Question 1

Element that is not found in the blood is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Iron is a major constituent of hemoglobin in red blood cells, copper circulates bound to ceruloplasmin, and magnesium is a normal serum electrolyte. Chromium is not a typical physiologic component of blood in meaningful amounts; it is not required for oxygen transport or routine plasma electrolyte balance. Thus, among the options, chromium is considered not found in blood.

Question 2

The disease hemophilia is related to?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hemophilia is an inherited bleeding disorder caused by deficiency of clotting factors, most commonly factor VIII (hemophilia A) or factor IX (hemophilia B). This impairs the intrinsic coagulation pathway, leading to prolonged bleeding and hemarthroses. It is not a disorder of bones, vision, or digestion.

Question 3

Bleeding disorder is a lack of?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamin K is required for hepatic gamma-carboxylation of clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X, as well as proteins C and S. Deficiency results in impaired coagulation and a bleeding tendency, often seen with malabsorption, prolonged antibiotic use, or in newborns. Vitamins A, D, and E are fat-soluble but are not primary cofactors for coagulation. Therefore, lack of vitamin K leads to bleeding disorders.

Question 4

Nucleated RBCs are found in ..?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Mammalian erythrocytes (e.g., humans, rats, rabbits) extrude their nucleus during maturation and are anucleate in circulation. In contrast, non-mammalian vertebrates, including amphibians like the frog, retain nucleated red blood cells. Therefore, among the choices, only the frog has nucleated RBCs under normal physiology.

Question 5

Which blood cells help in blood clotting?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Platelets (thrombocytes) are the cellular components responsible for primary hemostasis. They adhere to damaged endothelium, aggregate, and provide a phospholipid surface that supports activation of the coagulation cascade to form a stable clot. RBCs transport oxygen, WBCs mediate immune defense, and plasma is the liquid component containing clotting factors but is not a cell. Therefore, platelets are the blood cells that help in clotting.

Question 6

Fluid part of blood is known as ___?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The liquid component of blood is called plasma. It is mostly water and carries proteins, electrolytes, nutrients, hormones, and waste products. Platelets and blood cells are the formed elements suspended in plasma, not the fluid itself. Therefore, the correct term for the fluid part is plasma.

Question 7

Hemoglobin consists of globin protein and?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hemoglobin is composed of globin protein chains and heme groups. Each heme contains a ferrous iron (Fe2+) atom that reversibly binds oxygen, enabling oxygen transport. Copper, zinc, and magnesium are not structural components of hemoglobin; they serve roles in other enzymes or cellular processes.

Question 8

What is blood?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Blood is a specialized fluid connective tissue composed of plasma and formed elements (red cells, white cells, and platelets). It functions in transport, regulation, and protection, which are typical roles of connective tissues. It is not an organ or a gland, and while it behaves as a fluid, its cellular and matrix composition classifies it as tissue.

Question 9

The main function of platelets in the blood is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Platelets (thrombocytes) initiate hemostasis by adhering to damaged endothelium, aggregating, and releasing granule contents to form a platelet plug. They also provide a phospholipid surface that accelerates the coagulation cascade to stabilize the clot with fibrin. Red blood cells carry oxygen, and white blood cells fight infection, not platelets.

Question 10

Which vitamin helps to regulate blood coagulation?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamin K is required for hepatic gamma-carboxylation of glutamate residues on clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X, as well as proteins C and S. This post-translational modification enables these factors to bind calcium and function in the coagulation cascade. Deficiency leads to impaired hemostasis and prolonged PT/INR, and warfarin works by antagonizing vitamin K recycling.

Question 11

Lack of platelets causes?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Platelets are essential for primary hemostasis; they adhere and aggregate to form the initial platelet plug at sites of vascular injury. Thrombocytopenia or platelet dysfunction impairs this process, leading to mucocutaneous bleeding, petechiae, epistaxis, and prolonged bleeding. Fever is not a direct effect of low platelets, and anemia involves red blood cell deficiency. Swelling is not a characteristic consequence of isolated thrombocytopenia.

Question 12

Which blood group is a universal donor?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Type O negative red blood cells lack A and B antigens and also lack the Rh D antigen, minimizing the risk of antibody-mediated hemolysis in recipients of any ABO/Rh type. Thus O− blood can be transfused broadly in emergencies when type-specific blood is unavailable. AB+ is the universal recipient, not donor; O+ cannot be given to Rh-negative patients; and AB− is limited by both ABO and Rh compatibility.

