Question 1

A patient taking Lisinopril for hypertension complains of a persistent dry cough?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: A persistent, dry cough is a classic adverse effect of ACE inhibitors like lisinopril due to increased bradykinin levels. The best management is discontinuing the ACE inhibitor and switching to an angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) such as losartan, which provides similar blood-pressure control without the bradykinin-mediated cough. Adding a cough suppressant or reducing the dose does not address the underlying mechanism and may allow the adverse effect to persist. Continuing lisinopril is inappropriate if the cough is bothersome and persistent.

Question 2

What is the treatment for severe preeclampsia?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Severe preeclampsia is treated with magnesium sulfate for seizure prophylaxis (to prevent progression to eclampsia). Antihypertensives such as nifedipine may be used to control severe-range blood pressure, but they do not prevent seizures and are not the key defining therapy. Oxytocin and misoprostol are uterotonics used for induction/uterine atony and are not primary treatments for preeclampsia. Therefore, magnesium sulfate is the single best answer among the options.

Question 3

What does Dexaphen Syrup treat?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Dexaphen syrup (as shown on the package) contains dexamethasone with chlorpheniramine, a corticosteroid plus antihistamine combination used to reduce allergic/inflammatory upper-airway symptoms. These preparations are commonly used as adjuncts for cough associated with allergy/post-nasal drip and colds rather than treating primary dermatologic rashes or melanoma. Among the options, treating a (nonproductive) dry cough related to allergic/URTI symptoms best matches the typical indication.

Question 4

Which of the following medicine is used for Dementia?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Donepezil is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used to treat cognitive symptoms of Alzheimer-type dementia by increasing central acetylcholine levels. Naproxen is an NSAID for pain/inflammation, Avodart (dutasteride) treats benign prostatic hyperplasia, and atenolol is a beta-blocker for cardiovascular conditions. Therefore, donepezil is the only option indicated for dementia management.

Question 5

Enteric coating is done to?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Enteric coating is designed to resist dissolution in the acidic stomach and instead dissolve in the higher pH of the small intestine. This protects acid-labile drugs from being degraded by gastric acid and can also reduce gastric irritation for certain medications. Options like improving appearance, masking taste only, or increasing hardness may be secondary effects of some coatings but are not the primary purpose of enteric coating.

Question 6

Which medicine is used to reduce fever?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Paracetamol (acetaminophen), aspirin, and ibuprofen all have antipyretic effects and are commonly used to reduce fever by inhibiting prostaglandin-mediated elevation of the hypothalamic set point. Therefore, each listed medication can reduce fever, making the best answer “All of these.” While clinical contraindications exist (e.g., aspirin in children with viral illness, NSAID cautions), the question asks generally which medicines reduce fever.

Question 7

Which of the following medications may be useful as adjunctive therapy for migraine?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Metoclopramide is commonly used as an adjunct in acute migraine to treat associated nausea/vomiting and to improve gastric emptying, which can enhance absorption of oral migraine abortive medications. It also has independent anti-migraine benefit when given parenterally in some patients. Sildenafil is not used for migraine and can trigger headache; omeprazole is for acid suppression; and opioids like oxycodone are generally avoided due to limited efficacy for migraine and risks of dependence and medication-overuse headache.

Question 8

What is the main goal of antiretroviral therapy (ART)?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The primary goal of ART is to suppress HIV replication to an undetectable or very low viral load. Viral suppression preserves immune function (e.g., helps maintain/increase CD4 count), reduces morbidity and opportunistic infections, and prevents progression to AIDS. ART does not eradicate HIV (no cure) because viral reservoirs persist, and it is not intended to kill all viruses or increase replication.

Question 9

Which of the following drug crosses blood brain barrier?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Propranolol is a highly lipophilic nonselective beta-blocker, so it readily crosses the blood-brain barrier and can cause CNS effects (e.g., vivid dreams, fatigue). Glycopyrrolate is a quaternary ammonium antimuscarinic and is poorly lipid soluble, so it does not significantly enter the CNS. Dopamine does not cross the BBB (its precursor levodopa does). Streptomycin is a polar aminoglycoside with poor CNS penetration unless meninges are inflamed.

Question 10

Drug use to overcome high BP ...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Amlodipine (spelled here as "Amilodepine") is a dihydropyridine calcium-channel blocker used to treat hypertension by relaxing arterial smooth muscle and lowering systemic vascular resistance. Omeprazole is a proton pump inhibitor for acid-related disorders, cetirizine is an antihistamine for allergies, and ciprofloxacin is an antibiotic. Therefore, the only option appropriate for lowering high blood pressure is amlodipine.

