes of megaloblastic anemia in lab testing.
Category reason: This question tests a biochemical pathway difference between folate and vitamin B12 deficiencies using specific serum metabolite markers, which is core Biochemistry rather than nursing care decision-making.

Question 17

In a person on hunger strike from the past three weeks which of the following urinary tests would give positive reaction?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Prolonged fasting leads to increased fat breakdown with hepatic ketogenesis, producing ketone bodies that are excreted in urine (ketonuria). Rothera’s test detects ketone bodies (primarily acetoacetate/acetone) and becomes positive in starvation states. Benedict and Barfoed tests detect reducing sugars (glucose/monosaccharides) and are not expected to be positive in uncomplicated fasting. Biuret detects proteins and is not a typical finding solely due to fasting.
Category reason: This question tests knowledge of metabolic changes in starvation and the biochemical basis of urine qualitative tests for ketone bodies, which fits Biochemistry rather than nursing care decision-making.

Question 18

Phylloquinone is the Chemical name of which Vitamin?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Phylloquinone is vitamin K1, the plant-derived form of vitamin K. Vitamin K is essential for hepatic gamma-carboxylation of clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X as well as proteins C and S. Deficiency therefore predisposes to bleeding and can be seen with fat malabsorption or prolonged broad-spectrum antibiotic use. The other listed vitamins have different chemical names (e.g., ascorbic acid for vitamin C; riboflavin for vitamin B2).
Category reason: This is a foundational question about the chemical name and biochemical role of a vitamin, which is best categorized under Biochemistry rather than clinical nursing decision-making.

Question 19

Which nitrogenous bases are classified as purines?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Purines are the double-ring nitrogenous bases in nucleic acids, whereas pyrimidines are single-ring. Adenine and guanine are the two purines found in both DNA and RNA. Cytosine, thymine, and uracil are pyrimidines, so any option including them is incorrect.
Category reason: This question tests foundational knowledge of nucleic acid base classification (purines vs pyrimidines), which is a core topic in Biochemistry rather than a nursing care decision.

Question 20

Which is mainly found in Gobar Gas?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Biogas (gobar gas) is produced by anaerobic digestion of organic matter, where methanogenic archaea convert intermediate products into methane. The major combustible component is methane, typically making up the largest fraction of biogas. Carbon dioxide is also present but is not the primary fuel component, while nitrogen and hydrogen are not the main constituents in typical gobar gas.
Category reason: This question tests the chemical composition of biogas and the biochemical process of anaerobic digestion rather than nursing care decisions, so it fits foundational biochemistry/biological chemistry knowledge.

Question 21

In the DNA double helix, what holds the nitrogenous bases together?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Base pairing in DNA (A–T and G–C) is stabilized by hydrogen bonding between complementary nitrogenous bases across the two strands. These interactions are individually weak but collectively provide specificity and stability while still allowing strand separation during replication and transcription. Covalent bonds instead form the sugar-phosphate backbone and the glycosidic bond between sugar and base, not the base-to-base pairing; peptide bonds are for proteins, and ionic bonds are not the primary stabilizing force for base pairing.
Category reason: This question tests the chemical bonding responsible for DNA base pairing, a foundational molecular biology/biochemistry concept rather than a nursing clinical judgment task.

Question 22

In following which is a derived lipid-?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Derived lipids include sterols (e.g., cholesterol), steroid hormones, bile acids, and fat-soluble vitamins, which are products related to lipid metabolism and not built from fatty acids in the same way as simple/compound lipids. Triglycerides are classified as simple lipids (neutral fats). Phospholipids are compound (complex) lipids containing additional groups like phosphate. Therefore, the sterol listed is the derived lipid among the options.
Category reason: This is a classification question about types of lipids (simple, compound, derived), which is a core topic in biochemistry rather than a nursing care decision.

