Question 1

Untreated HIV can lead to....?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: HIV is a chronic viral infection that progressively destroys CD4+ T lymphocytes if untreated. Over time, this immune depletion can meet criteria for AIDS, defined by severe immunosuppression (e.g., CD4

Question 2

Salk vaccine is given for the prevention of..?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The Salk vaccine is the inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV), developed by Jonas Salk, and it prevents poliomyelitis caused by poliovirus. Measles and mumps prevention is covered by the MMR vaccine, and rabies prevention uses rabies vaccine and immunoglobulin as indicated. Therefore, the correct choice is polio.
Category reason: This is a foundational question about which pathogen/disease a specific vaccine targets, which falls under microbiology and immunization principles rather than nursing care prioritization.

Question 3

Food poisoning is caused by?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Foodborne illness can be caused by bacteria (e.g., Salmonella, Campylobacter), viruses (e.g., norovirus), and parasites (e.g., Giardia, Cryptosporidium). Each of these pathogens can contaminate food or water and produce acute gastrointestinal symptoms. Therefore, the most accurate choice covering all etiologies listed is "All of the above.
Category reason: The question tests causes of food poisoning by infectious agents (bacteria, viruses, parasites), which is primarily the study of microorganisms and their role in disease.

Question 4

Which of the following disease is caused by protozoa?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Malaria is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium (e.g., P. falciparum, P. vivax) transmitted by the Anopheles mosquito. Cholera is caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, and diphtheria is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Pneumonia is a syndrome that can be caused by multiple organisms (commonly bacteria or viruses), but it is not classically identified as a protozoal disease in this context.
Category reason: The question tests identification of the type of infectious organism (protozoa vs bacteria/other), which is a foundational microbiology concept rather than a nursing care/intervention decision.

Question 5

Which disease is caused by the plasmodium parasite?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Plasmodium species are protozoan parasites transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes and they cause malaria. Typhoid is caused by Salmonella Typhi, cholera by Vibrio cholerae, and dengue by dengue virus. Therefore, among the listed options, malaria is the disease caused by Plasmodium.
Category reason: The question tests knowledge of the causative organism (Plasmodium) and its associated infectious disease, which is a foundational microbiology concept rather than a nursing care/judgment scenario.

Question 6

AIDS is caused by which virus?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is the advanced clinical stage of infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV targets CD4+ T lymphocytes, leading to progressive immune suppression and opportunistic infections and malignancies. H1N1 (influenza), herpesviruses, and coronaviruses can cause significant disease but do not cause AIDS.
Category reason: The question tests identification of the causative viral pathogen for a disease syndrome, which is a core concept in microbiology rather than nursing care prioritization or interventions.

Question 7

Loeffler's serum slope is used for the culture of?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Loeffler's serum slope is an enrichment medium classically used to culture Corynebacterium diphtheriae from throat swabs and enhance early growth and characteristic morphology. It supports rapid growth and helps demonstrate metachromatic granules on staining from colonies. Mycobacterium tuberculosis typically requires media like Lowenstein–Jensen, while Vibrio cholerae is cultured on alkaline media/TCBS and E. coli on routine enteric media (e.g., MacConkey). Therefore, C. diphtheriae is the best answer.
Category reason: The question tests knowledge of laboratory culture media used to grow specific microorganisms, which is a core topic in Microbiology rather than nursing care decision-making.

Question 8

Which of the following infectious diseases is transmitted by insects or other animals?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Chikungunya, Zika virus, and yellow fever are all arthropod-borne viral infections primarily transmitted by mosquitoes (most commonly Aedes species). Because each listed disease can be spread via an insect vector, the most accurate choice is that all of them are transmitted by insects or other animals. This tests recognition of vector-borne (zoonotic/arboviral) transmission rather than clinical management.
Category reason: The item asks about modes of transmission of specific infectious agents (vector-borne arboviruses), which is a core concept in microbiology/infectious disease foundations rather than a nursing intervention scenario.

