Question 1

Inflammation of Cornea and conjunctiva is called ...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Inflammation of the cornea (keratitis) together with inflammation of the conjunctiva (conjunctivitis) is termed keratoconjunctivitis. Blepharitis is eyelid margin inflammation, iritis is inflammation of the iris, endophthalmitis is intraocular inflammation/infection, and episcleritis is inflammation of the episclera. Therefore the option that specifically includes both cornea and conjunctiva is keratoconjunctivitis.

Question 2

Which organ produces tears?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Tears are produced by the lacrimal gland, located in the superolateral part of the orbit. The lacrimal gland secretes the aqueous component of the tear film, which lubricates and protects the cornea and conjunctiva. Tears then drain through the lacrimal puncta into the nasolacrimal duct, which is why crying can cause a runny nose. The eye itself is the target surface for tears, but the gland is the tear-producing organ.

Question 3

Massage from eye sent to the brain through?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Visual information is converted into electrical impulses by the retina and transmitted to the brain via cranial nerve II (the optic nerve). The olfactory nerve carries smell, and the auditory nerve carries hearing and balance signals. “Receptator” is not a correct anatomical structure for conducting impulses from eye to brain. Therefore, optic nerve is the single best answer.

Question 4

The part of the eye regulating the entry of light into your eyes is ...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The pupil is the opening in the iris through which light enters the eye, and its diameter changes (constriction/dilation) to regulate how much light reaches the retina. The retina detects light and converts it to neural signals but does not control light entry. The cornea mainly refracts (bends) incoming light and provides protection rather than regulating the amount entering.

Question 5

Two irises and pupils in one eye is called?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The term for a duplicated pupil/iris complex within a single eye is "pupula duplex" (also commonly spelled pupula duplex or pupillary duplication). "Polycoria" refers to more than one pupillary opening in an iris (often pseudo-polycoria due to iris holes) and does not specifically imply two irises. "Anirivia" (aniridia) means absence of the iris, which is the opposite finding.

Question 6

Which vitamin is essential for night vision?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamin A (retinol) is required to form retinal, a key component of rhodopsin in rod photoreceptors that mediates vision in low light. Deficiency impairs rhodopsin regeneration, leading to night blindness (nyctalopia). Vitamins B1, C, and K do not play this primary role in phototransduction for night vision. Therefore, Vitamin A is the essential vitamin for night vision.

Question 7

Inflammation of eyelid is called?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Blepharitis is the medical term for inflammation of the eyelid margins, often involving the eyelash follicles and associated glands. Keratitis refers to corneal inflammation, conjunctivitis to inflammation of the conjunctiva, and neuritis to inflammation of a nerve. Therefore, the correct term for eyelid inflammation is blepharitis.

Question 8

Commonest cause of blindness of Nepal?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Cataract is the leading cause of blindness in many low- and middle-income settings, including Nepal, largely due to age-related lens opacification and limited access to timely surgical correction. Compared with glaucoma, trachoma, and vitamin A deficiency, cataract contributes the highest overall burden of avoidable blindness in the population. Cataract blindness is typically reversible with surgery, whereas the others are less common as a primary nationwide cause or are more preventable/regionally variable.

Question 9

What is the white, protective outer layer of the eye?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The sclera is the tough, white, fibrous outer coat of the eyeball that provides structural support and protection. The cornea is also part of the outer coat but it is transparent and covers the anterior portion of the eye. The iris is the pigmented structure controlling pupil size, and the retina is the light-sensitive inner layer. Therefore, the white protective outer layer is the sclera.

Question 10

Which of the following glands secrete tears?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Tears are produced and secreted by the lacrimal (lachryamal) gland located in the superolateral orbit. The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes and hormones (insulin/glucagon), the pituitary secretes multiple endocrine hormones, and the thyroid secretes thyroid hormones—none of which directly produce tears. Therefore, the correct gland responsible for tear secretion is the lacrimal gland.