Question 23

The Cori cycle involves the conversion of:

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: During anaerobic glycolysis in exercising muscle, glucose is converted to lactate, which is transported via blood to the liver. The liver uses gluconeogenesis to convert lactate back into glucose, helping maintain blood glucose and reduce lactate accumulation. This cycling shifts the energy cost to the liver (requires ATP) while allowing muscle to keep producing ATP under low-oxygen conditions.
Category reason: This question tests a core metabolic pathway (Cori cycle) involving lactate handling and gluconeogenesis, which is foundational biochemical knowledge rather than a nursing care decision.

Question 24

The Most abundant protein present in the human body is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: It is the predominant structural protein in the body and the major component of connective tissues such as skin, bone, tendons, ligaments, and cartilage. Its widespread distribution and high mass contribution across these tissues make it the most abundant overall. Albumin is the most abundant plasma protein, but plasma proteins represent a much smaller fraction of total body protein than connective tissue collagen.
Category reason: This question tests general knowledge of the most abundant body protein, which is a foundational biomolecule concept taught in biochemistry rather than a nursing-care decision.

Question 25

What is the cell wall of a plant made of?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Plant cell walls are primarily composed of cellulose microfibrils, which provide tensile strength and structural support. Other polysaccharides (e.g., hemicellulose and pectin) are present, but cellulose is the defining major component. Lipids and lipoproteins are characteristic of cell membranes rather than the rigid extracellular wall.
Category reason: This question tests knowledge of the chemical composition of biological structures (plant cell wall macromolecules), which fits best under Biochemistry rather than nursing care decision-making.

Question 26

Methanol poisoning can lead to an accumulation of which acid, causing metabolic acidosis?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Methanol is metabolized by alcohol dehydrogenase to formaldehyde and then by aldehyde dehydrogenase to formate, which accumulates. Formate inhibits mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase, impairing oxidative phosphorylation and increasing acid load. This produces a high–anion gap metabolic acidosis and is also responsible for characteristic visual toxicity.
Category reason: This item tests the biochemical metabolism of methanol and the toxic metabolite responsible for acidosis, which is primarily a Biochemistry concept rather than a nursing intervention or prioritization question.

Question 27

Which enzyme catalyzes the rate-limiting step of glycolysis?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: It catalyzes the committed, rate-limiting step of glycolysis (fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate) and is the primary control point for pathway flux. This step is highly regulated by cellular energy status: ATP and citrate inhibit, while AMP/ADP and fructose-2,6-bisphosphate activate. Other enzymes listed (hexokinase and pyruvate kinase) are regulated but are not the main rate-limiting control step, and aldolase is not a key regulatory enzyme.
Category reason: This question tests knowledge of a key regulatory enzyme in a core metabolic pathway (glycolysis), which is a foundational biochemical concept rather than a nursing care decision.

Question 28

Which amino acid is conditionally essential during times of stress or illness?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: It becomes “conditionally essential” in catabolic stress (e.g., trauma, sepsis, burns) because endogenous synthesis may not meet increased demand. It is a major fuel for rapidly dividing cells such as enterocytes and immune cells and helps support gut barrier integrity and immune function. During severe illness, plasma and muscle glutamine stores can fall, making dietary or supplemental sources more important.
Category reason: This question tests biochemical nutrition knowledge about amino acid essentiality under stress, which is a core concept in Biochemistry rather than nursing care decision-making.

Question 29

Oxygen account for total percentage in human body?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Oxygen is the most abundant element in the human body by mass, largely because body water and many organic molecules contain oxygen. Standard reference values for elemental composition list oxygen at about 65% of total body weight. The other options are far from accepted physiologic estimates and would under- or overstate oxygen’s contribution.
Category reason: This question tests the elemental/chemical composition of the human body, a foundational biochemical concept rather than a nursing care decision.

Question 30

Which vitamin is essential for collagen synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: It functions as a required cofactor for prolyl and lysyl hydroxylase enzymes that hydroxylate proline and lysine residues in procollagen. These hydroxylation steps stabilize the collagen triple helix and enable proper cross-linking, giving connective tissue tensile strength. Deficiency therefore impairs wound healing and causes features of scurvy such as bleeding gums and petechiae.
Category reason: This question tests the biochemical requirement for a vitamin cofactor in collagen formation, which is primarily a nutrient-enzyme (cofactor) concept rather than a nursing intervention decision.