Question 11

Which of the following is a common adverse effect of sulfonylureas?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Sulfonylureas lower blood glucose primarily by stimulating pancreatic beta cells to release insulin, so hypoglycemia is a common and clinically important adverse effect. The risk increases with missed meals, increased activity, older age, renal/hepatic impairment, and drug interactions. Weight loss is not typical (sulfonylureas are more associated with weight gain), and constipation/tachycardia are not characteristic primary adverse effects of this class.

Question 12

Which drug is an ACE inhibitor?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Lisinopril is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, a drug class typically ending in “-pril,” used for hypertension, heart failure, and kidney protection in diabetes. Propranolol is a beta-blocker, while nifedipine and diltiazem are calcium channel blockers. Therefore, lisinopril is the only ACE inhibitor listed.

Question 13

Temazepam medication is used to treat ?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Temazepam is a benzodiazepine hypnotic that enhances GABA-A activity, producing sedation and facilitating sleep onset and maintenance. It is primarily indicated for short-term management of insomnia. It is not a treatment for anemia, malaria, or stroke, which require entirely different therapeutic approaches. Therefore, the best answer is insomnia.

Question 14

What is the primary function of Ampiclox?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Ampiclox is a combination of ampicillin and cloxacillin, both beta-lactam antibiotics used to treat bacterial infections. Ampicillin extends coverage to some gram-negative organisms, while cloxacillin provides penicillinase-resistant activity against many staphylococci. Therefore, its primary function is antibacterial (not antiviral, antifungal, or analgesic). Combination therapy broadens the antibacterial spectrum compared with either agent alone.

Question 15

First line treatment for H. pylori infection is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Helicobacter pylori is a bacterial infection, so treatment requires antibiotics along with acid suppression to improve eradication and ulcer healing. First-line regimens are combination therapy (e.g., triple or quadruple therapy) that include a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) plus antibiotics. Antifungals, steroids, and antivirals do not target H. pylori and would not eradicate the organism.

Question 16

The durg used for deworming in children is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Albendazole is a broad-spectrum anthelmintic commonly used for deworming children (e.g., soil-transmitted helminths such as Ascaris, hookworm, and Trichuris). It works by inhibiting microtubule formation and glucose uptake in the parasite, leading to energy depletion and death. Paracetamol is an analgesic/antipyretic, while omeprazole and ranitidine reduce gastric acid and have no deworming action. Therefore, albendazole is the best choice.

Question 17

Lignocaine injection is used for?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Lignocaine (lidocaine) is a local anesthetic that blocks voltage-gated sodium channels, preventing nerve impulse conduction and producing loss of sensation in the targeted area. Clinically it is widely used for local and regional anesthesia (e.g., infiltration and nerve blocks). It is not used to treat bacterial infections such as typhoid or syphilis. Although lidocaine can be used as an antiarrhythmic for certain ventricular arrhythmias, it is not a treatment for "heart attack" itself, making anesthesia the best answer.

Question 18

What is the drug of choice for treating primary syphilis?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: First-line therapy for primary (as well as secondary and early latent) syphilis is a single intramuscular dose of benzathine penicillin G, which reliably eradicates Treponema pallidum. Azithromycin is no longer recommended as a primary option due to macrolide resistance and documented treatment failures. Doxycycline can be used as an alternative in nonpregnant patients with penicillin allergy, but it is not the drug of choice. Ceftriaxone has activity but is typically reserved as an alternative regimen when penicillin cannot be used.

Question 19

Which one of the following cephalosporins belongs to third generation?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Cefixime is a third-generation cephalosporin (often grouped with agents like ceftriaxone and cefotaxime) with expanded Gram-negative coverage compared with earlier generations. Cefaclor is a second-generation cephalosporin. Cefoxitin is classified as a second-generation cephamycin, not third generation.

Question 20

Metronidazole is the drug used for ...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Metronidazole is an antimicrobial with strong activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, including Entamoeba histolytica. Therefore it is commonly used to treat amoebiasis (especially invasive intestinal disease and liver abscess). It is not a treatment for hypertension, diabetes, or asthma, which require antihypertensives, antidiabetics, and bronchodilators/anti-inflammatory therapies respectively.

Question 21

Magnesium sulfate is administered in a pregnant woman with preeclampsia to?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In preeclampsia, magnesium sulfate is given primarily for seizure prophylaxis, preventing progression to eclampsia. It acts as a CNS depressant and decreases neuromuscular excitability. While it may have mild vasodilatory effects, it is not the primary medication to reduce blood pressure (antihypertensives like labetalol/hydralazine are used). It does not hasten labor and is not used to reduce postpartum hemorrhage.

