Question 1

What is the appropriate oxygen saturation range for patients at risk of hypercapnic respiratory failure?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason:Patients at risk of hypercapnic respiratory failure (especially COPD patients with chronic CO₂ retention) should have oxygen titrated to an SpO₂ range of 88%–92%. Higher saturations can suppress hypoxic drive and worsen CO₂ retention, leading to respiratory acidosis.

Question 2

Asthma is a disease of?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason:Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the lungs, characterized by airway hyper-responsiveness, bronchoconstriction, and reversible airflow limitation. The pathology primarily affects the bronchi and bronchioles.

Question 3

Gradual increase in rate and depth of respiration is known as-?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Cheyne–Stokes respiration shows a crescendo–decrescendo pattern with periods of apnea; the hallmark is a gradual increase in rate and depth followed by a gradual decrease.

Question 4

The inner pleura cover the lungs and adjoining structures?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The inner layer of the pleura that directly covers the lungs is the visceral pleura. The parietal pleura lines the thoracic cavity; "serous membrane" is a general tissue type; the rectal sheath is unrelated.

Question 5

Segmental bronchi are also known as?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Airway anatomy: primary = main bronchi; secondary = lobar bronchi; tertiary = segmental bronchi. Therefore, segmental bronchi are the tertiary bronchi.

Question 6

Which sound is low-pitched, hollow, and heard over normal lung tissue?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Normal lung percussion is resonant—low-pitched, clear, and hollow. Tympany is high-pitched and drumlike; dullness suggests consolidation, and flatness occurs over bone or muscle.

Question 7

Which organ is affected by asthma?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways in the lungs, not the liver or kidneys.

Question 8

The region of the lung through which bronchi, pulmonary blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter and exit is called?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The hilum is the entry and exit point of the lung where the bronchi, pulmonary vessels, lymphatics, and nerves pass; the other choices are surfaces or the apex of the lung.

Question 9

What is the functional unit of the lungs?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Alveoli are the tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs, making them the functional units of the lungs. Acini are clusters that include alveoli; a nephron is the functional unit of the kidney; a neuron is a nerve cell.

Question 10

The oblique fissure of the right lung divides the?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In the right lung, the oblique fissure separates the lower lobe from both the upper and middle lobes; the horizontal fissure separates the upper from the middle lobe.

Question 11

Which option describes orthopnea?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Orthopnea is dyspnea that occurs when lying flat and is relieved by sitting or standing; thus, the person can breathe comfortably only in an upright position.

Question 12

What is respiration that is abnormally deep but regular called?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Kussmaul respirations are abnormally deep, regular breaths typically seen in metabolic acidosis (e.g., DKA). Cheyne-Stokes is a waxing and waning pattern with apnea; hyperventilation refers to an increased ventilation rate or volume but not specifically the regular deep pattern; sighing consists of intermittent deep breaths.

Question 13

Which of the following substances is found in greater quantities in exhaled air?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Gas exchange in the lungs increases CO2 and decreases O2 in exhaled air; nitrogen remains essentially unchanged, and CO and ozone are negligible.

Question 14

In which conditions are opaque hemithorax X-ray findings seen?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: A complete white-out of one hemithorax can occur with extensive pneumonia causing whole-lung consolidation; this is the most direct cause among the options. Lung cancer usually presents as a mass or with effusion or collapse, diaphragmatic hernia shows air-filled bowel loops, and alveolar hemorrhage is typically diffuse or bilateral rather than a unilateral opaque hemithorax.

Question 15

Which muscle is not used in forced expiration?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Forced expiration is produced by the abdominal muscles (external and internal obliques, rectus abdominis, and transversus abdominis) and the internal intercostals. The diaphragm is primarily an inspiratory muscle and is not used in forced expiration.

Question 16

What is the normal respiratory rate?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Normal adult respiratory rate is 12–20 breaths per minute.

Question 17

What is the approximate percentage of oxygen in expired air?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Inspired air contains about 21% O2; after gas exchange, expired air averages around 16% due to oxygen uptake and added CO2 and water vapor.

Question 18

Normal anteroposterior versus transverse diameter of the chest is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In a normal adult chest, the anteroposterior diameter is about half of the transverse diameter, giving an AP-to-transverse ratio of 1:2. Ratios approaching 1:1 suggest a barrel chest.

Question 19

The left lung has ... lobes?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The left lung has two lobes (superior and inferior) because of space taken up by the heart; the right lung has three.

Question 20

Tachypnea can be caused by?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hypoxia stimulates peripheral chemoreceptors, increasing the respiratory rate (tachypnea). Increased intracranial pressure, sleep, and alcohol typically depress respirations or cause them to slow irregularly.