Question 11

Nurse Sam is educating a client recently diagnosed with color blindness about their condition. During the discussion, Nurse Sam explains that individuals with color blindness commonly have trouble distinguishing between certain colors. Which color is the client most likely to struggle with?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The most common form of color blindness is red-green color vision deficiency (protan/deutan defects) due to abnormal cone photopigments. This leads to difficulty distinguishing reds from greens (and related hues). Blue-yellow color defects occur but are less common. Black and white vision is preserved in typical color blindness because luminance perception is largely mediated by rods and overall brightness cues.

Question 12

What is Xerophthalmia?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Xerophthalmia refers to dryness of the conjunctiva and cornea due to vitamin A deficiency, which impairs normal epithelial maintenance and tear production. Prolonged deficiency can cause Bitot spots, corneal xerosis, ulceration, and can progress to keratomalacia and blindness. The other options describe different vitamin deficiencies (D: bone disease, E: neurologic/hemolysis more than skin, K: bleeding tendency) and are not xerophthalmia.

Question 13

What is the most common type of color blindness?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The most common form of inherited color vision deficiency is red-green color blindness, usually due to X-linked mutations affecting the L (red) or M (green) cone photopigments. This causes difficulty distinguishing reds from greens and related hues. Blue-yellow (tritan) defects are much less common, and true achromatopsia (often described as “black-white” vision) is rare. Therefore, red-green color blindness is the best answer.

Question 14

Lachrymal glands produce what?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The lacrimal (lachrymal) glands are exocrine glands located in the superolateral orbit that secrete the aqueous portion of the tear film. Tears lubricate the cornea and conjunctiva, help maintain optical clarity, and flush away debris. They also contain antimicrobial components (e.g., lysozyme, lactoferrin) that help protect the eye from infection.

Question 15

A new born child with big blue eyes and watering, blepharospasm and photophobia. What will be the probable diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The triad of epiphora (watering), photophobia, and blepharospasm in a newborn is classic for congenital glaucoma. Elevated intraocular pressure causes corneal edema and enlargement of the globe (buphthalmos), producing the appearance of big "blue" eyes. Cataract would primarily cause leukocoria without the pain-related photophobia/blepharospasm triad, and ophthalmia neonatorum typically presents with conjunctival discharge/redness rather than buphthalmos.

Question 16

The white, tough outer layer of the eye that provides protection and structure...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The sclera is the white, dense, fibrous outer coat of the eyeball that maintains globe shape and provides protection. It also serves as an attachment site for extraocular muscles. The iris is a pigmented structure controlling pupil size, the retina is the light-sensing inner layer, and the carotid is an artery not part of the eye’s outer layer.

Question 17

Inflammation of the eyelids is known as?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Blepharitis is the medical term for inflammation of the eyelid margins, often associated with bacterial colonization or meibomian gland dysfunction. Conjunctivitis is inflammation of the conjunctiva (the membrane covering the sclera and inner eyelids), keratitis involves the cornea, and uveitis involves the uveal tract (iris, ciliary body, choroid). Therefore, the term that specifically matches “inflammation of the eyelids” is blepharitis.

Question 18

Myopia is connected with?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Myopia is nearsightedness, a refractive error of the eye in which light focuses in front of the retina (commonly due to an elongated eyeball or overly strong corneal/lens curvature). This causes distant objects to appear blurry while near vision is relatively clear. Therefore, myopia is connected with the eyes, not the ears or lungs.

Question 19

Trachoma is related to?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Trachoma is a chronic infectious disease of the eye caused by Chlamydia trachomatis that primarily affects the conjunctiva and cornea. Repeated infections lead to scarring of the inner eyelid, in-turned eyelashes (trichiasis), corneal abrasion, and can ultimately cause blindness. Therefore, it is most directly related to the eye rather than the heart, skin, or ear.

Question 20

Trachoma is a disease related to?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Trachoma is a chronic infectious disease caused by Chlamydia trachomatis that primarily affects the conjunctiva and cornea. Recurrent inflammation can lead to scarring, trichiasis, and corneal opacity, resulting in visual impairment or blindness. Because its primary pathology involves ocular tissues, it is related to the eyes.