Question 22

Vaccine against COVID-19 is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Covaxin is a vaccine developed for prevention of COVID-19. Insulin is a hormone medication used to treat diabetes, not an immunizing agent. Azithromycin and streptomycin are antibiotics used to treat bacterial infections and do not provide vaccination-induced immunity against SARS-CoV-2.

Question 23

Which of the following is commonly used for the prophylaxis of malaria?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Doxycycline is a commonly used chemoprophylactic medication for malaria, especially for travelers to areas with chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum. It is taken daily, starting before exposure and continued during travel and for a period after leaving the endemic area. Metronidazole and clindamycin are antibacterial/antiprotozoal agents not used for malaria prevention (clindamycin is sometimes used with quinine for treatment). Isoniazid is used for tuberculosis prophylaxis/treatment, not malaria.

Question 24

Propofol Injection is Used For?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Propofol is an IV general anesthetic/sedative-hypnotic used for induction and maintenance of anesthesia and for procedural/ICU sedation. It produces rapid onset of hypnosis via potentiation of GABA-A activity in the CNS. It is not a treatment for constipation, labyrinthitis (inner ear inflammation/vertigo), or tonsillitis (throat infection). Therefore, anesthesia is the correct use among the options.

Question 25

Which IV medication is commonly used to quickly lower blood pressure in hypertensive emergencies?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: IV labetalol is a commonly used agent for hypertensive emergencies because it lowers blood pressure rapidly via combined alpha-1 and beta blockade, reducing systemic vascular resistance without major reflex tachycardia. In contrast, normal saline, D5W, and Ringer’s lactate are IV fluids and do not directly lower blood pressure; they may increase intravascular volume and potentially worsen hypertension in some settings. Therefore, labetalol is the best choice among the options for quickly reducing BP in this emergency context.

Question 26

Which route of drug administration is the fastest acting?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Intravenous administration is fastest because the drug is delivered directly into the bloodstream, bypassing absorption barriers and first-pass hepatic metabolism. This produces the most rapid onset of action compared with intramuscular or subcutaneous routes, which require tissue absorption. Oral medications are typically slowest due to GI absorption variability and first-pass effect.

Question 27

Which of the following is a β-blocker used in the treatment of hypertension?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Propranolol is a nonselective beta-adrenergic blocker that lowers blood pressure primarily by decreasing heart rate and cardiac output and by reducing renin release from the kidneys. Atropine is an antimuscarinic used for bradycardia and certain poisonings, not hypertension treatment. Adrenaline (epinephrine) is a sympathomimetic that typically raises blood pressure, and diazepam is a benzodiazepine used for anxiety, seizures, and sedation.

Question 28

Which therapy is given to a mother in preterm labour for neuroprotection of baby?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Antenatal magnesium sulfate given to mothers at risk of imminent preterm birth reduces the risk of cerebral palsy and provides fetal neuroprotection. Calcium gluconate is used as the antidote for magnesium toxicity, not for neuroprotection. Vitamin D does not provide acute fetal neuroprotection in preterm labor, and oxytocin is used to induce/augment labor rather than protect the preterm brain. Therefore, magnesium sulfate is the best choice.

Question 29

Adrenaline is used during?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Adrenaline (epinephrine) is a potent beta-2 adrenergic agonist that causes bronchodilation, so it is used for acute severe bronchospasm such as in asthma exacerbations (and also in anaphylaxis). While epinephrine is used in cardiac arrest algorithms, the option "heart attack" (myocardial infarction) is not a standard indication and can worsen ischemia by increasing myocardial oxygen demand. It is not used as an analgesic, and although it may be added to local anesthetics to prolong effect, the most direct clinical use among the given options is for acute asthma/bronchospasm.

Question 30

A patient taking metronidazole and cimetidine at the same time is at risk for?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Cimetidine inhibits hepatic metabolism (CYP450), which can increase metronidazole serum levels and thereby increase the likelihood of metronidazole adverse effects (e.g., nausea, metallic taste, dizziness/neurologic symptoms). This interaction does not primarily reduce cimetidine effectiveness. Renal impairment is not a typical interaction consequence of this combination. A disulfiram-like reaction is classically triggered when metronidazole is taken with alcohol, not with cimetidine.