Question 9

Sensitivity test in urine MCS helps to:

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In urine MCS (microscopy, culture, and sensitivity), the sensitivity portion tests the isolated organism against various antimicrobials to determine susceptibility or resistance. This guides selection of an antibiotic that is likely to be effective (targeted therapy). WBC count is assessed in microscopy, species identification is from culture/biochemical identification, and kidney stones are evaluated with imaging or crystal analysis rather than culture sensitivity.
Category reason: The question tests understanding of what antimicrobial susceptibility testing accomplishes in urine culture workup, which is a core microbiology concept rather than a nursing intervention or prioritization task.

Question 10

Protozoans can cause serious a disease...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Several protozoa are well-known causes of severe intestinal infection and dysentery, particularly Entamoeba histolytica, which produces amoebic dysentery with bloody diarrhea. AIDS is caused by HIV (a virus), diabetes is a metabolic/endocrine disorder, and dementia is a neurologic syndrome with many causes rather than a typical protozoal disease category. Therefore, dysentery is the best answer associated with protozoan infection.
Category reason: The question tests knowledge of disease causation by protozoa (infectious organisms) and their clinical syndromes, which is a core topic in Microbiology.

Question 11

Ebola disease is caused by?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason:  Virus (वायरस) Ebola virus disease is caused by Ebola virus, a filovirus, and is therefore a viral infection. It is not caused by bacteria, fungi, or parasites. The causative agent is an enveloped, negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus, which explains why antibacterial or antiparasitic treatments would not target the pathogen itself.
Category reason: This question tests the causative organism type (virus vs bacteria/fungus/parasite), which is a core concept in Microbiology rather than nursing interventions or care prioritization.

Question 12

Organelle associated with Protozoan Defense..?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason:  Trichocysts Trichocysts are extrusive organelles found in certain protozoa (notably ciliates like Paramecium) that discharge filaments when stimulated, helping in defense and sometimes in prey capture. Nematocysts are characteristic stinging organelles of cnidarians (e.g., jellyfish), not protozoa. Statocysts/otocysts are balance/hearing-related sensory structures in various invertebrates, not protozoan defensive organelles.
Category reason: This question tests identification of a protozoan cellular organelle and its function (defense), which is foundational organism/parasite biology typically covered under Microbiology rather than nursing care decision-making.

Question 13

Ascariasis, Amoebiasis, Polio are the...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason:  Intestinal infection Ascariasis (Ascaris lumbricoides) and amoebiasis (Entamoeba histolytica) are classic intestinal parasitic infections transmitted via the fecal–oral route, causing gastrointestinal symptoms. In many basic nursing/microbiology MCQs, polio is also grouped under infections acquired via the fecal–oral route with initial replication in the intestine, despite its major clinical manifestations being neurologic. Therefore, among the options, “Intestinal infection” is the best overall classification.
Category reason: This question asks for classification of communicable diseases by their infectious nature and primary portal/site of infection, which is a microbiology concept rather than a nursing intervention or patient-care decision.

Question 14

Which disease is caused due to water pollution _?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason:  Cholera Cholera is a waterborne infection caused by ingestion of water contaminated with Vibrio cholerae, commonly linked to poor sanitation and water pollution. Typhoid can also be transmitted via contaminated food/water, but cholera is the classic disease most directly associated with polluted water outbreaks. TB is primarily airborne, and dengue is mosquito-borne, not spread through contaminated water ingestion.
Category reason: This is a question about infectious disease transmission (waterborne vs airborne/vector-borne), which is primarily studied in Microbiology.

Question 15

Which of the following is a water borne disease?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason:  Cholera Cholera is a classic water-borne infection caused by Vibrio cholerae and is transmitted via ingestion of contaminated water or food. It causes profuse “rice-water” diarrhea that can rapidly lead to severe dehydration and shock if untreated. In contrast, smallpox is primarily spread via respiratory droplets/contact, malaria is vector-borne (Anopheles mosquito), and tuberculosis is airborne.
Category reason: This question tests modes of infectious disease transmission and the causative organism’s epidemiology, which falls under Microbiology rather than nursing interventions or prioritization.

