Question 1

Following are the first line antitubercular drugs except?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: P-Aminosalicylic acid (PAS) is classified as a second-line antitubercular agent used when first-line drugs cannot be used due to resistance or intolerance. Standard first-line therapy consists of isoniazid and rifampin, along with ethambutol and pyrazinamide; some older regimens also included streptomycin. PAS has lower efficacy and higher gastrointestinal toxicity, so it is not a first-line drug. Therefore, PAS is the exception.

Question 2

Drugs which increase the action of sweat glands are called as?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Agents that promote sweating by stimulating sweat glands are called diaphoretics. Diuretics increase urine output, not sweat. Ecbolics stimulate uterine contractions, and carminatives relieve flatulence. Therefore, diaphoretics is the correct term.

Question 3

Drug contraindicated in gastric ulcer is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: NSAIDs directly impair mucosal defenses and increase gastric acid injury, making them a common cause of peptic ulcer and bleeding. Corticosteroids can delay ulcer healing and, especially when combined with NSAIDs, markedly increase the risk of GI bleeding. Oral iron salts irritate the gastric mucosa and can exacerbate pain and bleeding in active ulcers. Therefore, all listed drugs are contraindicated in patients with gastric ulcer.

Question 4

Pharmacology mainly studies?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Pharmacology is the science that examines how drugs interact with living organisms, including mechanisms of action and effects on body systems. The other options relate to plant biology, nutrition, or genetics, not drug–body interactions. Therefore, the best definition aligns with the study of drug interactions with living systems.

Question 5

The “therapeutic effect” of a drug means?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Therapeutic effect refers to the desired, primary action of a medication—the clinical benefit for which it is prescribed. Adverse and toxic responses are unintended harmful effects. Allergic reactions are immune-mediated responses to a drug. A placebo effect is a perceived benefit without pharmacologic action.

Question 6

Pharmacokinetics deals with?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Pharmacokinetics describes the processes by which the body handles a drug—absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). In contrast, pharmacodynamics concerns what the drug does to the body, including mechanism of action and effects. Option B is incomplete because pharmacokinetics is not limited to absorption. Side effects and mechanisms (D and E) are pharmacodynamic concepts.

Question 7

A "side effect" is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Side effects are unintended secondary responses that occur at therapeutic doses and are generally predictable based on the drug’s mechanism of action. They are not invariably harmful or beneficial; they can be mild or bothersome. They differ from adverse or idiosyncratic reactions, which are more severe or unpredictable, and they are not limited to toxicity.

Question 8

Pharmacodynamics is defined as?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Pharmacodynamics describes the effects of a drug on the body, including mechanism of action, receptor interactions, and dose–response relationships. In contrast, pharmacokinetics addresses absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Therefore the best definition is what the drug does to the body.

Question 9

Drug toxicity refers to?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Drug toxicity is the harmful or detrimental effect that occurs when a medication dose exceeds its therapeutic range or accumulates with prolonged use. This differs from mild, expected side effects, which are non-toxic. Allergic reactions and immune responses are hypersensitivity phenomena and not dose-dependent toxicity. Therefore, the definition best matches harmful effects from overdose or extended exposure.

Question 10

Which of the following is not a process of pharmacokinetics?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Pharmacokinetics describes what the body does to a drug and consists of the ADME processes: absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Mechanism of action refers to how a drug produces its effects at receptors or targets, which is pharmacodynamics (what the drug does to the body). Therefore, 'Mechanism of Action' is not a pharmacokinetic process.

Question 11

Adverse effect means?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: An adverse effect is an undesired, harmful outcome that occurs with drug therapy and is not the intended therapeutic response. It can be unexpected in nature or severity and may require dose adjustment, discontinuation, or additional treatment. This contrasts with normal or therapeutic effects and differs from pharmacologic tolerance, which is decreased response over time.

Question 12

The word "Pharmacology" is derived from which Greek words?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Pharmacology comes from the Greek pharmakon (pharmacon), meaning drug or poison, and logos, meaning study or discourse. Thus, pharmacology is the study of drugs and their actions. The other stems are incorrect: phyto refers to plants, pathos to suffering, physis to nature, and -graphy to writing/recording.

Question 13

Omalizumab injection is used for?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Omalizumab (Xolair) is an anti-IgE monoclonal antibody indicated for moderate-to-severe persistent allergic asthma not adequately controlled with inhaled corticosteroids. By binding free IgE, it prevents IgE from attaching to mast cells and basophils, reducing allergic inflammation and asthma exacerbations. It is not used to treat fever, injuries, or epilepsy.