Question 21

Glaucoma is a disease of the?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Glaucoma is an eye disorder characterized by progressive optic nerve damage, most commonly associated with elevated intraocular pressure due to impaired aqueous humor outflow. If untreated, it leads to gradual peripheral vision loss and can progress to irreversible blindness. Therefore, among the options given, it is a disease of the eyes.

Question 22

What is the term used to describe unequal pupils?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Unequal pupil sizes are termed anisocoria. Strabismus refers to eye misalignment, myopia is nearsightedness, and mydriasis refers to dilation of the pupils (often bilateral or drug-related) rather than inequality between pupils. Therefore, anisocoria is the single best term describing unequal pupils.

Question 23

Which of the following is the innermost layer of the human eye?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The retina is the innermost coat of the eyeball and contains the photoreceptors (rods and cones) that convert light into neural signals. The choroid is the middle vascular layer, and the sclera is the outer fibrous coat. The cornea is part of the outer fibrous layer at the front of the eye, not the innermost layer.

Question 24

Which controls the size of pupil in human eye?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Pupil size is controlled by the iris, which contains the sphincter pupillae (parasympathetic) and dilator pupillae (sympathetic) muscles. Contraction of the sphincter pupillae causes miosis, while contraction of the dilator pupillae causes mydriasis. The retina detects light, aqueous humour maintains intraocular pressure and nourishes tissues, and the cornea primarily refracts light but none of these regulate pupil diameter.

Question 25

Which part of the eye is responsible for focusing light?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The lens is the primary structure that focuses incoming light onto the retina by changing shape (accommodation) to adjust focal length for near and far vision. The retina detects light and converts it into neural signals but does not focus it. The iris mainly controls the amount of light entering the eye by adjusting pupil size.

Question 26

The cornea is a part of ...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The cornea is the transparent, avascular front surface of the eye that covers the iris and pupil. It provides most of the eye’s refractive power and helps focus light onto the retina. It also serves as a protective barrier against debris and pathogens. Therefore, it is part of the eyes.

Question 27

The nurse is caring for a client with a likely diagnosis of cataracts. Which of the following would the nurse expect to find upon assessment?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Cataracts are an opacity of the eye’s lens that causes progressive painless decreased visual acuity, commonly described as blurry or cloudy vision. Patients may also report glare/halos and difficulty with night driving, but among the options, blurry vision best matches the expected finding. Astigmatism is a refractive error from corneal/lens curvature irregularity, amblyopia is reduced vision from abnormal visual development, and retinopathy reflects retinal disease rather than lens opacity.

Question 28

Which nerve connects the eye to the brain?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The optic nerve (cranial nerve II) carries visual sensory information from the retina to the brain via the optic chiasm and optic tracts. The olfactory nerve (CN I) is responsible for smell, not vision. The vagus nerve (CN X) primarily provides parasympathetic innervation to thoracic and abdominal organs, and the facial nerve (CN VII) controls facial expression and taste from the anterior tongue.

Question 29

Xerophthalmia is caused by deficiency of?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Vitamin A Xerophthalmia is a spectrum of ocular surface dryness and keratinization caused by vitamin A deficiency, which impairs normal conjunctival and corneal epithelial differentiation. Lack of vitamin A reduces mucin production and compromises tear film stability, leading to dryness, Bitot spots, and potentially corneal ulceration/keratomalacia. The other listed vitamin deficiencies classically cause different syndromes (e.g., vitamin C—scurvy; vitamin D—rickets/osteomalacia; vitamin B12—megaloblastic anemia/neuropathy), not xerophthalmia.

Question 30

What is an ophthalmoscope used for?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Eye examination An ophthalmoscope is used to examine internal structures of the eye, especially the fundus (retina, optic disc, and retinal vessels). It helps assess findings such as papilledema, diabetic retinopathy, hypertensive changes, and other retinal/optic nerve abnormalities. It is not intended for nasal examination (otoscope with speculum) or hearing testing (audiometry/tuning forks).