Question 16

Kala-azar (Visceral Leishmaniasis) is transmitted by?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason:  Sand fly. Visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) is caused by Leishmania donovani complex and is transmitted to humans by the bite of infected female phlebotomine sandflies (Phlebotomus in the Old World, Lutzomyia in the New World). Tsetse flies transmit African trypanosomiasis, Anopheles mosquitoes transmit malaria, and houseflies are mainly mechanical vectors for enteric pathogens rather than Leishmania. Therefore, the correct vector here is the sand fly.
Category reason: This is a vector-borne infectious disease question testing transmission and pathogen-vector relationships, which falls under Microbiology rather than nursing care decision-making.

Question 17

Hydrophobia is caused by?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason:  Virus Hydrophobia is a classic sign of rabies, an acute encephalitis caused by the rabies virus (a Lyssavirus). The symptom results from painful pharyngeal spasms triggered by attempts to swallow liquids due to viral involvement of the central nervous system. Bacteria, parasites, and prions do not cause rabies or the characteristic hydrophobia syndrome.
Category reason: This question tests the causative infectious agent of a disease (rabies), which is a core topic in Microbiology rather than nursing interventions or patient-care prioritization.

Question 18

Which disease is caused by a prion.?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason:  Mad Cow disease Prions are misfolded proteins that induce abnormal folding of normal host proteins, causing transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy ("Mad Cow disease") is a classic prion disease. Malaria is caused by Plasmodium protozoa, ringworm by dermatophyte fungi, and Parkinson disease is a neurodegenerative disorder not caused by prions in standard clinical classification.
Category reason: This question tests identification of an infectious agent type (prion) and the disease it causes, which is core microbiology content rather than nursing care decision-making.

Question 19

Schick's test is used to diagnose....?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason:  Diphtheria Schick test is an intradermal test that assesses susceptibility to diphtheria toxin by injecting a small amount of toxin and observing for a local reaction. A positive reaction indicates lack of protective antitoxin (non-immunity) and supports concern for diphtheria susceptibility in the context of exposure/outbreaks. It is not used to diagnose pertussis, measles, or mumps, which are confirmed by different laboratory and clinical methods.
Category reason: This question tests knowledge of a classic infectious disease immunologic test used for diphtheria susceptibility, which falls under Microbiology rather than nursing care decision-making.

Question 20

What organisms use pseudopods to move?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason:  Amoebas Amoebas move via amoeboid movement using pseudopodia (“false feet”), which extend and pull the cell forward. Euglena primarily uses a flagellum for motility, and Paramecia move using cilia. “Flagella” is a locomotor structure, not an organism, and it is not the mechanism used by amoebas.
Category reason: This question tests knowledge of protozoan locomotion and microbial structures (pseudopodia, cilia, flagella), which falls under Microbiology.

Question 21

The mosquito that lays eggs singly:

Accepted Answer

Answer reason:  Anopheles Anopheles mosquitoes characteristically lay eggs singly on the water surface, and the eggs have lateral floats that help them stay afloat. In contrast, Culex lays eggs in rafts, and Aedes typically lays eggs singly but on damp surfaces just above the waterline rather than on the water surface. This question is asking for the classic entomology identification used in vector-borne disease teaching.
Category reason: This item tests knowledge of mosquito biology and reproductive characteristics used in identifying disease vectors, which is best categorized under Microbiology (medical entomology).

Question 22

What is the shape of bacterial DNA?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason:  Circular Most bacteria have a single, circular chromosome located in the nucleoid region. Although bacterial DNA can also be negatively supercoiled to compact it and regulate transcription, “supercoiled” describes the packing state rather than the overall chromosome shape. “Linear” is typical of eukaryotic nuclear chromosomes, with only a few bacterial exceptions, and “double helix” refers to DNA’s molecular structure in all organisms rather than its chromosome geometry.
Category reason: This question tests a foundational property of bacterial chromosomes (prokaryotic genome organization), which is a core topic in Microbiology.