Question 13

Leukemia is a cancer of...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Leukemia is a malignancy of blood-forming tissues, primarily the bone marrow, leading to uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal leukocytes. These cells spill into the bloodstream and impair normal hematopoiesis. It is not a solid tumor of the cervix, tongue, or bone. Therefore, it is a cancer of the blood.

Question 14

Platelet count decreases in?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Dengue fever commonly causes marked thrombocytopenia due to bone marrow suppression and immune-mediated peripheral destruction, which contributes to bleeding risk in dengue hemorrhagic fever. While mild thrombocytopenia can occur in malaria and typhoid, it is not as characteristic or severe. Filaria does not typically cause a decreased platelet count. Therefore, dengue is the best single answer.

Question 15

What is the life span of RBC?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Mature erythrocytes circulate for roughly 120 days before being removed by splenic and hepatic macrophages. Their limited lifespan is due to the absence of nuclei and organelles, which prevents protein renewal and repair of membrane damage. Senescent RBCs are cleared via reticuloendothelial phagocytosis and replaced by new cells from erythropoiesis stimulated by erythropoietin.

Question 16

Haemoglobin is found in the ...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hemoglobin is the oxygen-carrying protein concentrated within red blood cells (erythrocytes). Its heme groups bind oxygen in the lungs and release it to tissues. Leukocytes (white blood cells) function in immunity and do not contain hemoglobin. Thrombocytes (platelets) are cell fragments involved in clotting and also lack hemoglobin.

Question 17

The normal red blood cell count in adults is about ____ million/mm3?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Typical adult RBC counts are approximately 4.2–5.4 million/mm3 for women and 4.7–6.1 million/mm3 for men. Therefore, the best approximate range given is 4–6 million/mm3. The options 1–2, 7–9, and 10–12 million/mm3 are outside normal physiologic ranges and would suggest significant pathology or error.

Question 18

Another name for white blood cells is ______?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: White blood cells are also called leukocytes, the immune cells that defend against infection. Hypoxia refers to low oxygen levels in tissues, not a cell type. Albumin and globulin are plasma proteins, not cells. Therefore, leukocytes is the correct synonym for white blood cells.

Question 19

Blood cancer is called?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Leukemia is a malignancy of the blood-forming tissues characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal leukocytes in the bone marrow and peripheral blood. Anemia is a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin, not a cancer. Thalassemia is an inherited hemoglobin disorder, and hemophilia is a clotting factor deficiency causing bleeding. Therefore, the term for blood cancer is leukemia.

Question 20

Which part of the body produces blood?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Blood cells are produced in the red bone marrow within bones, a process called hematopoiesis. In adults, active marrow is found mainly in the pelvis, sternum, ribs, vertebrae, and proximal femur and humerus. The heart and vessels circulate blood, and the lungs oxygenate it, but neither produces blood cells.

Question 21

Blood clot is formed because of the presence of certain cells in the blood called...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Platelets (thrombocytes) are the blood elements that initiate hemostasis by adhering to damaged endothelium and forming a platelet plug. They provide a phospholipid surface for activation of the coagulation cascade, leading to fibrin formation and stabilization of the clot. Erythrocytes and lymphocytes do not initiate clotting, and chondrocytes are cartilage cells.

Question 22

In which blood group No blood Agglutinins are present?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: AB blood group has both A and B antigens on red cells and therefore lacks anti-A and anti-B (agglutinins) in the plasma. Group A has anti-B, group B has anti-A, and group O has both antibodies. The Rh factor does not affect the presence of ABO agglutinins, so AB (regardless of Rh) has none.

Question 23

Immature cells with Auer rods are found in?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Auer rods are needle-like azurophilic inclusions composed of fused primary granules and are found in myeloblasts/promyelocytes, indicating myeloid lineage. They are characteristic of acute myeloid leukemia, especially the acute promyelocytic (M3) subtype. They are not seen in lymphoid leukemias such as ALL or CLL, and are not a feature of chronic myeloid leukemia.

Question 24

Life Span of RBC which is the correct answer______?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Human erythrocytes circulate for about 120 days before being removed by macrophages in the spleen and liver. Their lifespan is limited because they lack nuclei and organelles, preventing repair and protein synthesis. Senescent RBCs are cleared as membrane deformability decreases and surface markers change. Therefore, the best answer is 120 days.

Question 25

Red blood cells are also called ____?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Red blood cells are termed erythrocytes, which transport oxygen via hemoglobin. Leukocytes are white blood cells involved in immune defense. Thrombocytes are platelets responsible for clotting. Macrophages are phagocytic immune cells derived from monocytes.

