Question 1

Graveyard of RBC is __?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Senescent erythrocytes are primarily sequestered and destroyed in the spleen by macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system, hence it is termed the graveyard of RBCs. The spleen filters out rigid or damaged cells as they pass through its cords and sinusoids. Iron is recycled and heme is converted to bilirubin for hepatic processing. While the liver and bone marrow also contribute, the spleen is the principal site.

Question 2

Fluids part of blood is called ?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Plasma is the liquid component of blood that suspends red cells, white cells, and platelets. It makes up about 55% of blood volume and contains water, electrolytes, proteins, nutrients, and clotting factors. Serum is plasma after clotting, lacking fibrinogen and other clotting factors. Water and proteins are constituents of plasma but are not the name of the fluid portion itself.

Question 3

Which vitamin is essential for blood clotting?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamin K is a required cofactor for hepatic gamma-carboxylation of clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X, as well as proteins C and S, enabling them to bind calcium and function in coagulation. Deficiency leads to impaired clotting and bleeding with prolonged PT/INR. Vitamin B6 functions in amino acid metabolism, vitamin C in collagen synthesis and antioxidant activity, and vitamin E as an antioxidant; none are essential for the coagulation cascade.

Question 4

Which of the following substances has abnormal values early in the course of multiple myeloma (MM)?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Multiple myeloma is a plasma cell malignancy characterized by overproduction of a monoclonal immunoglobulin (M protein) or light chains (Bence Jones protein). This paraprotein elevation is detectable early, often before significant cytopenias occur. Anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia typically develop later as marrow infiltration progresses. Therefore, abnormal immunoglobulin levels appear earliest.

Question 5

Graveyard of RBC is __?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Aged erythrocytes (about 120 days old) are primarily removed from circulation by macrophages in the spleen’s red pulp, earning it the nickname the graveyard of RBCs. Hemoglobin is broken down there; iron is recycled and returned to the marrow, while heme is converted to bilirubin for hepatic processing. Although the liver also contributes to hemolysis, the spleen is the principal site of physiologic RBC sequestration and destruction.

Question 6

Special kind of protein containing iron is called as?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hemoglobin is a conjugated protein that contains heme, an iron-porphyrin complex, which enables oxygen binding and transport in red blood cells. Hormones may be proteins or steroids but are not defined by iron content. Fibrinogen is a clotting protein without heme iron, and globulins are general plasma proteins such as immunoglobulins. Therefore, the iron-containing special protein is hemoglobin.

Question 7

Platelets are known as?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Platelets are the anucleate cell fragments responsible for primary hemostasis and are correctly termed thrombocytes. They derive from megakaryocytes in the bone marrow and aggregate to form the initial platelet plug at sites of vascular injury. Monocytes and neutrophils are leukocytes, and alveolus refers to a lung structure, not a blood element.

Question 8

What is the main function of red blood cells?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Red blood cells contain hemoglobin, which binds oxygen in the lungs and transports it to tissues where it is released for cellular respiration. They also assist in transporting a portion of carbon dioxide back to the lungs. Fighting infection is the role of white blood cells, hormones are produced by endocrine glands, and digestion is a gastrointestinal function.

Question 9

Which blood group is known as universal recipient?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: AB+ individuals express A, B, and Rh(D) antigens and therefore have no anti-A or anti-B antibodies in their plasma. As Rh-positive, they can receive RBCs from both Rh+ and Rh− donors. This makes AB+ the universal recipient for red blood cell transfusions. They can receive from all ABO groups, though they can donate only to AB+.

Question 10

Factor I in coagulation is known as?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Coagulation Factor I is fibrinogen, the soluble plasma protein that is converted by thrombin into fibrin to form the clot matrix. Factor II is prothrombin, the zymogen that is activated to thrombin. Factor III is tissue factor (thromboplastin), and Factor IV is calcium, a required cofactor. Therefore, the correct identification of Factor I is fibrinogen.

Question 11

Hemoglobin is present in?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hemoglobin is the iron-containing oxygen-carrying protein located inside red blood cells. It binds oxygen in the lungs and releases it to tissues, giving RBCs their red color. White blood cells and platelets lack hemoglobin, and plasma is the cell-free fluid portion of blood and does not contain hemoglobin except in hemolysis.

Question 12

Red blood corpuscles are formed in the?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In adults, red blood cells are produced by erythropoiesis in the red bone marrow (primarily in the pelvis, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum). The kidneys regulate this process by secreting erythropoietin in response to hypoxia, but they are not the site of RBC formation. The liver is a major hematopoietic site mainly during fetal life, not in healthy adults.

