Question 1

Which of the following interventions reduces NCD risk?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Noncommunicable disease (NCD) risk is reduced by addressing key modifiable lifestyle factors. Diets rich in fruits and vegetables improve cardiometabolic risk profiles through better fiber, micronutrient intake, and lower energy density. Regular physical activity lowers risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and some cancers, while avoiding tobacco and limiting/avoiding alcohol reduces major preventable causes of morbidity and mortality. Therefore, all listed interventions reduce NCD risk.

Question 2

Which level of prevention includes health promotion?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Primary prevention focuses on preventing disease before it occurs by promoting health and reducing risk factors. This includes interventions such as health education (e.g., diet, exercise, smoking cessation), immunizations, and environmental/safety measures. Secondary prevention is aimed at early detection through screening, while tertiary prevention and rehabilitation focus on reducing complications and restoring function after disease or injury.

Question 3

Exclusive breastfeeding means?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Exclusive breastfeeding is defined as feeding the infant only breast milk (including expressed breast milk) without any additional liquids or foods. This means no water, juices, or other milks/formula are given. The only usual exceptions are prescribed medicines, oral rehydration solution, or vitamin/mineral drops when indicated. Therefore, the best answer is “Only breast milk.”.

Question 4

A client with osteoporosis asks how to prevent further bone loss. What is the best response by the nurse?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Weight-bearing and resistance exercises stimulate osteoblast activity and help slow bone resorption, supporting maintenance of bone density in osteoporosis. Calcium should be taken consistently as part of a prevention plan (often along with vitamin D), not only when pain occurs. Avoiding walking and exercise worsens deconditioning and can increase fall risk over time. Sunlight exposure in appropriate amounts supports vitamin D synthesis, which is important for calcium absorption and bone health.

Question 5

A nurse finds that many villagers are not boiling water before drinking. What is the best immediate nursing action?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The most immediate nursing action is to address the identified unsafe practice through health teaching, which is a core community health intervention to prevent waterborne disease. Education on boiling water, safe storage, and basic hygiene can be implemented promptly and can reduce risk quickly at the population level. Reporting to authorities or documenting may be appropriate later, but they do not directly and immediately change the villagers' behavior. Distributing water bottles is not a sustainable public-health intervention and does not ensure safe water.

Question 6

The relative risk of developing obesity is higher in the following age group if they have obese parents?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Parental obesity has the strongest influence on obesity risk during early childhood, when eating habits, activity patterns, and lifestyle behaviors are established. Infancy has less behavioral influence, and risk patterns become evident as children grow and model parental behaviors.

Question 7

Which is included in the principles of Primary Health Care?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: A core principle of primary health care (PHC) is community participation, emphasizing involvement of individuals and communities in planning and implementing health services to improve access, acceptability, and sustainability. PHC focuses on health promotion, prevention, and appropriate technology delivered close to where people live. Options like ICU care and specialist care are typically tertiary-level services, not PHC principles. Curative services may occur in primary care, but they are not a defining PHC principle compared with community participation.

Question 8

A 46-year-old female with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is experiencing increasing discomfort. Which patient statement indicates that additional teaching about GERD is needed?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: A bedtime snack can worsen GERD because lying down soon after eating increases the likelihood of gastric contents refluxing into the esophagus. Standard GERD teaching includes avoiding food for several hours before bedtime and elevating the head of the bed. Taking antacids between meals/at bedtime and head-of-bed elevation are appropriate self-management strategies. Gum chewing may increase saliva and help neutralize acid for some patients, so it is not the best indicator of incorrect teaching compared with eating at bedtime.

Question 9

Nurse Silva is providing education to a client about using a diaphragm for contraception. Which instruction is crucial for the client's understanding of proper diaphragm use?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: A diaphragm is a barrier method whose effectiveness depends on correct placement and the concurrent use of spermicide to immobilize/kill sperm. Spermicide should be applied with every use because it is a key part of the method’s mechanism and improves contraceptive efficacy. The other options contain incorrect or incomplete guidance (e.g., it should not be removed immediately after intercourse, and it may require refitting after childbirth or significant weight changes).

Question 10

When nurses assist clients in exploring their lifestyle habits and health behaviors to identify health risks, nurses are most likely to use which of the following models?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Exploring lifestyle habits and health behaviors to identify risks is characteristic of the wellness model, which emphasizes prevention, health promotion, and client-centered assessment of modifiable behaviors. The medical model is primarily disease-focused and centered on diagnosis and treatment after illness occurs. The psychosocial model focuses more narrowly on psychological and social factors, and the ecological model emphasizes broader environmental and community determinants rather than primarily individual lifestyle behaviors.

Question 11

Which statement indicates understanding of osteoporosis prevention?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Weight-bearing and resistance exercises help maintain or increase bone mineral density by stimulating osteoblast activity and slowing bone loss, making them a key preventive strategy for osteoporosis. Increasing caffeine and salt intake can increase urinary calcium losses, potentially worsening bone health. Avoiding sunlight reduces vitamin D synthesis, which is necessary for calcium absorption and bone mineralization. Therefore, the weight-bearing exercise statement best indicates understanding of osteoporosis prevention.

Question 12

Exclusive breastfeeding is recommended for the first?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Major health authorities (e.g., WHO and AAP) recommend exclusive breastfeeding for about the first 6 months of life. During this period, breast milk alone provides adequate nutrition, hydration, and immune protection for most infants. Complementary foods are typically introduced around 6 months while breastfeeding continues thereafter. Therefore, 6 months is the best answer among the options.