Question 14

Metoclopramide is used for?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Metoclopramide is a dopamine D2 receptor antagonist that blocks the chemoreceptor trigger zone and enhances gastric motility, producing antiemetic and prokinetic effects. It is used to treat nausea and vomiting, including that associated with gastroparesis, chemotherapy, and postoperative states. It does not treat allergic reactions or angina, making vomiting the correct indication.

Question 15

Paroxetine tablets is used for?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Paroxetine is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) indicated for major depressive disorder and several anxiety-related conditions. It increases synaptic serotonin to improve mood and depressive symptoms. It is not used for abortion (agents include mifepristone/misoprostol), does not treat adenomas, and dandruff is managed with antifungals like ketoconazole. Therefore, the correct use listed is depression.

Question 16

Which medication is commonly used to treat TB?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: First-line therapy for active tuberculosis includes isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol. Rifampin is a key bactericidal drug that inhibits mycobacterial RNA polymerase and is standard in initial TB regimens. Ciprofloxacin and other fluoroquinolones are second-line agents used mainly for resistant cases, and azithromycin targets atypical mycobacteria, not typical TB. Amoxicillin is ineffective due to mycobacterial beta-lactamase and cell wall properties.

Question 17

Dose of TT vaccine?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The standard dose of tetanus toxoid vaccine for both primary series and boosters (Td/Tdap or TT) is 0.5 mL given intramuscularly, typically in the deltoid or anterolateral thigh. This volume is consistent with WHO and CDC guidelines for adult and maternal immunization. Smaller volumes such as 0.05 mL or 0.1 mL are not used for TT and are typical of intradermal tests or other vaccines. Therefore, 0.5 mL is the correct dose.

Question 18

Which of the following is a potassium-sparing diuretic?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Spironolactone is an aldosterone antagonist that promotes sodium and water excretion while conserving potassium in the distal nephron, making it potassium-sparing. Furosemide is a loop diuretic and is potassium-wasting. Thiazide diuretics also increase potassium excretion. Mannitol is an osmotic diuretic and does not spare potassium.

Question 19

Ibuprofen used in..?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that inhibits cyclooxygenase enzymes and reduces prostaglandin synthesis. This provides analgesic effects for mild to moderate pain, antipyretic effects for fever, and anti-inflammatory effects for conditions such as arthritis. Therefore, all listed uses apply.

Question 20

Atenolol is used for?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Atenolol is a cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker indicated for hypertension, angina, and secondary prevention after myocardial infarction. It lowers blood pressure by decreasing heart rate and contractility and by reducing renin release from the kidneys. It is not a treatment for diabetes or anemia.

Question 21

Hormonal contraceptives mainly prevent?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Combined and progestin-only hormonal contraceptives suppress the LH surge via negative feedback, thereby preventing ovulation—their primary mechanism of action. They also thicken cervical mucus to impede sperm and thin the endometrium, which can reduce the likelihood of implantation. Menstruation still occurs as a withdrawal bleed and is not the main target. Thus, the key effect is inhibition of ovulation.

Question 22

ADRENALINE is used in —?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Adrenaline (epinephrine) is the drug of choice for anaphylactic shock because its alpha-1 effects restore vascular tone and blood pressure, and its beta-2 effects provide bronchodilation. It can be used in cardiac arrest protocols as well. While it has bronchodilator activity, selective beta-2 agonists are preferred for routine asthma management. It has no therapeutic role in diabetes or fever.

Question 23

Injection avil is used in...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Avil (pheniramine maleate) is an H1-antihistamine indicated for allergic reactions such as urticaria, pruritus, and adjunctive management of anaphylactoid symptoms. It blocks histamine at H1 receptors to reduce itching, hives, and swelling. It has no antimicrobial activity, so it does not treat infections, and it is not an antipyretic for fever.

Question 24

Tenormin tablets is used for?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Tenormin is the brand name for atenolol, a cardioselective beta-1 blocker. It decreases heart rate, myocardial contractility, and renin release, which lowers blood pressure. It is indicated for hypertension and angina, not for anthrax, angioedema, or anorexia.

Question 25

What is the first medical treatment for type 2 diabetes?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Metformin is the recommended first-line pharmacologic therapy for most adults with type 2 diabetes after lifestyle intervention. It decreases hepatic glucose production and improves insulin sensitivity, with low risk of hypoglycemia and potential weight neutrality or loss. Insulin and other agents are used when metformin is contraindicated, not tolerated, or when hyperglycemia is severe at presentation.