Question 13

Which of the following is the primary site of hematopoiesis in an adult?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In adults, the primary site of hematopoiesis (production of red blood cells, most white blood cells, and platelets) is the red bone marrow, especially in the axial skeleton (pelvis, sternum, ribs, vertebrae) and proximal long bones. The liver and spleen are major hematopoietic organs in fetal life but are not the primary sites in healthy adults. The spleen can resume hematopoiesis in certain diseases (extramedullary hematopoiesis), and the thymus is mainly involved in T-lymphocyte maturation rather than blood cell production.

Question 14

Human blood is red because it contains ...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Blood’s red color is primarily due to hemoglobin, the iron-containing heme pigment in red blood cells that absorbs light and appears red. Oxygen binding changes hemoglobin’s shade (bright red when oxygenated, darker red when deoxygenated) but the pigment responsible is still hemoglobin. Carbon dioxide does not impart the characteristic red color. Therefore, hemoglobin is the single best answer.

Question 15

Anemia disease Causes ...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Bleeding causes anemia by reducing circulating red blood cell mass and hemoglobin through acute hemorrhage or chronic occult blood loss (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, heavy menses). This results in decreased oxygen-carrying capacity and typical anemia symptoms such as fatigue and pallor. While “blood losses” is conceptually similar, “bleeding” is the clearest direct cause listed. Jaundice is more often a consequence of hemolysis rather than a primary cause of anemia, and bone fracture is not a primary cause unless associated with significant hemorrhage.

Question 16

Which vitamin deficiency causes megaloblastic anemia?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Megaloblastic anemia results from impaired DNA synthesis in rapidly dividing hematopoietic cells, most commonly due to deficiency of vitamin B12 or folate. Among the listed options, vitamin B12 deficiency classically causes megaloblastic (macrocytic) anemia, often with possible neurologic findings due to demyelination. Vitamin A deficiency is associated with vision/epithelial issues, vitamin C with scurvy and impaired collagen synthesis, and vitamin K with bleeding due to reduced clotting factor activation.

Question 17

Human blood is red due to present of?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Blood appears red primarily because hemoglobin in red blood cells contains heme groups with iron that absorb light in a way that gives a red color. Oxygen binding changes hemoglobin’s shade (bright red when oxygenated, darker when deoxygenated) but hemoglobin remains the key pigment. The other options are clinical conditions and do not determine the intrinsic color of blood.

Question 18

Name the Blood Group that has No Antigen?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In the ABO blood group system, type O red blood cells do not express A or B antigens on their surface, which is why it is described as having “no antigen” (A/B antigens). Type A has A antigen, type B has B antigen, and type AB has both A and B antigens. (Note that Rh antigen is a separate system; O can be Rh+ or Rh−.).

Question 19

A person can donate blood in ...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: For whole blood donation, the standard minimum interval is about 8 weeks (56 days), which is approximately every 2 months. This interval allows time for plasma volume to normalize quickly and for red blood cell mass and iron stores to recover. Shorter intervals increase the risk of donor anemia/iron deficiency, while longer intervals are conservative but not the typical minimum standard.

Question 20

Which of the following blood groups can receive any blood type?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In the ABO system, people with type AB blood have both A and B antigens on their red blood cells and therefore do not have anti-A or anti-B antibodies in their plasma. Because they lack these antibodies, they can receive red blood cells from A, B, AB, or O types without an ABO hemolytic transfusion reaction. Thus, AB is considered the universal recipient for ABO red cell transfusions (Rh factor considerations are separate).

Question 21

The minimum haemoglobin concentration in a fingerstick from a male donor is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Pre-donation screening uses a minimum hemoglobin threshold to reduce the risk of inducing or worsening anemia in donors. For male whole-blood donors, the commonly taught minimum fingerstick hemoglobin cutoff is about 13.5 g/dL (with females typically having a lower cutoff such as 12.5 g/dL). Among the given options, 13.5 g/dL best matches the standard male donor eligibility requirement. The other values are either too low for males (12.0, 12.5) or unnecessarily high (15.0).

Question 22

Where are red blood cells produced in the body?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In healthy children and adults, erythropoiesis (production of red blood cells) occurs primarily in the red bone marrow. Hematopoietic stem cells in the marrow differentiate into erythroid precursors under the influence of erythropoietin. The liver and spleen are sites of fetal hematopoiesis and can resume limited blood cell production only in certain disease states (extramedullary hematopoiesis). The lungs are not a site of RBC production.