Question 21

There is a bronchus present for each lobe of the lung?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Each lobe of the lung receives a secondary (lobar) bronchus. Primary bronchi serve each lung, and tertiary bronchi supply the segments.

Question 22

The trachea receives its blood supply from?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The cervical trachea is supplied mainly by tracheoesophageal branches of the inferior thyroid arteries; there are no middle or posterior thyroid arteries, and the superior thyroid primarily supplies the thyroid and larynx.

Question 23

The muscles of the abdominal wall assist the diaphragm during?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: During forced expiration, contraction of the abdominal muscles increases intra-abdominal pressure and pushes the diaphragm upward, assisting the expiratory effort. During inspiration, the abdominal wall relaxes.

Question 24

All of the following respiratory system parameters are decreased during pregnancy except?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: During pregnancy, diaphragmatic elevation decreases FRC, residual volume, and expiratory reserve volume; total lung capacity may slightly decrease. Vital capacity remains essentially unchanged, so it is the exception.

Question 25

The nurse is caring for a client with COPD. Which associated disorder has changes that are reversible?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Asthma is characterized by reversible airway obstruction due to bronchoconstriction and inflammation, whereas emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and bronchiectasis involve largely irreversible structural changes.

Question 26

The primary respiratory center?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The medulla oblongata contains the dorsal and ventral respiratory groups, which generate the basic rhythm of breathing. The pons modulates breathing, and the carotid and aortic bodies are peripheral chemoreceptors.

Question 27

Replenishing the body's oxygen supply and eliminating waste from the blood in the form of carbon dioxide is called?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Supplying oxygen to the body and removing carbon dioxide is the function of the respiratory system. The cardiovascular system transports gases, while gas diffusion is just the mechanism at the alveoli, not the overall system.

Question 28

Asthma is...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Asthma is defined as a chronic inflammatory airway disorder characterized by episodic wheeze, dyspnea, chest tightness, and cough. Option B describes chronic bronchitis, C describes atelectasis, and D describes bronchiectasis.

Question 29

What is the term for a lack of oxygen in the tissues?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hypoxia is decreased oxygen at the tissue level. Asphyxia is suffocation, anoxaemia is low oxygen in the blood, and cyanosis is a bluish discoloration due to deoxygenation.

Question 30

Cyanosis is caused by a lack of what?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Cyanosis is a bluish discoloration from increased deoxygenated hemoglobin; it occurs when tissue blood is poorly oxygenated.

Question 31

What is the typical length of the trachea in centimeters?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The adult trachea measures about 10–12 cm in length from the larynx to the carina.

Question 32

Cyanosis is caused by a lack of what?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Cyanosis is the bluish discoloration of skin/mucosa due to increased deoxygenated hemoglobin, reflecting insufficient oxygen in the blood.

Question 33

Cyanosis is caused in the case of?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Cyanosis is a bluish discoloration from increased deoxygenated hemoglobin, occurring with hypoxia or lack of oxygen.

Question 34

When the oxygen supply to the tissue is inadequate, the condition is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hypoxia is defined as inadequate oxygen supply to tissues. Dyspnea is difficult breathing, asphyxia is severe oxygen deprivation often from obstruction, and apnea is absence of breathing.

Question 35

What is the removal of an entire lung called?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Complete removal of a lung is a pneumonectomy; lobectomy removes a lobe, while segmental and wedge resections remove smaller portions.

Question 36

Is the respiratory rate increased?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Tachypnea is the term for an increased respiratory rate; the other options refer to heart rate or decreased breathing.

Question 37

Which of the following are expected outcomes for a client with pulmonary disease?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Normal gas exchange aims for matched ventilation and perfusion; low V/Q indicates shunt and high V/Q indicates dead space. PaO2 should exceed PaCO2, not be equal.

Question 38

The term 'orthopnea' refers to?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Orthopnea is dyspnea that occurs when the patient is supine and is relieved by sitting or standing.

Question 39

The chief illness of childhood is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Common cold is the most frequent childhood illness (upper respiratory infection), occurring far more often than flu, measles, or otitis media.

Question 40

The rhythmic waxing and waning of respiration is called?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Cheyne–Stokes respiration features cyclical crescendo–decrescendo (waxing and waning) tidal volumes followed by periods of apnea.

Question 41

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) can be defined as?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: ARDS is characterized by acute, non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema and refractory hypoxemia due to increased alveolar–capillary permeability; option B captures the non-cardiac origin and hypoxemia despite oxygen therapy.

Question 42

A disease condition caused by bacteria and characterized by fluid-filled alveoli and inflammation is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Bacterial pneumonia causes inflammation and consolidation with fluid-filled alveoli. SARS is viral, ARDS is not primarily bacterial, and amyloidosis involves abnormal protein deposition.