Question 23

Typhoid and cholera are the specific example of...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason:  Water-borne diseases Typhoid fever (Salmonella Typhi) and cholera (Vibrio cholerae) are classically transmitted via the fecal–oral route through contaminated water and food. Outbreaks are strongly linked to poor sanitation and unsafe drinking water. This transmission pattern makes them specific examples of water-borne diseases rather than airborne illnesses.
Category reason: This is a foundational question about infectious disease transmission routes and causative organisms, which is primarily covered under Microbiology rather than nursing care decision-making.

Question 24

Mycology is the study of _____?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason:  Fungi Mycology is the branch of microbiology that specifically studies fungi, including yeasts, molds, and dimorphic fungi. Enzymes are studied in biochemistry, bacteria are studied in bacteriology, and “prokaryotes” is a broad category that includes bacteria and archaea rather than fungi (which are eukaryotes). Therefore, the best answer is fungi.
Category reason: This is a terminology-based question about which microorganisms are studied in mycology, which falls under Microbiology.

Question 25

Q. Food poisoning is caused by...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Clostridium botulinum Clostridium botulinum causes food-borne botulism via ingestion of preformed botulinum toxin in improperly processed foods (classically home-canned). This is a prototypical cause of severe food poisoning with neurologic features (e.g., descending paralysis) due to toxin-mediated blockade of acetylcholine release. Bacillus megatherium is not a typical food-poisoning organism, and Salmonella typhi causes enteric (typhoid) fever rather than classic toxin-mediated food poisoning. While some E. coli strains can cause food-borne illness, the classic single best answer for toxin-mediated “food poisoning” in such MCQs is C. botulinum.
Category reason: This is testing identification of a causative microorganism responsible for food-borne illness, which is a core topic in Microbiology rather than a nursing care/intervention decision.

Question 26

The diagram shows a bacterium. Which three structures are found in animal cells and bacterial cells?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: B. Cell membrane, DNA and ribosomes Both animal cells and bacterial cells have a cell (plasma) membrane, genetic material (DNA), and ribosomes for protein synthesis. Animal cells lack a cell wall and do not have a bacterial capsule, so any option including cell wall or capsule cannot be correct. Therefore, the shared set among the choices is cell membrane, DNA, and ribosomes.
Category reason: This question tests foundational differences and similarities between prokaryotic (bacterial) and eukaryotic (animal) cell structures, which is a core Microbiology topic.

Question 27

Zika virus is transmitted by?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Aedes mosquito Zika virus is primarily transmitted by Aedes species mosquitoes, especially Aedes aegypti (and also Aedes albopictus), which bite during the daytime. Anopheles mosquitoes are the classic vectors for malaria, not Zika. Ticks and houseflies are not recognized vectors for Zika transmission.
Category reason: This question tests the infectious disease vector (mode of transmission) of a specific virus, which is a core microbiology concept rather than a nursing intervention or prioritization scenario.

Question 28

Which one of the following is not the characteristic of viruses?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: They do not have the ability to reproduce. Viruses lack independent cellular machinery, so they cannot reproduce on their own; however, they do reproduce by replicating inside a host cell using the host’s enzymes and ribosomes. Therefore, saying they “do not have the ability to reproduce” is not a correct characteristic because replication is a defining feature of viruses (host-dependent). In contrast, viruses do not respire, do not excrete, and many can be crystallized, which are classic characteristics taught in microbiology.
Category reason: This item tests core properties of viruses (replication dependence, metabolism, crystallization), which is foundational microbiology rather than nursing care decision-making.

Question 29

Chickenpox is caused by?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Varicella-zoster virus Chickenpox (varicella) is caused by primary infection with varicella-zoster virus (VZV), a human herpesvirus (HHV-3). After the initial infection, VZV can remain latent in sensory ganglia and later reactivate as herpes zoster (shingles). Measles, mumps, and polio are caused by different viruses and do not cause the classic generalized vesicular rash of varicella.
Category reason: This question tests identification of the infectious agent responsible for a disease, which is a core topic in Microbiology rather than nursing-care decision making.