Question 31

Which enzyme is deficient in Phenylketonuria (PKU)?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: PKU is classically caused by deficiency of the enzyme that converts phenylalanine to tyrosine, leading to accumulation of phenylalanine and its metabolites. This excess can cause neurotoxicity with developmental delay and seizures if untreated, and decreased tyrosine contributes to hypopigmentation. Early newborn screening and dietary phenylalanine restriction prevent major neurologic complications.
Category reason: This question tests knowledge of an inborn error of metabolism and the specific enzyme in an amino-acid biochemical pathway, which is primarily Biochemistry.

Question 32

The primary energy currency of the cell is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: ATP is the immediate, universal molecule used to store and transfer energy for cellular work, with hydrolysis of its phosphate bonds directly powering processes like active transport, muscle contraction, and biosynthesis. DNA and RNA are nucleic acids primarily involved in genetic information storage and protein synthesis rather than serving as the cell’s main energy carrier. NADPH is an important electron donor used mainly in anabolic reactions and antioxidant defense, but it is not the primary energy currency for most cellular energy transactions.
Category reason: This tests the foundational concept of the cell’s energy-carrying molecule and the role of key metabolites, which is a core topic in Biochemistry.

Question 33

The inhibitor binds reversibly to the same site on the enzyme that the substrate normally occupy , this type of inhibition is called ?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: This describes an inhibitor that reversibly competes with the substrate for the enzyme’s active site. Because both cannot bind simultaneously, increasing substrate concentration can overcome the inhibition by outcompeting the inhibitor. This typically increases the apparent Km (reduced affinity) while Vmax remains unchanged since the enzyme can still achieve maximal activity when enough substrate is present.
Category reason: This question tests enzyme inhibition mechanisms (active-site competition and kinetic effects), which is a core topic in Biochemistry.

Question 34

Cholesterol is a component of all cell membrane and it’s the precursor of ?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: d- all of the above Cholesterol is the biochemical substrate used to synthesize bile acids in the liver. It is also the parent molecule for steroid hormone synthesis (e.g., cortisol, aldosterone, sex steroids) via steroidogenesis. Additionally, cholesterol in skin is converted (via UV light and subsequent steps) into vitamin D, making it a precursor for all three listed products.
Category reason: This question tests foundational biochemical roles of cholesterol as a biosynthetic precursor, which falls under Biochemistry rather than nursing care decisions.

Question 35

………………… act as an antioxidant and it’s deficiency cause liver degeneration:

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: a- vit E It is the major lipid-soluble antioxidant that protects cell membranes from oxidative damage by scavenging free radicals and preventing lipid peroxidation. Deficiency increases susceptibility of tissues with high membrane lipid content to injury, contributing to hepatic (liver) degeneration as well as neuromuscular and hemolytic complications. The other fat-soluble vitamins primarily function in vision/epithelial maintenance (A), coagulation (K), and calcium-phosphate homeostasis (D), not as principal antioxidants.
Category reason: This question tests the biochemical role of a vitamin (antioxidant function) and deficiency effects, which is foundational nutrient biochemistry rather than a nursing care decision.

Question 36

Fatty acids containing 18 C atoms and a single double bond are?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: An 18-carbon fatty acid with a single double bond is a monounsaturated fatty acid designated 18:1. Oleic acid is the classic example (18:1, cis-Δ9). Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds, and palmitic acid is a saturated 16-carbon fatty acid (16:0), so those choices do not match the description.
Category reason: This question tests identification of a specific fatty acid based on carbon chain length and degree of unsaturation, which is a core topic in lipid chemistry within Biochemistry.