Question 26

The liquid portion of blood that carries nutrients is called ____?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Plasma is the liquid component of blood that contains water, electrolytes, nutrients, hormones, and proteins, transporting these substances throughout the body. Serum is plasma after clotting and lacks fibrinogen and some clotting factors. Lymph is interstitial fluid within the lymphatic system, not the blood. RBCs are formed elements and not the liquid portion.

Question 27

Which vitamins essential for blood clotting?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamin K is required in the liver for gamma-carboxylation of clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X, as well as proteins C and S. Without vitamin K, these factors are inactive, leading to impaired coagulation and bleeding. Deficiency can occur with warfarin therapy or fat malabsorption. Therefore, vitamin K is the vitamin essential for blood clotting.

Question 28

What is the life span of red blood cell?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Mature erythrocytes circulate for about 120 days before being removed by splenic and hepatic macrophages. Because RBCs lack nuclei and organelles, they cannot synthesize new proteins or repair membrane damage, leading to senescence. Senescent cells are cleared by the reticuloendothelial system, and heme is catabolized to bilirubin. Therefore, the normal lifespan is approximately 120 days.

Question 29

RBCs are destroyed in?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Aged erythrocytes are removed by macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system, primarily in the spleen and secondarily in the liver and bone marrow. Hemoglobin is degraded with heme converted to bilirubin and iron recycled. Kidneys, lungs, and heart are not major sites of normal RBC destruction.

Question 30

Formation of RBCs is termed as?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The specific term for red blood cell production is erythropoiesis, which occurs primarily in the bone marrow under the stimulation of erythropoietin. Hematopoiesis refers to the formation of all blood cell lines. Leukopoiesis is white blood cell production, and thrombopoiesis is platelet production. Therefore, erythropoiesis is the correct term for RBC formation.

Question 31

What is the main function of blood?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: While blood contributes to protection (immune cells and clotting), pH buffering (bicarbonate), and osmolarity maintenance (plasma proteins), its primary overarching role is transport. Blood carries oxygen and carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones, and metabolic wastes between tissues and organs. This transport function enables cellular respiration, endocrine signaling, and waste elimination, making it the central function of the circulatory system.

Question 32

Life span of RBC?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Mature erythrocytes lack nuclei and organelles, limiting repair and metabolic capacity, so they circulate for about 120 days. Senescent RBCs are removed by macrophages of the spleen and liver. Hemoglobin is broken down with iron recycled and heme converted to bilirubin. Thus, the typical life span is approximately 120 days.

Question 33

Which blood cell is largest in size?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Monocytes are the largest circulating blood cells, typically 12–20 µm in diameter. Red blood cells average about 7–8 µm, basophils about 10–12 µm, and platelets are much smaller at roughly 2–4 µm. Therefore, among the options listed, the monocyte is the largest.

Question 34

Which cell in the human body has no nucleus?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Mature human red blood cells expel their nucleus during erythropoiesis to maximize intracellular space for hemoglobin and improve flexibility for capillary transit. In contrast, white blood cells, skin cells, and liver cells retain nuclei. The anucleate state also means red blood cells cannot synthesize proteins or divide.

Question 35

Vitamin essential for clotting factor synthesis is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamin K is required in the liver for gamma-carboxylation of glutamate residues on clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X as well as proteins C and S. This modification allows these factors to bind calcium and function in the coagulation cascade. Deficiency results in impaired clotting and bleeding tendencies, and warfarin antagonizes vitamin K recycling.

Question 36

At which temperature platelet rich plasma is stored?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Platelet products (including platelet-rich plasma prior to preparing concentrates) are stored at room temperature, 20–24°C, with gentle agitation to preserve platelet function and viability. Refrigeration at 1–6°C causes platelet shape change and irreversible loss of function. Temperatures like 18°C are below the recommended range, and 37°C risks bacterial proliferation and degradation. Therefore, 22°C is the best single choice.

Question 37

Normal RBC count in adult male is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In healthy adult males, the normal RBC count is approximately 4.7–6.1 million per microliter (cubic millimeter). This range reflects higher erythropoietin-driven mass compared with females. Options A and B are too low and suggest anemia, while option D is higher than normal and suggests polycythemia. Therefore, 4.5–6 million/cu mm is the best match.

Question 38

Human blood volume is about?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Average adult blood volume is approximately 70–75 mL/kg, which is about 5–6 liters for a typical 70–80 kg adult. Men and larger individuals have slightly higher volumes, while women and smaller individuals have slightly less. The other options are outside the normal adult range, with 2–3 liters being too low and 8 liters too high.