Question 31

Which of the following contraceptive methods would be best for a woman with sickle cell anemia?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In sickle cell disease, estrogen-containing methods (e.g., combination pills and the transdermal patch) can increase thromboembolic risk, which is an important safety concern in a hypercoagulable condition. Progestin-only contraceptives avoid estrogen and are generally preferred when estrogen is contraindicated or higher risk. While barrier methods like the female condom are safe, they are less effective at preventing pregnancy than progestin-only hormonal methods when used typically. Therefore, progestin-only contraceptives are the best choice among the listed options.

Question 32

Symptoms of depression are a side effect of which neurotransmitter medication?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Gabapentin can cause central nervous system adverse effects, including mood changes such as depression and suicidal ideation, which are class warnings for many antiepileptic drugs. The other choices are not specific medications in this context (dopamine is a neurotransmitter, cortisol is a hormone, and mu refers to an opioid receptor subtype). Therefore, the medication most associated with depressive symptoms as a side effect among the options is gabapentin.

Question 33

Which of the following anti tubercular drugs cause orange urine?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Rifampicin characteristically causes harmless red-orange discoloration of body fluids, including urine, sweat, saliva, and tears. This effect is due to the drug’s pigment and is a classic counseling point for patients on TB therapy. INH more commonly causes hepatotoxicity and peripheral neuropathy, pyrazinamide causes hepatotoxicity and hyperuricemia, and ethambutol is associated with optic neuritis rather than urine discoloration.

Question 34

Salbutamol causes?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Salbutamol (albuterol) is a short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that relaxes bronchial smooth muscle, leading to bronchodilation. This improves airflow in conditions like asthma and COPD. It more commonly causes tachycardia rather than decreased heart rate, and it does not cause bronchoconstriction. Decreased salivation is not a primary or expected therapeutic effect.

Question 35

The nurse is caring for a patient taking cimetidine (Tagamet) orally. Which should the nurse consider about administering this drug?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Cimetidine is an H2-receptor antagonist used to reduce gastric acid secretion; timing it before meals helps suppress the meal-stimulated acid surge. Administering it about 30 minutes before meals optimizes acid control and symptom relief in acid-related disorders. Taking it after meals is less effective for preventing postprandial acid secretion, and taking it with the first bite is not the standard administration guidance for H2 blockers.

Question 36

A patient is prescribed sucralfate (Carafate) and asks the nurse what the purpose of taking this medication is. Which is the nurse's best response?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Sucralfate acts locally by forming a viscous, protective barrier that adheres to ulcerated or inflamed GI mucosa, shielding it from acid, pepsin, and bile salts. It does not significantly neutralize gastric acid (that is the role of antacids) and does not reduce gastric bacterial load. Constipation can occur as an adverse effect, but it is not the purpose of therapy.

Question 37

What is the current recommended dose of intravenous or intraosseous epinephrine in adult patients with cardiac arrest?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In adult cardiac arrest, ACLS recommends epinephrine 1 mg IV/IO every 3–5 minutes during CPR. This dosing supports alpha-adrenergic vasoconstriction to improve coronary and cerebral perfusion pressure and increase the chance of ROSC. The other options are incorrect because they use non-standard doses or inappropriate dosing intervals for adult arrest management.

Question 38

Which of the following is a common side effect of NSAIDs?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: NSAIDs can increase blood pressure by inhibiting renal prostaglandin synthesis, which promotes sodium and water retention and can reduce renal perfusion. This fluid retention and altered renal hemodynamics commonly worsen or precipitate hypertension, especially in patients with CKD or heart failure. Hypotension and major glucose disturbances are not typical common adverse effects of NSAIDs compared with GI and renal effects and BP elevation.

Question 39

Which antibiotic is most commonly used to treat urinary tract infections?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Ciprofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone with strong activity against common gram-negative uropathogens such as Escherichia coli, making it a historically common choice for UTIs. Among the listed options, erythromycin has poor coverage for typical UTI pathogens and achieves limited urinary concentrations, and doxycycline is not a standard first-line agent for uncomplicated cystitis. Amoxicillin is often less reliable due to frequent resistance among uropathogens. Therefore, ciprofloxacin is the best answer from the given choices.

Question 40

Which medication is primarily used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Metformin is the first-line oral antihyperglycemic medication for most patients with type 2 diabetes because it improves insulin sensitivity and reduces hepatic glucose production. Lisinopril is an ACE inhibitor primarily used for hypertension and renal protection, atorvastatin is a statin for hyperlipidemia, and amlodipine is a calcium channel blocker for hypertension/angina. Therefore, metformin is the medication primarily used to treat type 2 diabetes.