Question 31

Which structure of eye is the most sensitive but contains no blood vessel ...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Cornea The cornea is highly sensitive because it is densely innervated by sensory fibers (via the trigeminal nerve). It is also avascular (contains no blood vessels) to maintain optical transparency, receiving oxygen and nutrients mainly from tears and aqueous humor. In contrast, the retina has a rich blood supply, and the pupil is just an opening while the iris is vascular tissue.

Question 32

How many layers are there in the cornea?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The cornea is classically described as having five layers: epithelium, Bowman's layer, stroma, Descemet's membrane, and endothelium. This layered structure supports transparency and refractive power while maintaining a barrier function. Although some sources also describe a sixth layer (Dua’s layer), standard exam convention typically uses five layers.

Question 33

The nurse is assigned to care for a client with a detached retina. Which finding should the nurse expect to be documented in the client's record?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: A sense of a curtain falling across the field of vision. Retinal detachment classically presents with sudden flashes/floaters and the sensation of a “curtain” or shadow moving over part of the visual field due to separation of the retina from the underlying tissue. Pain is typically absent because the retina has no pain fibers; significant eye pain suggests another acute process (e.g., glaucoma). Yellow sclera indicates jaundice and is unrelated to retinal detachment, and “blurred vision” is less specific than the curtain-like visual field defect.

Question 34

Inflammation of the eyes is called?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Conjunctivitis Conjunctivitis is inflammation of the conjunctiva, the thin membrane covering the white of the eye and inner eyelids, commonly presenting with redness, tearing, and irritation. Cataract is lens opacity, not inflammation. Myopia is a refractive error (nearsightedness), and glaucoma is optic neuropathy often associated with elevated intraocular pressure—neither describes general eye inflammation.

Question 35

The nurse is assigned to care for a client with a diagnosis of detached retina. Which finding would indicate that bleeding has occurred as a result of retinal detachment?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Complaints of a burst of black spots or floaters. A sudden shower of black spots/floaters suggests vitreous hemorrhage or pigment/blood cells entering the vitreous, which can occur with retinal tear/detachment. This symptom is classically described as a “shower” of floaters and is more indicative of bleeding than conjunctival redness or eye pain. Total vision loss can occur with detachment progression but is not specific for hemorrhage.

Question 36

The clinical finding of red blood pooling in the anterior chamber of the eye is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hyphema Hyphema is defined as blood in the anterior chamber, which appears as a visible red level/pooling behind the cornea. It most commonly follows blunt ocular trauma and can increase intraocular pressure, making it clinically urgent. Conjunctivitis causes diffuse conjunctival injection/discharge, corneal ulcer causes a corneal epithelial defect/infiltrate, and iritis (anterior uveitis) causes ciliary flush and photophobia rather than blood layering.

Question 37

The only part of the body without blood supply is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Cornea The cornea is avascular (has no blood vessels) to maintain optical transparency, so it receives oxygen and nutrients primarily from tears and the aqueous humor, with additional diffusion from the limbal vessels at its periphery. In contrast, nails and hair are nonliving keratin structures but are produced by living, vascularized tissues (nail matrix and hair follicle/dermal papilla). Teeth also have a blood supply via the pulp.

Question 38

The Schirmer test is used for diagnosis of?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Sjögren’s syndrome The Schirmer test measures tear production using filter paper strips placed in the lower eyelid. Reduced wetting indicates aqueous tear deficiency (keratoconjunctivitis sicca), a hallmark of Sjögren’s syndrome. While dry eyes can occur in other autoimmune diseases, the test is classically used to support the diagnosis of Sjögren’s syndrome in the setting of sicca symptoms.

Question 39

Color blindness is due to the problem with ...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Color vision is mediated by cone photoreceptors in the retina, which contain photopigments sensitive to different wavelengths (red, green, blue). Defects or absence of one or more cone types leads to color vision deficiency (e.g., red-green color blindness). Rods primarily support vision in dim light and do not provide color discrimination, while the lens and aqueous humor mainly affect light transmission/refraction rather than color perception.

Question 40

Most common cause of Cataract ?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Cataracts most commonly develop from age-related (senile) changes in the lens proteins, leading to progressive lens opacity. Increasing age is the strongest population-level risk factor and accounts for the majority of cataract cases worldwide. Diabetes and trauma can cause cataracts but are less common overall than age-associated degeneration. Hereditary cataracts occur, typically presenting earlier in life, but represent a smaller proportion of cases.