Question 39

A patient's peripheral blood smear examination reveals normochromic erythrocytes and the patient's hemoglobin is 8.2 g/dL. Which hematocrit value correlates with these data?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In normochromic erythrocytes, the MCHC is normal, so the usual relationship between hemoglobin and hematocrit applies. Hematocrit is approximately three times the hemoglobin concentration. For an Hb of 8.2 g/dL, the expected hematocrit is about 24–25% (0.24–0.25). Thus, 0.25 is the best match.

Question 40

What are RBC also known as -?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Red blood cells are formally called erythrocytes. Leucocytes are white blood cells, a different cellular component of blood. Hemoglobin is the oxygen-carrying protein contained within erythrocytes, not the cell itself. Platelets (thrombocytes) are cell fragments involved in clotting.

Question 41

Which of the following type of proteins transports oxygen in the blood?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hemoglobin within red blood cells is the primary oxygen-transport protein. Each hemoglobin molecule contains heme groups with ferrous iron that bind oxygen reversibly, allowing delivery from lungs to tissues. Albumin mainly maintains oncotic pressure and transports various solutes, while globulins include antibodies and other transport proteins. 'Globin' is only the protein portion of hemoglobin and does not transport oxygen without the heme iron.

Question 42

Which of the following are needed for clotting of blood?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Fibrinogen is the soluble plasma protein that is converted by thrombin into fibrin strands, forming the structural mesh of a blood clot. Albumin and globulins primarily serve oncotic pressure and immune functions, respectively, and are not central to coagulation. Magnesium ions are not required for normal coagulation; calcium ions are the key divalent cations in the cascade.

Question 43

Lack of intrinsic factor is associated with-?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Intrinsic factor, produced by gastric parietal cells, is required for vitamin B12 absorption in the terminal ileum. Autoimmune destruction of parietal cells or antibodies to intrinsic factor cause intrinsic factor deficiency, leading to vitamin B12 malabsorption and megaloblastic anemia—pernicious anemia. Sickle cell anemia is due to a hemoglobin beta-chain mutation, and iron deficiency and microcytic anemias relate to iron balance, not intrinsic factor.

Question 44

The Breakdown Of RBC's Occur In ____?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Senescent erythrocytes are primarily removed from circulation by macrophages in the spleen (extravascular hemolysis). Heme is then converted to biliverdin and bilirubin, and iron is recycled.

Question 45

Which component of blood is responsible for clotting?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Platelets (thrombocytes) are the cellular fragments that initiate hemostasis by adhering to damaged endothelium and aggregating to form a primary platelet plug. They release granule contents that amplify clot formation. The coagulation cascade then stabilizes the plug with fibrin, but the key blood component initiating clotting is platelets. Plasma contains clotting factors, yet the question asks for the component responsible, making platelets the best answer.

Question 46

WBC are produced in?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Leukocytes originate from pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow, where leukopoiesis occurs. The spleen mainly filters blood and serves as an immune organ but is not the primary site of WBC production. The thymus is responsible for T-lymphocyte maturation, not their initial production. Lymph is a fluid and does not generate cells.

Question 47

The main function of white blood cells in the body is to?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Leukocytes are the immune cells of blood that defend the body against pathogens and foreign substances through mechanisms such as phagocytosis and antibody-mediated and cell-mediated immunity. Red blood cells carry oxygen, not white cells. Platelets are primarily responsible for clot formation. White cells do not produce red cells; hematopoiesis occurs in the bone marrow.

Question 48

The lifespan of Red Blood Cells is ............days?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Mature erythrocytes lack nuclei and organelles, so they cannot repair themselves and have a finite lifespan of about 120 days. With aging, membrane flexibility and enzyme activity decline, leading to removal by macrophages in the spleen (and liver/bone marrow). This 120‑day turnover is fundamental to interpreting hemolysis and reticulocyte responses.

Question 49

Which cancer affects white blood cells?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Leukemia is a malignancy of the bone marrow and blood characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of leukocytes (white blood cells) and their precursors. It leads to excess abnormal WBCs in the peripheral blood, causing immunosuppression, anemia, and bleeding. Melanoma is a skin cancer, lymphoma primarily arises in lymphoid tissues, and sarcoma involves connective tissues.

Question 50

Hemoglobin is present in ___ and carries oxygen?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hemoglobin is an iron-containing protein located within erythrocytes (red blood cells). It binds oxygen in the lungs and releases it to tissues, facilitating oxygen transport. White blood cells and platelets do not contain hemoglobin, and plasma is the liquid component of blood without hemoglobin.

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