Question 1

What is the normal capacity of bladder?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In adults, the urinary bladder typically holds about 400–600 mL at maximum functional capacity. The first urge to void often occurs around 150–250 mL, but normal capacity extends beyond this into the ~300–600 mL range. Volumes like 100–300 mL are closer to early sensation rather than full capacity. Capacities above ~600 mL are not considered normal and may suggest overdistention/retention.

Question 2

The Inflammation of Kidney is called?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Inflammation of the kidney is termed nephritis (nephr- = kidney, -itis = inflammation). Cystitis refers to inflammation of the bladder, enteritis to inflammation of the intestines, and glossitis to inflammation of the tongue. Therefore, the correct term for kidney inflammation is nephritis.

Question 3

In dehydration, urine output is usually?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In dehydration, total body water and effective circulating volume decrease, leading to reduced renal perfusion and a lower glomerular filtration rate. The kidneys conserve water via increased ADH activity, producing smaller volumes of more concentrated urine. Therefore, urine output is typically decreased unless confounded by diuretics or renal concentrating defects.

Question 4

ADH and aldosterone are involved in reabsorption of substances respectively by acting on?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: ADH primarily increases water reabsorption by increasing aquaporin channels in the late distal tubule and especially the collecting ducts. Aldosterone acts mainly on the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct principal cells to increase sodium reabsorption (and potassium/hydrogen secretion). Among the provided choices, the only option that includes the DCT for aldosterone and a tubular reabsorption site for ADH is “PCT and DCT,” making it the best available answer even though ADH is more accurately associated with the collecting duct.

Question 5

Which organ filters blood to produce urine?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The kidneys filter blood through glomeruli to remove metabolic wastes and regulate water and electrolyte balance, producing urine. Urine formation also involves tubular reabsorption and secretion after the initial filtration. The liver primarily metabolizes toxins and produces bile, the spleen filters blood cells and supports immunity, and the pancreas produces digestive enzymes and hormones rather than urine.

Question 6

What is the primary function of the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The kidneys’ primary role is to filter blood to remove metabolic waste (e.g., urea, creatinine) and regulate water, electrolytes, and acid–base balance by forming urine. Red blood cells are produced in the bone marrow (the kidneys only secrete erythropoietin to stimulate RBC production). Insulin is produced by pancreatic beta cells, and bile is produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. Therefore, filtration and waste removal from blood is the best answer.

Question 7

Nephritis is the inflammation of?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The suffix “-itis” means inflammation, and “nephr-” refers to the kidney. Therefore, nephritis is inflammation of kidney tissue (often involving the glomeruli or interstitium). This condition commonly presents with findings such as hematuria, proteinuria, edema, and hypertension depending on the type and severity.

Question 8

Which organ cleans the blood and makes urine?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The kidneys filter the blood through the glomeruli, removing metabolic wastes (e.g., urea, creatinine) and excess water and electrolytes. The filtered fluid is processed along the renal tubules to form urine, which is then excreted via the urinary tract. While the liver detoxifies and metabolizes substances, it does not produce urine. The stomach and brain are not involved in blood filtration for urine formation.

Question 9

Kidney stones are formed due to excess of?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Most kidney stones are calcium-based (commonly calcium oxalate and less often calcium phosphate). Excess urinary calcium (hypercalciuria) promotes supersaturation and crystal formation, leading to stone development, especially with low urine volume. Sodium can increase urinary calcium excretion, but it is not itself the typical primary stone constituent. Cholesterol forms gallstones, not kidney stones, and glucose is not a common stone component.

Question 10

Dialysis is used to perform the function?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Dialysis replaces key kidney functions when the kidneys fail, primarily by removing metabolic wastes (e.g., urea, creatinine) and excess fluid from the blood through diffusion and ultrafiltration across a semipermeable membrane. It also helps correct electrolyte and acid–base imbalances (such as hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis). It does not replace the primary functions of the heart, lungs, or liver.

Question 11

What is the average weight of a human kidney?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: An adult human kidney typically weighs around 120–150 g, with many standard anatomy references citing approximately 120 g as an average value. The alternatives (10 g and 40 g) are far below normal adult organ weight, and 100 g is closer but still less representative of the commonly taught average. Therefore, 120 g is the best single answer.