Question 43

During the fibrotic phase of ARDS?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The fibrotic phase of ARDS is marked by lung fibrosis and scarring that stiffen the lungs, reduce compliance, and increase the work of breathing—described in option C. Option A reflects the exudative phase; option B reflects the proliferative/repair phase.

Question 44

Cessation of breathing for a short period is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Apnea is the temporary cessation of breathing. Orthopnea is dyspnea when lying down, dyspnea is difficult breathing, and bradypnea is abnormally slow breathing.

Question 45

Lack of oxygen in the bloodstream is called?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hypoxaemia refers to decreased oxygen level in arterial blood. Hypoxia is tissue oxygen deficiency, anoxaemia implies near absence of oxygen, and cyanosis is a bluish discoloration, not the condition itself.

Question 46

Cheyne-Stokes respiration means?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Cheyne–Stokes respiration is a cyclical pattern of crescendo–decrescendo hyperpnea alternating with periods of apnea.

Question 47

Which of the following symptoms is common is Asthma?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Wheezing is the hallmark of asthma due to airway narrowing and bronchospasm; barking cough is typical of croup, bradycardia is not characteristic, and a 'dry productive' cough is inconsistent.

Question 48

Which among the following is a risk factor for pneumonia?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Malnutrition impairs immune defenses, increasing susceptibility to respiratory infections such as pneumonia. Seasonal change and mosquitoes are not direct risk factors; overcrowding increases exposure but malnutrition is the key host risk factor.

Question 49

A patient admitted in the emergency is having tachypnea with a respiratory rate of 28 breaths per minute. The likely diagnosis is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Tachypnea (28/min) suggests hypoxia or lung pathology; pneumonia commonly presents with increased respiratory rate. Narcotic overdose typically causes respiratory depression, and raised ICP or brain injury more often lead to irregular or decreased respirations.

Question 50

The respiratory rate less than 10 breaths/min is termed as?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: A respiratory rate that is abnormally slow is termed bradypnea; less than 10 breaths per minute fits this definition. Tachypnea is fast breathing, bradycardia is a slow heart rate, and apnea is cessation of breathing.

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What is the appropriate oxygen saturation range for patients at risk of hypercapnic respiratory failure?

Asthma is a disease of?

Gradual increase in rate and depth of respiration is known as-?

The inner pleura cover the lungs and adjoining structures?

Segmental bronchi are also known as?

Which sound is low-pitched, hollow, and heard over normal lung tissue?

Which organ is affected by asthma?

The region of the lung through which bronchi, pulmonary blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter and exit is called?

What is the functional unit of the lungs?

The oblique fissure of the right lung divides the?

Which option describes orthopnea?

What is respiration that is abnormally deep but regular called?

Which of the following substances is found in greater quantities in exhaled air?

In which conditions are opaque hemithorax X-ray findings seen?

Which muscle is not used in forced expiration?

What is the normal respiratory rate?

What is the approximate percentage of oxygen in expired air?

Normal anteroposterior versus transverse diameter of the chest is?

The left lung has ... lobes?

Tachypnea can be caused by?

There is a bronchus present for each lobe of the lung?

The trachea receives its blood supply from?

The muscles of the abdominal wall assist the diaphragm during?

All of the following respiratory system parameters are decreased during pregnancy except?

The nurse is caring for a client with COPD. Which associated disorder has changes that are reversible?

The primary respiratory center?

Replenishing the body's oxygen supply and eliminating waste from the blood in the form of carbon dioxide is called?

Asthma is...?

What is the term for a lack of oxygen in the tissues?

Cyanosis is caused by a lack of what?

What is the typical length of the trachea in centimeters?

Cyanosis is caused by a lack of what?

Cyanosis is caused in the case of?

When the oxygen supply to the tissue is inadequate, the condition is?

What is the removal of an entire lung called?

Is the respiratory rate increased?

Which of the following are expected outcomes for a client with pulmonary disease?

The term 'orthopnea' refers to?

The chief illness of childhood is?

The rhythmic waxing and waning of respiration is called?

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) can be defined as?

A disease condition caused by bacteria and characterized by fluid-filled alveoli and inflammation is?

During the fibrotic phase of ARDS?

Cessation of breathing for a short period is?

Lack of oxygen in the bloodstream is called?

Cheyne-Stokes respiration means?

Which of the following symptoms is common is Asthma?

Which among the following is a risk factor for pneumonia?

A patient admitted in the emergency is having tachypnea with a respiratory rate of 28 breaths per minute. The likely diagnosis is?

The respiratory rate less than 10 breaths/min is termed as?

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