Question 37

Nitrogenous bases such as choline and serine are significant part of which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: These molecules commonly have a phosphate-containing polar head group that can include nitrogen-containing alcohols such as choline (phosphatidylcholine) or amino alcohols related to serine (phosphatidylserine). This head group composition is a defining structural feature of major membrane glycerophospholipids. Sphingolipids are based on sphingosine/ceramide and may include choline in sphingomyelin, but the question’s pairing with serine is most characteristic of phospholipid head groups.
Category reason: This is a biochemical question about lipid classes and membrane lipid head groups (e.g., phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine), which falls under Biochemistry rather than nursing care decisions.

Question 38

Oils are?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Oils are predominantly triacylglycerols that contain a higher proportion of unsaturated fatty acids (cis double bonds). These double bonds introduce kinks that reduce tight packing, lowering the melting point so they remain liquid at room temperature. In contrast, fats richer in saturated fatty acids pack more tightly and are solid at room temperature.
Category reason: This question tests the chemical composition of oils versus fats (triacylglycerols and degree of fatty acid saturation), which is a core concept in Biochemistry.

Question 39

It is not a monosaccharide?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Monosaccharides are single sugar units such as glucose and fructose. This choice is a disaccharide composed of two monosaccharides (glucose + fructose) linked by a glycosidic bond. Therefore, it does not meet the definition of a monosaccharide.
Category reason: This question tests classification of carbohydrates (mono- vs disaccharides), which is a core topic in Biochemistry.

Question 40

Which of the following is soluble in hot water?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Amylose is a largely linear polymer of glucose and, unlike the highly branched fraction of starch, it dissolves in hot water to form a colloidal solution. Amylopectin is extensively branched and is much less soluble, tending to swell rather than dissolve. “Starch” as a whole contains both fractions and typically gelatinizes on heating rather than being fully soluble as a single defined component. Glycogen is highly branched and forms hydrated dispersions but is not classically identified as the hot-water-soluble fraction in this comparison.
Category reason: This tests carbohydrate polymer structure and solubility properties (amylose vs amylopectin), which are core macromolecule concepts in Biochemistry rather than nursing care decision-making.

Question 41

Glucose is -?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Glucose is a single sugar unit (a hexose), so it is classified as a monosaccharide. Disaccharides are composed of two monosaccharide units (e.g., sucrose, lactose), and tri- or pentasaccharides contain three or five units, respectively. As a fundamental carbohydrate monomer, glucose serves as a primary energy substrate and building block for larger carbohydrates like glycogen and starch.
Category reason: This question tests classification of carbohydrates by chemical structure (mono- vs di- vs oligosaccharides), which is a core topic in Biochemistry.

Question 42

Fats and oils are-?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Fats and oils are primarily triacylglycerols (triglycerides), which are esters of fatty acids with glycerol. In biochemical classification, these neutral fats are categorized as simple lipids because they yield only fatty acids and an alcohol (glycerol) on hydrolysis. Compound lipids contain additional groups (e.g., phosphate or carbohydrate), while derived lipids are breakdown products (e.g., fatty acids, glycerol). Sterols are a separate lipid class (e.g., cholesterol) and are not fats/oils.
Category reason: This is a biochemical classification question about types of lipids (fats and oils), which belongs to Biochemistry rather than nursing clinical decision-making.

Question 43

Levels of N-acetylaspartic acid in the urine and CSF are elevated in?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: This disorder is caused by aspartoacylase deficiency, preventing normal breakdown of N-acetylaspartic acid in the brain. The accumulated metabolite diffuses into CSF and is excreted in urine, producing the characteristic elevated levels used diagnostically. Other leukodystrophies have different hallmark biochemical abnormalities (e.g., VLCFA in adrenoleukodystrophy, galactocerebrosidase deficiency in Krabbe, arylsulfatase A deficiency in metachromatic leukodystrophy).
Category reason: This question tests a specific diagnostic metabolite association and enzyme-related metabolic pathway, which is primarily a biochemistry concept rather than a nursing care decision.