Question 23

Rh factor is present on?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The Rh factor (primarily the D antigen) is a red blood cell surface antigen embedded in the RBC membrane. It is not a component of plasma, and it is not defined by antigens on WBCs or platelets for routine blood typing. Therefore, Rh positivity/negativity is determined by the presence or absence of this antigen on the RBC membrane.

Question 24

Main function of platelets is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Platelets (thrombocytes) are essential for primary hemostasis: they adhere to damaged endothelium, aggregate, and form a platelet plug. They also provide a phospholipid surface and release mediators that promote activation of the coagulation cascade, stabilizing the clot with fibrin. Immunity is mainly mediated by leukocytes, oxygen transport by red blood cells via hemoglobin, and hormone secretion is primarily an endocrine function.

Question 25

Life span of RBCs is _____?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Mature red blood cells typically circulate for about 120 days before being removed by the reticuloendothelial system, primarily in the spleen and liver. They lack nuclei and organelles, so they cannot repair membrane and enzyme damage that accumulates over time. This standard lifespan underlies clinical interpretation of indices like HbA1c and patterns seen in hemolytic anemias. Therefore, 120 days is the best answer.

Question 26

A low level of red blood cells due to vitamin B12 malabsorption best describes which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamin B12 malabsorption classically describes pernicious anemia, most often due to autoimmune destruction of gastric parietal cells leading to intrinsic factor deficiency. Without intrinsic factor, B12 cannot be absorbed in the terminal ileum, resulting in ineffective erythropoiesis and megaloblastic anemia. Aplastic anemia is bone marrow failure, sickle cell anemia is a hemoglobinopathy, and multiple myeloma is a plasma cell malignancy rather than a B12 absorption disorder.

Question 27

Give name of the protein that gives blood its red colour?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hemoglobin is the iron-containing protein in red blood cells responsible for the red color of blood due to its heme pigments. Oxygenated hemoglobin appears bright red, while deoxygenated hemoglobin is darker, but both contribute to blood’s red coloration. Myoglobin is primarily found in muscle tissue, not circulating blood. Fibrinogen and fibrin are clotting proteins and do not determine blood’s red color.

Question 28

Blood clotting is controlled by?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Platelets (thrombocytes) are the primary cellular component that initiates hemostasis by adhering to damaged endothelium, aggregating, and forming a platelet plug. They also provide a phospholipid surface that supports activation of the coagulation cascade and fibrin clot formation. Plasma contains clotting factors, but the question asks which formed element controls clotting, and platelets are the key regulators. RBCs mainly transport oxygen, and WBCs are involved in immune defense rather than coagulation.

Question 29

The normal range of hemoglobin during pregnancy is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In pregnancy, plasma volume increases more than red cell mass, causing physiologic (dilutional) anemia with hemoglobin typically around 11–14 g/dL. Values below about 11 g/dL (or

Question 30

The liquid part of blood is called as ...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Plasma is the liquid component of whole blood in which red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are suspended, and it contains water, electrolytes, proteins (including clotting factors), nutrients, and hormones. Serum is the liquid portion remaining after blood has clotted, so it lacks fibrinogen and most clotting factors. Platelets and RBCs are formed cellular elements, not the liquid part. Therefore, the liquid part of blood is plasma.

Question 31

Life span of WBC in human is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: White blood cells do not have a single uniform lifespan because it varies markedly by subtype. Neutrophils circulate for hours and may survive 1–2 days in tissues, whereas monocytes can last days and memory lymphocytes can persist for months to years. Because the options offer fixed day ranges that do not match this variability, the best choice is that none of these is correct.

Question 32

Universal donor blood group is ...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In the ABO system, group O red blood cells have no A or B antigens on their surface, so they are least likely to be attacked by recipient anti-A or anti-B antibodies. Therefore, type O is considered the universal donor for packed RBC transfusions (more specifically, O negative when Rh factor is included). Types A, B, and AB all have A and/or B antigens that can trigger hemolytic reactions in incompatible recipients.

Question 33

What is another name for white blood cells?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: White blood cells are also called leukocytes (or leucocytes), the immune cells responsible for defense against infection and foreign substances. Erythrocytes are red blood cells that primarily carry oxygen via hemoglobin. Thrombocytes are platelets involved in blood clotting, not immune defense.

Question 34

Which organ in the human body produces blood?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Blood cell production (hematopoiesis) occurs primarily in the red bone marrow, which generates red blood cells, most white blood cells, and platelets from hematopoietic stem cells. The heart circulates blood but does not produce it. The liver is important for producing plasma proteins and is a major hematopoietic site in the fetus, but in healthy adults it is not the main organ that produces blood cells.