Question 41

Chemical burn of Eye is treated with?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Immediate, copious irrigation is the first-line emergency treatment for ocular chemical injuries to dilute and remove the offending agent and limit ongoing tissue penetration. Irrigation should begin as soon as possible and continue until ocular surface pH normalizes, using readily available isotonic fluid or clean water if nothing else is available. Topical anesthetic may be used to facilitate irrigation but is not definitive treatment. Antiseptics such as povidone-iodine and tincture solutions are not indicated and can worsen irritation or toxicity.

Question 42

Which organ has no blood supply , and gets oxygen from air directly?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The cornea is avascular, so it lacks direct blood supply and relies primarily on diffusion of oxygen from the atmosphere through the tear film (and also from aqueous humor) to meet its metabolic needs. Skin is richly vascularized, so it does not obtain oxygen directly from air as its main source. Cartilage is avascular but receives oxygen/nutrients by diffusion from surrounding tissues rather than directly from air. The lens is also avascular, but it is not exposed to air and is nourished by the aqueous and vitreous humors.

Question 43

Inflammation of eyelids is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: This term specifically refers to inflammation of the eyelid margins, often involving the eyelashes and associated glands. Conjunctivitis is inflammation of the conjunctiva, and keratitis is inflammation of the cornea, so they are different anatomical sites. Myelitis refers to inflammation of the spinal cord and is unrelated to the eye.

Question 44

“Pink eye” is the common name for ?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Pink eye refers to inflammation of the conjunctiva, causing conjunctival hyperemia and irritation with tearing and discharge. It is commonly viral or bacterial and is often contagious, unlike glaucoma which is primarily an optic neuropathy related to intraocular pressure. Iritis (anterior uveitis) and keratitis involve deeper ocular structures and typically present with more significant pain, photophobia, and risk to vision.

Question 45

Which type of strabismus is this?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The affected eye is deviated outward (laterally) relative to the visual axis, which defines an exodeviation. In esotropia the eye turns inward toward the nose, while hypertropia/hypotropia describe vertical misalignment (up or down). The pictured misalignment is primarily horizontal and outward rather than vertical.

Question 46

Posterior segment of eye is filled with?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The posterior segment (vitreous chamber) is the space behind the lens extending to the retina and is filled with vitreous humor, a gel-like transparent substance that helps maintain the globe’s shape and supports the retina. Aqueous humor instead occupies the anterior segment (anterior and posterior chambers in front of the lens). CSF circulates in the central nervous system, not within the eye, and cerumen is earwax found in the external auditory canal.

Question 47

Most common cause of sudden unilateral painless loss of vision?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Sudden, unilateral, painless visual loss is classically associated with retinal vascular occlusion, and venous occlusion is the most common type. CRVO typically presents with subacute-to-sudden painless blurring or loss of vision and characteristic “blood-and-thunder” fundus findings. CRAO also causes sudden painless loss of vision but is less common and is more often a true emergency with profound vision loss and a cherry-red spot. Acute glaucoma is usually painful with halos and nausea, and keratitis is painful and photophobic rather than painless.

Question 48

If glaucoma is left untreated it leads to?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Untreated glaucoma causes progressive optic nerve damage, most commonly from chronically elevated intraocular pressure and impaired perfusion. This results in irreversible loss of retinal ganglion cells and a characteristic progression from peripheral visual field loss to advanced vision loss. Without timely treatment to reduce intraocular pressure and slow neurodegeneration, permanent vision loss can progress to complete loss of sight.

Question 49

What is the commonest cause of blindness in adults?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Lens opacification is the leading cause of blindness worldwide in adults and is highly prevalent with aging. It causes painless, progressive reduction in visual acuity and glare, and is typically reversible with surgical extraction and intraocular lens implantation. By contrast, glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness, and diabetic retinopathy is a common cause of blindness particularly among working-age adults, but neither exceeds cataract as the most common overall.

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