Question 30

Examples of house fly borne diseases are except___?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Trench fever Houseflies mechanically transmit enteric pathogens via contaminated food and water, leading to diarrhoea, cholera, and gastroenteritis. Trench fever is caused by Bartonella quintana and is classically transmitted by the human body louse, not the housefly. Therefore, it is the exception among the listed diseases.
Category reason: This is an infectious disease transmission/vector question (identifying which illness is not spread by a housefly), which falls under Microbiology rather than nursing interventions or clinical decision-making.

Question 31

Taeniasis is caused by?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Taenia solium/Taenia saginata Taeniasis is an intestinal infection caused by adult tapeworms of the genus Taenia, most commonly Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm) and Taenia solium (pork tapeworm). Humans acquire taeniasis by ingesting cysticerci in undercooked beef or pork. Ascaris, hookworm, and filaria are helminths that cause different diseases (ascariasis, hookworm disease, and filariasis) rather than taeniasis.
Category reason: This question tests identification of the causative parasite for a named helminthic infection (taeniasis), which is a core organism-based concept in microbiology/parasitology rather than a nursing care decision.

Question 32

Beneficial Parasite Protozoa present in humans is...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: E. coli Entamoeba coli is generally considered a nonpathogenic intestinal amoeba (a commensal) in humans and is often described as a “beneficial”/harmless protozoan because it does not cause disease. Entamoeba histolytica is pathogenic and causes amoebic dysentery and liver abscess. Entamoeba gingivalis is associated with poor oral hygiene/periodontal disease rather than being a beneficial commensal, and Trypanosoma causes systemic disease (e.g., sleeping sickness/Chagas).
Category reason: This item tests identification of protozoan species and their relationship to humans (commensal vs pathogenic), which is core content in Microbiology.

Question 33

Filariasis is caused by?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Wuchereria bancrofti Lymphatic filariasis is a parasitic infection caused by filarial nematodes, most commonly Wuchereria bancrofti, transmitted by mosquitoes. The adult worms live in lymphatic vessels and can lead to lymphatic obstruction with lymphedema and elephantiasis. Ascaris causes intestinal ascariasis, while Entamoeba and Giardia are protozoa causing gastrointestinal infections rather than filariasis.
Category reason: This is a question about the infectious organism responsible for a disease (etiologic agent of filariasis), which is a core topic in Microbiology/parasitology rather than nursing care decision-making.

Question 34

Which of the following is NOT an autoimmune disease?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Tuberculosis Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, transmitted via airborne droplets, not an autoimmune process. Rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, and multiple sclerosis are classic autoimmune diseases in which the immune system targets self tissues (joints, pancreatic beta cells, and myelin, respectively). Therefore, TB is the only option that is not autoimmune.
Category reason: The question tests whether conditions are autoimmune vs infectious, requiring understanding of microbial causation (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) rather than nursing interventions, so it best fits Microbiology within NursingScience.

Question 35

Shick Test is Done for?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Diphtheria The Schick test assesses susceptibility to diphtheria by evaluating whether a person has protective antitoxin antibodies against Corynebacterium diphtheriae toxin. A positive skin reaction indicates inadequate immunity (lack of neutralizing antitoxin) and therefore susceptibility to diphtheria. It is not a screening test for meningitis, pertussis, or typhoid.
Category reason: This question tests knowledge of a classic diagnostic/immunity skin test related to an infectious disease and toxin-mediated immunity, which is primarily covered under Microbiology.

Question 36

Instrument used to sterilize surgical tools by steam is...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Autoclave An autoclave sterilizes instruments using saturated steam under pressure (moist heat), which reliably destroys bacteria, viruses, fungi, and spores. Incubators are used to grow microbial cultures at controlled temperatures, not to sterilize tools. Centrifuges separate components by spinning, and refrigerators are for cold storage—neither performs sterilization.
Category reason: This question tests knowledge of sterilization equipment and microbial control methods (steam sterilization), which is a core Microbiology concept rather than a nursing judgment/prioritization scenario.