Question 12

A patient is admitted in the hospital with complaints of hematuria, oliguria and hypertension. The most likely diagnosis for this patient is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hematuria, oliguria, and hypertension are classic features of a nephritic presentation due to inflammatory glomerular injury causing reduced GFR and salt/water retention. Nephrotic syndrome typically presents with heavy proteinuria, edema, and hypoalbuminemia rather than prominent hematuria and oliguria. Glomerulonephritis is a common cause of nephritic syndrome, but the question asks for the most likely diagnosis pattern, which is nephritic syndrome.

Question 13

Reaction of normal urine is —?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Normal urine pH is typically mildly acidic, most commonly around pH 6 (normal range roughly 4.5–8). Diet and metabolism influence urine pH, but in healthy individuals it trends slightly acidic due to acid excretion and buffering. Neutral or alkaline urine can occur with specific diets, UTIs with urease-producing organisms, or metabolic/respiratory alkalosis, but these are not the baseline. Therefore, the best answer is slightly acidic.

Question 14

The blood is filtered in?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Blood is filtered in the kidneys at the renal corpuscle (glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule), where plasma is filtered to form ultrafiltrate. This process removes water and small solutes while retaining cells and most proteins in the bloodstream. The lungs exchange gases, the heart pumps blood, and the intestine primarily absorbs nutrients rather than filtering blood.

Question 15

Anuria is a disorder related to the?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Anuria refers to the absence of urine output (typically

Question 16

Kidneys help maintain?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The kidneys regulate body fluid volume and osmolality by adjusting water reabsorption and solute excretion (notably sodium), primarily via nephron function and hormonal control (e.g., ADH and aldosterone). This maintains plasma osmolarity and overall electrolyte balance, a core homeostatic role termed osmoregulation. Digestion, vision, and immunity are primarily functions of other organ systems, although kidney disease can secondarily affect them.

Question 17

What part of the body control blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The kidneys play a central role in long-term blood pressure control by regulating sodium and water balance, which determines blood volume. They also release renin to activate the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), increasing vasoconstriction and fluid retention when needed. While the heart and brain influence blood pressure, the kidneys are the primary organ responsible for sustained regulation.

Question 18

The condition where the bladder is exposed outside the abdomen is called?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Bladder exstrophy is a congenital anomaly in which the anterior bladder wall and lower abdominal wall fail to close, leaving the bladder mucosa exposed outside the abdomen. Hydronephrosis refers to dilation of the renal pelvis/calyces due to urinary obstruction, not external bladder exposure. Wilms tumor is a pediatric kidney malignancy, and polycystic kidney disease involves multiple renal cysts; neither presents as an exposed bladder.

Question 19

What is the most common cause of kidney disease?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hypertension is one of the leading causes of chronic kidney disease because persistently elevated systemic pressure damages renal blood vessels and glomeruli (hypertensive nephrosclerosis). This injury reduces filtration capacity and accelerates progressive nephron loss over time. While smoking and poor diet increase risk (often by contributing to hypertension/vascular disease), they are not the most common primary cause compared with chronic high blood pressure.

Question 20

What part of body helps regulate salt balance?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The kidneys are the primary organs that regulate body salt (sodium) balance by adjusting how much sodium is reabsorbed or excreted in the urine. This renal handling of sodium also helps control extracellular fluid volume and blood pressure. While adrenal hormones (especially aldosterone) influence sodium retention, they act mainly by signaling the kidneys; the kidneys are the main effector organ.

Question 21

What is the primary function of the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The kidneys’ primary role is to filter blood plasma to remove metabolic wastes (e.g., urea, creatinine) and regulate fluid/electrolyte balance by forming urine. While the kidneys also produce hormones such as renin (blood pressure regulation) and erythropoietin, these are secondary functions compared with filtration and excretion. Digestion and breathing are functions of the gastrointestinal and respiratory systems, respectively.

Question 22

What connects the kidney to the urinary bladder?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The ureter is the muscular tube that carries urine from each kidney (renal pelvis) to the urinary bladder via peristalsis. The urethra instead carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. A nephron is the functional filtration unit within the kidney, and the collecting duct drains nephrons within the kidney but does not connect to the bladder directly.

Question 23

Excessive intake of calcium in our diet results in?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Excess calcium intake can increase urinary calcium (hypercalciuria), which promotes precipitation of calcium salts (commonly calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate) and kidney stone formation. Nephrolithiasis is a classic complication associated with high calcium levels or excessive supplementation in susceptible individuals. Constipation can occur with calcium supplements, but the most characteristic systemic consequence tested is kidney stones. Diarrhea is not typical of excess calcium, and stroke is not a direct expected result.