Question 44

What is the chemical name of Vitamin C?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: A). Ascorbic acid Vitamin C is chemically known as ascorbic acid, a water-soluble vitamin that functions as a reducing agent and antioxidant. It is required for collagen synthesis (via hydroxylation reactions), supporting wound healing and capillary integrity. The other options are names of different vitamins: thiamine is vitamin B1, riboflavin is vitamin B2, and calciferol refers to vitamin D.
Category reason: This is a foundational chemistry/nutrition identification question about the molecular/chemical name of a vitamin, which fits Biochemistry rather than patient-care decision-making.

Question 45

Which of the following salts is formed from a strong acid an a strong base?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: A. NaCl Strong acid–strong base neutralization (e.g., HCl + NaOH) produces a salt whose ions do not significantly hydrolyze water, yielding an approximately neutral solution. Sodium (Na+) is the conjugate of a strong base and chloride (Cl−) is the conjugate of a strong acid, so the salt is neutral. By contrast, NH4Cl contains NH4+ (conjugate acid of a weak base), and Na2CO3 and CH3COONa contain anions that are conjugate bases of weak acids, making those salts basic.
Category reason: This question tests acid–base chemistry and salt hydrolysis (neutral vs acidic/basic salts), which is foundational biochemical/chemical knowledge rather than nursing interventions or patient-care judgment.

Question 46

Which of the following is not true about collagen? It?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Collagen is a fibrous structural protein made primarily of amino acids arranged in a triple helix, not a carbohydrate polymer. Mucopolysaccharides (glycosaminoglycans) are components of ground substance/proteoglycans in the extracellular matrix and are distinct from collagen fibers. Fibroblasts synthesize collagen, and denaturation of collagen yields gelatin; collagen is also the most abundant protein in the body (often cited as ~25–30% of total body protein/dry weight).
Category reason: This item tests the chemical nature and composition of collagen (protein vs glycosaminoglycans) and related macromolecule facts, which is primarily biochemistry rather than patient-care decision making.

Question 47

Q. What is the chemical formula of Glucose?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Glucose is a monosaccharide (a hexose) with 6 carbon atoms, 12 hydrogen atoms, and 6 oxygen atoms. This molecular formula reflects its role as a basic carbohydrate unit used in cellular energy production through glycolysis and subsequent metabolic pathways. The other options represent different compounds: ethanol, sucrose (a disaccharide), and benzene, respectively.
Category reason: This question tests knowledge of the molecular formula of a key biomolecule (glucose), which is foundational chemistry/biomolecules content within Biochemistry rather than nursing care decision-making.

Question 48

What is the chemical formula of water?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Water is composed of two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to one oxygen atom, giving it the molecular formula H2O. CO2 is carbon dioxide, O2 is diatomic oxygen gas, and NaCl is sodium chloride (table salt). This foundational chemical knowledge underpins many physiologic processes such as solvent behavior and acid-base chemistry in the body.
Category reason: This item tests basic chemical composition/molecular formula knowledge rather than nursing actions or clinical decision-making, fitting Biochemistry within NursingScience.

Question 49

Which of the following is the primary storage form of glucose in the body?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In humans, excess glucose is stored primarily as a branched polysaccharide in liver and skeletal muscle, allowing rapid mobilization to maintain blood glucose and meet energy demands. Glycolipids are membrane components rather than a major storage carbohydrate. Glucose-6-phosphate is an intracellular metabolic intermediate that is not stored in large amounts. Fructose is a dietary monosaccharide and is not the principal storage form of glucose.
Category reason: This tests the biochemical storage form of carbohydrates (glycogenesis and glycogen as a polysaccharide reserve), which is foundational metabolism rather than a nursing care decision.

Question 50

Hemoglobin is a type of?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hemoglobin is a globular molecule made of amino acid chains (globin) combined with heme groups, so its fundamental macromolecule class is protein. Its key function is binding and transporting oxygen (and some carbon dioxide) in red blood cells, which depends on its protein structure and quaternary configuration. It is not a carbohydrate or lipid, and it is not an enzyme because it does not primarily catalyze biochemical reactions.
Category reason: This question tests classification of a biomolecule (hemoglobin) by macromolecule type, which is a core topic in biochemistry rather than nursing interventions or clinical judgment.

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