Question 37

The most common cause of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Chlamydia trachomatis Pelvic inflammatory disease is most commonly caused by ascending sexually transmitted infections, and Chlamydia trachomatis is the most frequent pathogen implicated overall. It often produces a more indolent or asymptomatic cervicitis, allowing untreated infection to persist and ascend to the upper genital tract. Neisseria gonorrhoeae is also a major cause but is typically less common than chlamydia in many populations. E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus are not typical primary causes of PID.
Category reason: This is a causative-organism question about an infectious etiology (which pathogen most commonly causes PID), primarily testing microbiology rather than nursing interventions or prioritization.

Question 38

Highest incidence of pertussis is found among age group_?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: 0-5 years Pertussis (whooping cough) has the highest incidence in young children, especially infants and preschool-aged children, due to incomplete immunization and higher susceptibility to severe infection. Although adolescents and adults can be infected (often with waning immunity), disease burden and reported incidence remain greatest in the youngest age group. Early childhood vaccination (DTaP) is therefore central to prevention.
Category reason: This asks about epidemiology of an infectious disease (pertussis) and which age group is most affected, which fits Microbiology/communicable disease concepts rather than nursing interventions.

Question 39

Chickengunya is caused by...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Virus Chikungunya is caused by the chikungunya virus (an alphavirus in the Togaviridae family) transmitted primarily by Aedes mosquitoes. Protozoa cause illnesses like malaria, worms cause helminthic infections, and bacteria cause bacterial diseases—none of which match chikungunya’s established viral etiology. Therefore, the correct causative agent category is a virus.
Category reason: This question tests identification of an infectious disease’s causative organism type (viral vs protozoal/helminthic/bacterial), which is a core Microbiology concept.

Question 40

Which of the following organisms is the most common cause of UTI?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Escherichia coli Escherichia coli is the leading cause of uncomplicated urinary tract infections because it commonly colonizes the gastrointestinal tract and can ascend the urethra to infect the bladder. Its virulence factors (e.g., adhesins/fimbriae) help it attach to uroepithelial cells and persist in the urinary tract. Klebsiella can also cause UTIs but is less common, while Pseudomonas is more typical in catheter-associated or healthcare-associated infections. Staphylococcus aureus is an uncommon cause of primary UTI and more often suggests hematogenous spread when present.
Category reason: This question tests identification of the most common causative pathogen for a UTI, which is foundational infectious-disease organism knowledge within Microbiology rather than a nursing intervention or prioritization task.

Question 41

Which Substance Can Cross Human Placenta..?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Viruses Viruses can cross the placenta and cause congenital infections (e.g., rubella, CMV, Zika, varicella), especially when maternal viremia occurs. In contrast, intact maternal RBCs and WBCs generally do not cross the placental barrier in normal pregnancy, though small fetal-maternal hemorrhage can occur in the opposite direction. Most large proteins are limited by size; specific exceptions like IgG cross via receptor-mediated transport, but “proteins” as a broad category is not the best answer here. Therefore, among the listed options, viruses are the most accurate placental-crossing substance.
Category reason: The item tests which infectious agents can cross the placental barrier and cause congenital infection, which is a core concept in microbiology (vertical transmission).

Question 42

Leprosy is also known as?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Hansen’s disease Leprosy is the chronic infection caused by Mycobacterium leprae and is historically known as Hansen’s disease (after Gerhard Armauer Hansen). The other options refer to different conditions: mad cow disease is prion-related bovine spongiform encephalopathy, sleeping sickness is African trypanosomiasis, and black fever commonly refers to visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar). Therefore, Hansen’s disease is the correct synonym for leprosy.
Category reason: This item tests recognition of an infectious disease synonym and its causative organism context, which is foundational infectious disease knowledge within Microbiology rather than nursing care decision-making.

Question 43

Japanese Encephalitis is spread by?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Culex mosquito Japanese encephalitis virus is a mosquito-borne flavivirus primarily transmitted by Culex species (notably Culex tritaeniorhynchus) in endemic rural/irrigated areas. These mosquitoes typically breed in rice fields and transmit the virus in a zoonotic cycle involving pigs and wading birds, with humans as incidental hosts. Aedes mosquitoes are more classically associated with dengue, chikungunya, Zika, and yellow fever, while sand flies and ticks transmit other distinct infections.
Category reason: This question tests knowledge of the infectious disease vector for Japanese encephalitis, which is a microbiology/medical entomology topic rather than a nursing care decision.