Question 24

Two kidneys are connected to?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Each kidney drains urine through a ureter, so there are two ureters—one from each kidney—carrying urine to the urinary bladder. While kidneys also connect to renal arteries and veins and have nerve supply, the unique paired drainage connection being tested is the ureters. The ureter is the direct anatomical conduit from the renal pelvis to the bladder for urine transport.

Question 25

The term Renal is used for?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: “Renal” is the medical term that pertains to the kidneys (from Latin renes). It is commonly used in phrases such as renal function, renal failure, and renal artery, all referencing kidney-related structures or processes. The other options refer to different organ systems and do not match standard medical terminology.

Question 26

What is the capacity of a normal adult bladder?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Normal functional bladder capacity in adults is typically about 400–600 mL. The first urge to void often occurs at much lower volumes (~150–250 mL), but maximal comfortable capacity is in the 400–600 mL range. Values like 1000 mL or 2000 mL are not normal capacities and would suggest severe overdistention/retention. Therefore, 400–600 mL is the best answer.

Question 27

Urine test is used for?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Urine tests (urinalysis and urine chemistries) assess renal/urinary function by evaluating parameters such as protein, blood, glucose, specific gravity, and sediment. Abnormal findings can indicate impaired glomerular filtration, tubular dysfunction, dehydration, infection, or kidney injury. The other options (bones, heartbeat, brain activity) are not primarily evaluated through urine testing.

Question 28

Nephrons are present in?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Nephrons are the functional filtration units of the kidneys, responsible for glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and secretion to form urine. Each kidney contains about 1 million nephrons, which regulate fluid, electrolytes, and acid-base balance. The liver, spleen, and lungs have specialized structures for their own functions but do not contain nephrons.

Question 29

Excretory product of human is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In humans, the principal nitrogenous waste product excreted by the kidneys is urea, produced in the liver via the urea cycle from ammonia generated during amino acid metabolism. Ammonia is highly toxic and is primarily converted to urea for safer transport and excretion. Uric acid is a nitrogenous waste product too, but it is a minor component in humans compared with urea. CO₂ is an excretory product eliminated mainly by the lungs, but the standard single best answer for human nitrogenous excretion is urea.

Question 30

The length of the Ureter in a normal Adult is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In adults, the ureter is typically about 25–30 cm long from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder, varying slightly with body size and sex. Among the options provided, 25 cm best matches the standard anatomical range taught in basic anatomy. The shorter lengths (5 cm, 10 cm) are far below normal adult values, while 35 cm is longer than the usual typical measurement.

Question 31

Which of the following medical specialists is responsible for diagnosing and treating diseases of the urinary system?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: A urologist specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the urinary tract (kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra) and the male reproductive system, including both medical and surgical management. A nephrologist focuses more specifically on medical diseases of the kidneys (e.g., chronic kidney disease, glomerulonephritis) and does not typically manage the full urinary tract surgically. Endocrinologists and gastroenterologists specialize in hormonal and digestive system disorders, respectively, not urinary system diseases.

Question 32

Renin is secreted by?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Renin is secreted by juxtaglomerular (granular) cells in the kidney in response to decreased renal perfusion pressure, decreased sodium delivery to the macula densa, or sympathetic stimulation. It initiates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system by cleaving liver-produced angiotensinogen into angiotensin I. This ultimately increases angiotensin II and aldosterone, raising blood pressure and sodium/water retention. Therefore, the correct source organ is the kidney.

Question 33

Presence of stone in urinary tract is called?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Stones located anywhere along the urinary tract (kidneys, ureters, bladder, or urethra) are termed urolithiasis. "Cholelithiasis" refers specifically to gallstones in the gallbladder/biliary system, not the urinary tract. "Kidney lithiasis" is an imprecise term and would only describe stones in the kidney (nephrolithiasis), not the entire urinary tract. "Stone lithiasis" is nonspecific and not the standard medical term.

Question 34

What is the main reason for edema in nephrotic syndrome?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In nephrotic syndrome, glomerular damage causes heavy proteinuria, leading to hypoalbuminemia. Low serum albumin reduces plasma oncotic pressure, so fluid shifts from the intravascular space into the interstitial space, producing edema. Sodium and water retention can worsen edema, but the primary driver is the loss of albumin and resulting decreased oncotic pressure. Hypertension and increased potassium are not the main mechanisms of nephrotic edema.