Question 41

Which one is the broncho-dilatory drug?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Salbutamol is a short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that relaxes bronchial smooth muscle, producing bronchodilation and rapid relief of bronchospasm (e.g., asthma). Aspirin is an NSAID analgesic/antiplatelet, pethidine is an opioid analgesic, and Lasix (furosemide) is a loop diuretic—none of which are primary bronchodilators. Therefore, salbutamol is the correct broncho-dilatory drug.

Question 42

A client develops complications following a hysterectomy. Blood cultures reveal Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The nurse expects that the physician would order an appropriate antibiotic to treat P. aeruginosa such as?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a gram-negative organism that often requires antipseudomonal antibiotics. Cefoperazone is a third-generation cephalosporin with antipseudomonal activity and is an appropriate choice among the listed options. Clindamycin primarily targets anaerobes and many gram-positive organisms, dicloxacillin targets MSSA, and erythromycin is mainly for atypical/gram-positive coverage—none are reliable for Pseudomonas.

Question 43

Mg SO₄ is used to –?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Magnesium sulfate is an anticonvulsant primarily used to prevent and control seizures in preeclampsia/eclampsia. It decreases neuromuscular excitability and reduces the risk of recurrent convulsions. It is not primarily given to control blood pressure (antihypertensives are used for that). Among the choices, “control convulsion” best matches its standard clinical use.

Question 44

The Food and Drug Administration does not approve the use of fluoroquinolones in?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Fluoroquinolones have major regulatory restrictions in food-producing animals because of antimicrobial-resistance concerns and protection of human health. The FDA does not approve (and has withdrawn certain approvals for) fluoroquinolone use in poultry, particularly for use in drinking water. Companion animals such as cats and dogs may receive veterinary fluoroquinolones under appropriate indications. Therefore, among the options, poultry is the best answer.

Question 45

Which of the following drugs minimally crosses the placental barrier and is safe to use in pregnant dogs? Select one?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Glycopyrrolate is a quaternary ammonium antimuscarinic, making it highly ionized and poorly lipid soluble, so it minimally crosses biologic membranes including the placenta. Compared with atropine (a tertiary amine), glycopyrrolate has much less fetal exposure and therefore is preferred for use in pregnancy when an anticholinergic is needed. Acepromazine and fentanyl can cross the placenta more readily and may contribute to fetal/neonatal depression. Thus glycopyrrolate is the safest choice among the listed options for pregnant dogs.

Question 46

Flunixin meglumine (Banamine) is an NSAID most commonly used in: Select one?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Flunixin meglumine (Banamine) is a veterinary NSAID commonly used in horses for visceral pain associated with colic due to its potent analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. It is not an anticoagulant, so option A is incorrect. While it can be used as an antipyretic and for musculoskeletal pain, its most common/emphasized clinical use in equine practice is for colic pain management, making option B the best answer.

Question 47

Which is the recommended oral dose of aspirin for a patient with suspected acute coronary syndrome?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: For suspected acute coronary syndrome, guidelines recommend giving aspirin promptly as a chewable, non–enteric-coated loading dose of 160–325 mg to rapidly inhibit platelet aggregation. This dose provides faster and more complete antiplatelet effect than low-dose (81 mg) aspirin. Higher doses such as 325–650 mg are not recommended for initial ACS loading due to increased bleeding risk without added benefit. Therefore, 160–325 mg is the best choice.

Question 48

Which of the following is an example of Antibiotic?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat infections caused by susceptible bacteria. Flurbiprofen is an NSAID analgesic/anti-inflammatory drug, atenolol is a beta-blocker antihypertensive, and vincristine is an antineoplastic (chemotherapy) agent. Therefore, only tobramycin is an antibiotic among the options.

Question 49

Which of the following is known to make the urine red/orange colored?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Rifampin commonly causes harmless red-orange discoloration of body fluids, including urine, sweat, tears, and saliva, due to its pigmented metabolites. This is a well-known medication effect that patients should be counseled about to prevent alarm. Digoxin is not associated with orange/red urine, diabetes does not typically cause this color change, and rhabdomyolysis classically causes dark brown/tea-colored urine from myoglobin rather than orange-red from a drug pigment.

Question 50

Which phase of clinical trials is primarily focused on assessing drug efficacy in patients?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Phase II clinical trials primarily evaluate efficacy in patients who have the target condition while continuing to monitor short-term adverse effects and refine dosing. Phase I focuses mainly on safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (often in healthy volunteers). Phase III confirms efficacy and monitors safety in larger populations compared with standard therapy/placebo. Phase IV occurs after approval to detect rare/long-term adverse effects and effectiveness in real-world use.

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