Question 26

Furosemide is used in?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Furosemide is a loop diuretic that inhibits the Na-K-2Cl cotransporter in the thick ascending loop, producing potent diuresis and natriuresis. It is a first-line agent for fluid overload states such as edema due to heart failure, cirrhosis, or renal disease and for acute pulmonary edema. It also lowers blood pressure by reducing intravascular volume and is used in hypertension, particularly when edema or reduced kidney function is present. Therefore, all listed conditions are indications.

Question 27

All these drugs belong to cefalosporin except?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Levofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic that inhibits DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, not a cephalosporin. Cephalosporins are beta-lactam antibiotics and typically begin with the prefix cef-/ceph-. Ceftriaxone (spelled here as ceftraxone) and cefixime are third-generation cephalosporins. Therefore, levofloxacin is the exception.

Question 28

Paracetamol used for?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is an analgesic and antipyretic that reduces pain and fever by inhibiting central prostaglandin synthesis. It has minimal anti-inflammatory activity and does not treat cough. It is not an antihistamine and has no role in treating allergies. It does not increase appetite.

Question 29

Which drug is so important for sore throat ...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Most sore throats are viral and need no antibiotics, but when bacterial pharyngitis due to group A Streptococcus is suspected or confirmed, first-line therapy is penicillin or amoxicillin. Amoxicillin provides reliable coverage, narrow spectrum, and safety. Azithromycin is reserved for penicillin-allergic patients. Tetracycline and metronidazole do not target the typical pathogens causing streptococcal pharyngitis.

Question 30

Ondansteron tablets is used for?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Ondansetron is a selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist that blocks serotonin at vagal afferents and in the chemoreceptor trigger zone. This action prevents and treats nausea and vomiting, including postoperative and chemotherapy-induced emesis. It has no role in treating malaria, allergies, or syphilis, which require antiparasitic, antihistamine, or antibiotic therapy respectively.

Question 31

Diclocfenac used for?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Diclofenac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that inhibits cyclooxygenase enzymes, reducing prostaglandin synthesis. It is indicated for relief of pain and inflammation in conditions such as arthritis, sprains, and dysmenorrhea. It is not used to treat allergy, cough, vomiting, or generalized weakness. Clinicians should monitor for adverse effects like gastrointestinal irritation, renal impairment, and cardiovascular risk.

Question 32

Ibuprofen Tablets Is used For?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that inhibits cyclooxygenase enzymes, reducing prostaglandin synthesis. This provides analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects, making it useful for dental pain such as toothaches. It does not treat allergies (managed with antihistamines), anemia, or vomiting (managed with antiemetics). Therefore, toothache is the correct indication among the options.

Question 33

Life saving drugs are ...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Oxytocin is an essential, life‑saving medication for postpartum hemorrhage because it rapidly stimulates uterine contraction and reduces blood loss, lowering maternal mortality. WHO lists oxytocin among core life‑saving commodities in obstetrics. Ceftriaxone and azithromycin are important antibiotics but are not universally life‑saving in acute emergencies, and corticosteroids are adjuncts rather than first‑line for life‑threatening events. Therefore, oxytocin is the best single answer.

Question 34

The study of how drugs act on the body is known as?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Pharmacodynamics describes what a drug does to the body—its mechanisms of action and the relationship between drug concentration and effect. Pharmacokinetics, in contrast, is what the body does to the drug (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion). Therapeutics concerns the clinical use of drugs to prevent and treat disease, and toxicology focuses on adverse and poisonous effects.

Question 35

Sulbutamol is used in ...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Salbutamol (albuterol) is a short-acting beta2-adrenergic agonist that relaxes bronchial smooth muscle, producing rapid bronchodilation. It is indicated for acute relief and prevention of bronchospasm in asthma. Confusion and anxiety are not treatment indications and can occur as adverse effects. It is not used to treat hypertension.

Question 36

Tinidazole tablet is used to treat?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Tinidazole is a nitroimidazole antimicrobial effective against protozoa such as Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia. It is used to treat amoebiasis, including amoebic dysentery, and trichomoniasis. It is not indicated for functional diarrhea, constipation, or dyspepsia. Therefore, dysentery is the best match among the options.

Question 37

NSAIDs Drugs — Used to Relive pain and reduced Swelling (inflammation)?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: This is not a question but a list of NSAID examples; there is no single correct choice to select.

Question 38

Cyklokapron is a medicine used to prevent which of these?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Cyklokapron is the brand name for tranexamic acid, an antifibrinolytic agent. It inhibits activation of plasminogen to plasmin, preventing the breakdown of fibrin clots and thereby reducing or preventing bleeding. It is used perioperatively, for heavy menstrual bleeding, and in dental procedures for patients with bleeding disorders. It is not used for vomiting, indigestion, or seizure prevention.