Question 35

Which organ is responsible for filtering toxins from the blood?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The kidneys filter the blood through the glomeruli, removing metabolic wastes and many toxins/drugs into the urine while retaining needed cells and proteins. They also regulate fluid, electrolytes, and acid–base balance, which supports safe elimination of these substances. The liver primarily detoxifies by metabolizing chemicals and producing bile, but it is not the primary blood “filter” organ. The lungs primarily exchange gases (O2/CO2) rather than filtering blood toxins.

Question 36

What is the name of the tiny units within the kidneys that filter waste and excess fluids?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Nephrons are the functional filtering units of the kidney responsible for removing metabolic wastes and regulating water and electrolyte balance. Each nephron includes a glomerulus for filtration and a tubular system for reabsorption and secretion. Glomeruli are only a component of nephrons, while tubules and capillaries alone do not represent the complete filtering unit.

Question 37

Which organ is the primary site of erythropoietin production?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In adults, erythropoietin (EPO) is produced primarily by peritubular interstitial cells in the kidneys in response to decreased oxygen delivery. EPO stimulates the bone marrow to increase red blood cell production, but the marrow is not the main source of EPO. The liver can produce some EPO (more important in fetal life), yet it is secondary to the kidney. Therefore, kidney is the best answer.

Question 38

Kidneys are located on which side of the body?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Humans typically have two kidneys, one on each side of the spine in the retroperitoneal space. The right kidney sits slightly lower than the left due to the liver, but they are still bilateral organs. Therefore, the best answer is that kidneys are located on both sides of the body.

Question 39

What is the role of loop of Henle in urine production?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The loop of Henle establishes the medullary osmotic gradient via countercurrent mechanisms: the descending limb is water-permeable, while the ascending limb reabsorbs NaCl but is largely impermeable to water. This gradient allows the kidney to concentrate urine, especially when ADH increases water reabsorption in the collecting ducts. Filtration occurs at the glomerulus, and final collection occurs in the collecting system, not primarily in the loop of Henle.

Question 40

What is the main function of nephrons in the kidney?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Nephrons are the functional units of the kidney responsible for filtering blood at the glomerulus to form an ultrafiltrate. They then modify this filtrate through tubular reabsorption and secretion to regulate fluid volume, electrolytes, and acid-base balance, ultimately producing urine. While the kidneys also have endocrine roles (e.g., erythropoietin production and renin release), the nephron’s primary role is blood filtration and urine formation. Transporting oxygen and digesting proteins are not renal nephron functions.

Question 41

Which organ purifies blood in human body?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The kidneys filter the blood through the glomeruli, removing metabolic wastes (e.g., urea, creatinine), excess water, and electrolytes to form urine. They also help regulate acid-base balance and blood pressure, which are key components of maintaining internal homeostasis. While the liver detoxifies many chemicals and the lungs remove carbon dioxide, the primary organ responsible for blood filtration/purification is the kidney.

Question 42

Dialysis is used in patients suffering from?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Dialysis is a renal replacement therapy used when the kidneys cannot adequately remove waste products (e.g., urea, creatinine) and excess fluid or maintain electrolyte/acid-base balance. It is most commonly indicated in acute kidney injury or chronic kidney failure/end-stage renal disease. While specialized extracorporeal therapies can be used in some poisonings or as liver support in specific settings, standard dialysis is primarily associated with kidney failure. Therefore, the best answer is kidney failure.

Question 43

What is the primary symptom of a kidney stone?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The hallmark (primary) symptom of nephrolithiasis is acute, severe flank pain (renal colic), typically felt in the back or side and often radiating toward the groin as the stone moves through the ureter. Nausea and vomiting can occur due to the intense visceral pain, but they are secondary symptoms. Fever is not a primary symptom of an uncomplicated stone; it suggests a concurrent urinary tract infection/pyelonephritis and is a red flag. Headache is not characteristic of kidney stones.

Question 44

Nephrecotomy is the surgical remove of ...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The prefix "nephr-" refers to the kidney and the suffix "-ectomy" means surgical removal of an organ. Therefore, nephrectomy (spelled nephrecotomy in the prompt) is the surgical removal of a kidney. The other options correspond to different organ systems and would have different surgical terms (e.g., gastrectomy, splenectomy, hysterectomy).

Question 45

When working with a client who has urinary retention, the nurse aide can expect that the client will?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Urinary retention is the inability to empty the bladder effectively, which commonly presents as difficulty initiating urination or inability to void. Retention leads to bladder distention and can cause discomfort, suprapubic fullness, and overflow dribbling, but the underlying issue is failure to void. The other options describe patterns more consistent with polyuria (large volumes), urinary frequency from infection/irritation, or true incontinence rather than retention.