Question 44

Which is bacterial disease?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Syphilis Syphilis is caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum, making it a bacterial sexually transmitted infection. Myocardial infarction is ischemic heart disease (not infectious). Polio is caused by poliovirus (viral), and ringworm is a dermatophyte fungal infection (despite the name).
Category reason: This question tests identification of the type of infectious agent responsible for specific diseases, which is a core Microbiology concept rather than a nursing intervention or prioritization scenario.

Question 45

Amebiasis is caused by?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Entamoeba histolytica Amebiasis is an intestinal protozoal infection classically caused by Entamoeba histolytica, which can invade the colonic mucosa and cause dysentery. It may also spread hematogenously to the liver, leading to amebic liver abscess. Giardia typically causes noninvasive watery diarrhea (giardiasis), Ascaris is a helminth (roundworm), and Plasmodium causes malaria.
Category reason: This is testing identification of the causative microorganism of a protozoal disease, which is a core Microbiology concept rather than a nursing care decision.

Question 46

The virus associated with cervical cancer is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Human papilloma virus (HPV) Persistent infection with high-risk HPV types (especially 16 and 18) is the primary etiologic factor for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical cancer. HPV oncoproteins (E6 and E7) inactivate tumor suppressor pathways (p53 and Rb), promoting dysplasia and malignant transformation. Epstein-Barr virus is classically linked to nasopharyngeal carcinoma and certain lymphomas; hepatitis B virus is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma; cytomegalovirus is not a typical cause of cervical cancer.
Category reason: This question tests etiologic association between a specific virus and a malignancy, which is foundational infectious-disease knowledge within Microbiology rather than a nursing care/intervention decision.

Question 47

This vaccine is given for?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Yellow fever The description “live 17D virus, freeze-dried” refers to the 17D strain of yellow fever vaccine, a live-attenuated viral vaccine produced in eggs and supplied as a lyophilized preparation. This formulation is classically associated with yellow fever immunization for travelers to endemic regions. The other listed diseases use different vaccine strains/types (e.g., polio OPV/IPV, measles as part of MMR, rabies is inactivated).
Category reason: This question tests identification of a vaccine based on its strain/formulation (live 17D virus), which is a microbiology/immunization knowledge topic rather than a nursing care decision.

Question 48

Kala-azar is spread by?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Sandfly Kala-azar (visceral leishmaniasis) is caused by Leishmania parasites and is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected female phlebotomine sandflies. Houseflies are mechanical vectors for some enteric pathogens but do not transmit Leishmania. Mosquitoes transmit malaria and filariasis, and ticks transmit illnesses such as Lyme disease and rickettsioses, not kala-azar.
Category reason: This item tests knowledge of an infectious disease vector and transmission mechanism (Leishmania via sandfly), which is a core topic in Microbiology rather than nursing care decision-making.

Question 49

Swine flu is caused by?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: H1N1 Influenza virus Swine flu is classically caused by influenza A (H1N1) virus strains that emerged from swine-origin influenza. H5N1 is primarily associated with avian influenza (“bird flu”), not typical swine flu outbreaks. Coronavirus and adenovirus can cause respiratory illness but are not the etiologic agent referred to as swine flu.
Category reason: This item tests identification of the causative pathogen of an infectious disease (viral etiology and subtype), which is a core topic in Microbiology.

Question 50

Ring worm is which type of disease....?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Fungal Ringworm (tinea) is a superficial dermatophyte infection caused by fungi such as Trichophyton, Microsporum, or Epidermophyton species. It is not caused by bacteria, viruses, or prions. The characteristic annular (“ring-shaped”) rash reflects fungal growth in keratinized tissues like skin, hair, and nails.
Category reason: This question tests the infectious etiology of ringworm and requires identifying the pathogen type, which is a core topic in Microbiology rather than a nursing intervention or priority-setting scenario.

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