Question 39

Medications used for nausea and vomiting are known as-?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Drugs used to prevent or treat nausea and vomiting are called antiemetics, which act by blocking neurotransmitters such as dopamine or serotonin in the chemoreceptor trigger zone and vomiting center. Analgesics relieve pain, antipyretics reduce fever, and antibiotics treat bacterial infections. Therefore, only antiemetics match the indication described.

Question 40

Which of the following drug is potent CYP enzyme inducer including its own metabolism (auto inducer), hence it requires dose optimization after2 weeks?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Carbamazepine is a strong inducer of CYP3A4 and other enzymes and is an autoinducer, accelerating its own metabolism over the first 2–3 weeks of therapy. This causes serum concentrations to fall unless the dose is progressively increased, necessitating dose optimization after initiation. Phenytoin is an inducer but not notably autoinducing; valproic acid is primarily an enzyme inhibitor, and venlafaxine has minimal CYP induction. Therefore, carbamazepine best fits the description.

Question 41

Salbutamol is used in ...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Salbutamol (albuterol) is a short-acting beta2-adrenergic agonist that relaxes bronchial smooth muscle, producing rapid bronchodilation. It is indicated for acute relief of bronchospasm and as rescue therapy in asthma. It is not a treatment for anxiety or confusion and is not used for hypertension; in fact, it may cause transient tachycardia and tremor.

Question 42

Drug of choice for treatment of digoxin induced ventricular arrhythmias is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: For digoxin-induced ventricular arrhythmias, lidocaine (or phenytoin) is preferred because it suppresses ventricular ectopy without worsening AV conduction abnormalities. Atropine treats bradyarrhythmias, not ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Amiodarone can raise digoxin levels via P-glycoprotein inhibition and is not first-line. Procainamide may exacerbate conduction disturbances and is generally avoided in digoxin toxicity.

Question 43

Which drug is a combination for hypertension control?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Amlodipine is a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker that reduces peripheral vascular resistance, while atenolol is a beta-1 selective blocker that lowers heart rate and myocardial contractility. Used together, they provide complementary control of blood pressure and are available as fixed-dose combinations for hypertension and angina. The other pairs treat pain (paracetamol+caffeine), diabetes (metformin+glimepiride), and acid-related dyspepsia/GERD (omeprazole+domperidone), not hypertension.

Question 44

Laxoberon is used for ...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Laxoberon contains sodium picosulfate, a stimulant (contact) laxative that increases colonic peristalsis to promote bowel movements. It is indicated for short-term relief of constipation and for bowel preparation. It has no role in treating cough, anemia, or pain.

Question 45

The injection to be injected into the vein is called?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: An injection delivered directly into a vein is termed an intravenous (IV) injection. The prefix 'intra-' means within and 'venous' refers to veins. Intramuscular injections go into muscle, intradermal into the dermis, and intracardiac into the heart. Therefore, the correct route for venous administration is intravenous.

Question 46

Oxytocin is used during?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Oxytocin is a posterior pituitary hormone that stimulates uterine smooth muscle contraction. Clinically it is used to induce or augment labor and to control postpartum hemorrhage. It has no therapeutic role in treating fever, pain, or allergic reactions.

Question 47

Tramadol (Pain Killer) is used in________?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Tramadol is a centrally acting opioid analgesic indicated for moderate to moderately severe pain. It is not preferred for mild pain due to risk-benefit considerations, and severe pain often requires stronger opioids but tramadol may cover moderate to severe ranges. Therefore, the best choice is 'moderate to severe.

Question 48

Diclofenac used for...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Diclofenac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to relieve pain and inflammation from conditions such as musculoskeletal injuries, arthritis, and postoperative pain. It inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, decreasing prostaglandin synthesis. It is not indicated to increase appetite, treat cough, or manage allergies.

Question 49

Amlodipine tablet use for...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Amlodipine is a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker that relaxes vascular smooth muscle and decreases systemic vascular resistance. It is primarily indicated for the treatment of hypertension and also for angina. It has no role in treating peptic ulcer disease, diabetes, or cancer.

Question 50

Dextromethorphan is an-?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Dextromethorphan is a non‑opioid antitussive that suppresses cough by acting on the medullary cough center, partly via NMDA receptor antagonism and sigma-1 receptor activity. It lacks significant analgesic or addictive properties at therapeutic doses. It is not an antihistamine, expectorant, or antiallergic agent.

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