Question 46

UTI is most common in...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: UTIs are more common in females because the urethra is shorter, allowing bacteria (often from the perineal/rectal area) to reach the bladder more easily. The female urethral opening is also closer to the anus, increasing the chance of bacterial contamination. Sexual activity and pregnancy can further increase risk by promoting bacterial ascent and urinary stasis, making the overall incidence higher in women than in men.

Question 47

Kidney helps in regulating?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The kidneys regulate blood pressure primarily through control of extracellular fluid volume and sodium balance, which directly affect circulating volume. They also secrete renin to activate the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), increasing vasoconstriction and sodium/water retention when needed. While kidneys influence glucose handling via filtration and reabsorption, they are not the primary regulators of blood sugar compared with endocrine pancreatic insulin/glucagon. Digestion and breathing are regulated mainly by gastrointestinal and respiratory systems, respectively.

Question 48

Blood enters kidney through a?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Blood enters each kidney via the renal artery, which branches from the abdominal aorta and delivers oxygenated blood to be filtered in the glomeruli. The renal vein is the vessel that drains filtered blood from the kidney into the inferior vena cava. Hepatic and jugular veins are unrelated to renal blood inflow and do not supply the kidney.

Question 49

On which segment onwards, the nephric filtrate is called as urine?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The fluid is termed tubular fluid/filtrate throughout the nephron segments (PCT, loop of Henle, DCT) as it undergoes reabsorption and secretion. Once it enters the collecting duct system, it is commonly referred to as urine because the final composition is being set and it is on the outflow path toward the renal pelvis. While some modification can still occur in collecting ducts (e.g., ADH-dependent water reabsorption), this is the segment classically identified as where filtrate is called urine. Therefore, the best answer is the collecting duct.

Question 50

What is the primary cause of hyperkalemia in patients with chronic kidney disease?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In chronic kidney disease, the most important driver of hyperkalemia is reduced glomerular filtration and impaired distal tubular potassium secretion, leading to decreased potassium excretion. While high dietary potassium can worsen hyperkalemia, it is usually not the primary cause unless intake is excessive relative to renal function. Acidosis can shift potassium out of cells and contribute, but it is secondary to the kidney’s inability to eliminate potassium. Dehydration may concentrate serum potassium but does not typically account for persistent hyperkalemia like impaired renal excretion does.

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What is the normal capacity of bladder?

The Inflammation of Kidney is called?

In dehydration, urine output is usually?

ADH and aldosterone are involved in reabsorption of substances respectively by acting on?

Which organ filters blood to produce urine?

What is the primary function of the kidneys?

Nephritis is the inflammation of?

Which organ cleans the blood and makes urine?

Kidney stones are formed due to excess of?

Dialysis is used to perform the function?

What is the average weight of a human kidney?

A patient is admitted in the hospital with complaints of hematuria, oliguria and hypertension. The most likely diagnosis for this patient is?

Reaction of normal urine is —?

The blood is filtered in?

Anuria is a disorder related to the?

Kidneys help maintain?

What part of the body control blood pressure?

The condition where the bladder is exposed outside the abdomen is called?

What is the most common cause of kidney disease?

What part of body helps regulate salt balance?

What is the primary function of the kidneys?

What connects the kidney to the urinary bladder?

Excessive intake of calcium in our diet results in?

Two kidneys are connected to?

The term Renal is used for?

What is the capacity of a normal adult bladder?

Urine test is used for?

Nephrons are present in?

Excretory product of human is?

The length of the Ureter in a normal Adult is?

Which of the following medical specialists is responsible for diagnosing and treating diseases of the urinary system?

Renin is secreted by?

Presence of stone in urinary tract is called?

What is the main reason for edema in nephrotic syndrome?

Which organ is responsible for filtering toxins from the blood?

What is the name of the tiny units within the kidneys that filter waste and excess fluids?

Which organ is the primary site of erythropoietin production?

Kidneys are located on which side of the body?

What is the role of loop of Henle in urine production?

What is the main function of nephrons in the kidney?

Which organ purifies blood in human body?

Dialysis is used in patients suffering from?

What is the primary symptom of a kidney stone?

Nephrecotomy is the surgical remove of ...?

When working with a client who has urinary retention, the nurse aide can expect that the client will?

UTI is most common in...?

Kidney helps in regulating?

Blood enters kidney through a?

On which segment onwards, the nephric filtrate is called as urine?

What is the primary cause of hyperkalemia in patients with chronic kidney disease?

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