Question 35

Erythrocytes of adult mammals are formed in?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In adult mammals, erythropoiesis (production of red blood cells) occurs primarily in the red bone marrow of flat bones and the proximal ends of long bones. The kidney regulates erythrocyte production indirectly by secreting erythropoietin in response to hypoxia, but it is not the main site of formation. The liver is a major hematopoietic organ in the fetus, and the spleen can resume extramedullary hematopoiesis in certain diseases, but neither is the primary adult site under normal conditions.

Question 36

Red colour of blood is due to presence of ?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Blood appears red primarily because hemoglobin, an iron-containing pigment in red blood cells, absorbs and reflects light in a way that produces a red color. Oxygenated hemoglobin is bright red, while deoxygenated hemoglobin is darker red. Plasma is straw-colored and does not account for blood’s red color, and RBCs are red because they contain hemoglobin.

Question 37

Which blood group is universal plasma donor?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Plasma compatibility depends on the donor plasma antibodies, not the donor red-cell antigens. Group AB plasma contains neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies, so it can be transfused to recipients of any ABO type without causing hemolysis of the recipient’s red cells. In contrast, group O plasma contains both anti-A and anti-B antibodies and is not universally compatible. Therefore, AB is the universal plasma donor.

Question 38

Lifespan of RBC is about ?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Human red blood cells circulate for about 120 days before being removed by the reticuloendothelial system, primarily in the spleen and liver. As RBCs age, membrane rigidity increases and they become less deformable, making splenic sequestration and phagocytosis more likely. The 120-day lifespan is a key physiologic fact used to interpret hemolysis, anemia patterns, and the time course of changes in hemoglobin-related measures.

Question 39

Leukemia is a cancer of?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Leukemia is a malignancy of hematopoietic tissues characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal white blood cell precursors, primarily arising in the bone marrow and spilling into the peripheral blood. Clinically it is classified as a blood cancer because it affects blood-forming cells and leads to abnormal blood counts and circulating blasts. Uterus and brain are unrelated primary sites for leukemia, and while it originates in bone marrow, the disease is not a cancer of bone tissue itself (that would be a primary bone tumor).

Question 40

What is the primary cause of pernicious anemia?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Pernicious anemia is most commonly caused by autoimmune destruction of gastric parietal cells, leading to deficiency of intrinsic factor. Without intrinsic factor, vitamin B12 cannot be absorbed effectively in the terminal ileum, resulting in megaloblastic anemia and possible neurologic complications. Iron deficiency and vitamin C deficiency can cause other types of anemia but do not define pernicious anemia. Bone marrow suppression causes pancytopenia/aplastic processes rather than the classic B12 malabsorption mechanism.

Question 41

Which one is called graveyard of RBC's?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The spleen is called the "graveyard of RBCs" because it filters blood and removes senescent, damaged, or abnormal erythrocytes from circulation via splenic macrophages (extravascular hemolysis). It also recycles iron from hemoglobin and helps maintain normal red cell quality through its red pulp cords and sinusoids. While the liver can also clear RBC breakdown products, the spleen is the primary site emphasized for aged RBC sequestration and destruction.

Question 42

What is the hallmark sign of a sickle cell crisis?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The hallmark of a vaso-occlusive sickle cell crisis is sudden, severe pain caused by sickled erythrocytes obstructing microvasculature, leading to tissue ischemia and infarction. This pain commonly affects bones, chest, abdomen, and joints and is often precipitated by dehydration, infection, or hypoxia. Hypertension and bradycardia are not defining features of sickle cell crisis, and petechiae suggests platelet or coagulation disorders rather than sickling.

Question 43

The oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hemoglobin is the iron-containing protein within red blood cells that binds oxygen in the lungs and releases it to tissues. Each hemoglobin molecule has heme groups with ferrous iron (Fe2+) that reversibly bind O2, making it the primary oxygen transporter in blood. Myoglobin primarily stores oxygen in muscle, while albumin transports various solutes and fibrinogen is involved in clot formation.

Question 44

Which of the following areas is most common site of Cancer in children?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In children, the most common malignancies are hematologic cancers, particularly acute leukemias, which originate in the bone marrow. These cancers involve uncontrolled proliferation of immature blood cells in the marrow, making it the most common primary site among the listed options. Solid tumors such as lung or GI cancers are comparatively uncommon as primary pediatric cancers, and genital tumors are less common than leukemia.

Question 45

Which vitamin is involved in red blood cell formation?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) is essential for DNA synthesis in rapidly dividing cells, including erythroid precursors in the bone marrow. Deficiency impairs nuclear maturation and causes megaloblastic anemia with ineffective erythropoiesis. While folate also supports RBC production, it is not an option here, making B12 the best answer among the choices.

Question 46

Serum differs from blood as it lacks?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Serum is the liquid portion of blood after coagulation has occurred, so the clot has consumed fibrinogen and other clotting factors. Plasma, in contrast, is obtained from anticoagulated blood and retains clotting proteins. Serum still contains antibodies (immunoglobulins) and major proteins such as albumin and globulins. Therefore, the key component serum lacks compared with whole blood/plasma is clotting factors.

Question 47

Which blood group below is a universal donor?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: O negative red blood cells lack A and B antigens and also lack the Rh(D) antigen, making them least likely to trigger hemolytic transfusion reactions in recipients. Therefore, O- is considered the universal donor for packed RBC transfusions, especially in emergencies when crossmatching is not yet available. Other listed blood groups express A, B, and/or Rh antigens that can be attacked by recipient antibodies. (Note: “universal donor” applies to RBCs; plasma has different compatibility rules.).

Question 48

Universal acceptor blood group is ...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In the ABO system, individuals with blood group AB have both A and B antigens on their red cells and therefore do not have anti-A or anti-B antibodies in their plasma. Because they lack these antibodies, they can receive red blood cells from A, B, AB, or O donors without ABO incompatibility. (Note: for full transfusion compatibility, Rh status must also be considered.).

Question 49

Which of the following blood product cannot transmit viruses?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Albumin is a plasma-derived product that undergoes pasteurization/viral inactivation and extensive purification during manufacturing, which makes the risk of viral transmission extremely low compared with standard blood components. Fresh frozen plasma, cryoprecipitate, and platelets are minimally processed blood components and can transmit blood-borne viruses if collected from an infected donor. Therefore, among the options, albumin is the best answer for a product that cannot (practically considered) transmit viruses.

Question 50

Which one of the below diseases is caused due to the deficiency of iron?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Iron deficiency impairs hemoglobin synthesis, reducing red blood cell oxygen-carrying capacity and causing iron-deficiency anemia (typically microcytic, hypochromic). The other options are associated with different deficiencies: beriberi (thiamine/B1), rickets (vitamin D/calcium/phosphate), and goiter (iodine). Therefore, anemia is the condition caused by iron deficiency among the choices.

Train with a large NCLEX question bank and jump into a full exam-style simulator

Hematology NCLEX Practice Test

Continue Learning

Graveyard of RBC is __?

Fluids part of blood is called ?

Which vitamin is essential for blood clotting?

Which of the following substances has abnormal values early in the course of multiple myeloma (MM)?

Graveyard of RBC is __?

Special kind of protein containing iron is called as?

Platelets are known as?

What is the main function of red blood cells?

Which blood group is known as universal recipient?

Factor I in coagulation is known as?

Hemoglobin is present in?

Red blood corpuscles are formed in the?

Which of the following is the primary site of hematopoiesis in an adult?

Human blood is red because it contains ...?

Anemia disease Causes ...?

Which vitamin deficiency causes megaloblastic anemia?

Human blood is red due to present of?

Name the Blood Group that has No Antigen?

A person can donate blood in ...?

Which of the following blood groups can receive any blood type?

The minimum haemoglobin concentration in a fingerstick from a male donor is?

Where are red blood cells produced in the body?

Rh factor is present on?

Main function of platelets is?

Life span of RBCs is _____?

A low level of red blood cells due to vitamin B12 malabsorption best describes which of the following?

Give name of the protein that gives blood its red colour?

Blood clotting is controlled by?

The normal range of hemoglobin during pregnancy is?

The liquid part of blood is called as ...?

Life span of WBC in human is?

Universal donor blood group is ...?

What is another name for white blood cells?

Which organ in the human body produces blood?

Erythrocytes of adult mammals are formed in?

Red colour of blood is due to presence of ?

Which blood group is universal plasma donor?

Lifespan of RBC is about ?

Leukemia is a cancer of?

What is the primary cause of pernicious anemia?

Which one is called graveyard of RBC's?

What is the hallmark sign of a sickle cell crisis?

The oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells is?

Which of the following areas is most common site of Cancer in children?

Which vitamin is involved in red blood cell formation?

Serum differs from blood as it lacks?

Which blood group below is a universal donor?

Universal acceptor blood group is ...?

Which of the following blood product cannot transmit viruses?

Which one of the below diseases is caused due to the deficiency of iron?

Think you’re ready for the NCLEX?

Leave a Reply Cancel reply