Question 13

Copper T 380 is effective for how many years as contraceptive?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Copper T 380A is a long-acting reversible contraceptive (copper IUD) with an effective duration of about 10 years for pregnancy prevention. Its contraceptive effect is due to local inflammatory and spermicidal effects of copper in the uterus. Other commonly used IUDs have shorter durations (e.g., some hormonal IUDs 3–8 years), but CuT 380A is classically taught and labeled for 10 years.

Question 14

Who is considered the father of public health nursing?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Lillian Wald is widely recognized as the founder of public health nursing in the United States. She established the Henry Street Settlement in New York City and developed community-based nursing services focused on prevention and improving health in underserved populations. Her work helped formalize visiting nurse services and the role of nursing in population health and social reform. The other figures are notable in nursing and humanitarian history but are not considered the primary originator of public health nursing.

Question 15

Breastfeeding reduces the risk of which of the following in infants?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Breastfeeding provides immunologic protection (e.g., secretory IgA and other anti-infective factors) that lowers the incidence of gastrointestinal infections and diarrhea. It is also associated with reduced rates of acute otitis media due to decreased pathogen exposure and enhanced immune defenses. Additionally, breastfeeding supports healthier feeding regulation and metabolic programming, which is linked to a lower risk of childhood obesity compared with formula feeding.

Question 16

Quelle mesure associée au traitement il faut la faire?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Parmi les mesures proposées, le sevrage tabagique est la recommandation la plus universelle et systématiquement associée à la plupart des prises en charge médicales, car il réduit les risques cardiovasculaires et respiratoires, améliore la cicatrisation et diminue les complications. Les autres options (interdire le sport, changer de poste, ne rien faire) dépendent fortement d’un diagnostic précis et ne sont pas des mesures générales applicables en première intention. En l’absence de contexte clinique, la mesure de santé publique la plus pertinente et sûre est donc l’arrêt du tabac.

Question 17

In primary health care, "equity" refers to?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In primary health care, equity means ensuring that all individuals have fair and just access to essential health services based on need, not identical treatment or workforce arrangements. It focuses on reducing disparities and removing barriers to care.

Question 18

The nurse is performing a health screening on a 54-year-old client. The client has a blood pressure of 118/78 mm Hg, total cholesterol level of 190 mg/dL (4.9 mmol/L), and fasting blood glucose level of 184 mg/dL (10.2 mmol/L). The nurse interprets this to mean that the client has which modifiable risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD)?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: A fasting blood glucose of 184 mg/dL is abnormal and indicates impaired glucose regulation/diabetes, which is a modifiable risk factor for coronary artery disease. The client is not hypertensive (118/78 mm Hg) and does not meet criteria for hyperlipidemia based on the provided total cholesterol of 190 mg/dL. Age is a risk factor for CAD but it is nonmodifiable. Therefore, the modifiable risk factor evident in the data is glucose intolerance.

Question 19

World Leprosy Day in 2020 is on?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: World Leprosy Day is observed on the last Sunday of January each year to raise awareness and reduce stigma around leprosy. In 2020, the last Sunday of January fell on 26 January. Therefore, among the given options, 26 January is the correct date. The other dates do not correspond to the last Sunday of January 2020.

Question 20

The activity of a person engages in believing himself fill in the characteristics of?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Illness behavior refers to how individuals monitor their bodies, interpret symptoms, and take actions based on the belief that they are ill. The stem emphasizes a person believing himself to have the characteristics of being ill, which aligns with symptom interpretation and perceived illness. In contrast, sick-role behavior involves actions taken after accepting the patient role (e.g., seeking care, exemptions from normal duties), and health/wellness behaviors focus on prevention or health optimization rather than perceived illness.

Question 21

When is world AIDS Day celebrated every year?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: World AIDS Day is observed annually on 1 December to raise awareness about HIV/AIDS, promote prevention strategies, encourage testing, and support people living with HIV. It is an internationally recognized public health observance coordinated by global health organizations. The other dates correspond to other observances and are not designated for World AIDS Day.

Question 22

Fundamental unit of Society is: ?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In sociology and community health nursing, the family is recognized as the basic (fundamental) unit of society because it is the primary setting for socialization, health behaviors, caregiving, and decision-making. Many public health and nursing interventions are planned at the family level (e.g., immunizations, nutrition, sanitation, and chronic disease support). While groups, kinship systems, and marriage are important social structures, they are not as universally considered the primary foundational unit as the family.

Question 23

The World Health Day is celebrated on _____?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: World Health Day is observed annually on 7 April, commemorating the founding of the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1948. This day is used globally to promote awareness of priority public health issues. The other dates correspond to different observances and are not designated as World Health Day.

Question 24

World Aids day is celebrated on ?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: World AIDS Day is observed annually on 1st December to raise awareness about HIV/AIDS, support people living with HIV, and commemorate those who have died from AIDS-related illnesses. This internationally recognized date is used for public health education and prevention campaigns. The other listed dates are not designated for World AIDS Day.

Question 25

The community nurse is conducting a health promotion program at a local school and is discussing the risk factors associated with cancer. Which of the following, if identified by the client as a risk factor, indicates a need for further instructions?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: A low-fat, high-fiber diet is generally considered protective and is recommended to reduce cancer risk (e.g., associated with lower colorectal cancer risk) rather than increase it. In contrast, exposure to radiation and certain viral infections (such as HPV, HBV/HCV, EBV) are established cancer risk factors. Chronic stress is sometimes discussed as a possible contributor via indirect effects (immune function/behaviors), but it is not as clearly established as radiation or oncogenic viruses. Therefore, identifying a low-fat, high-fiber diet as a cancer risk factor indicates misunderstanding and need for further teaching.

Question 26

With the onset of the rainy season, the nurse are closely monitoring the increase of dengue cases. The should focus their health teachings on ways to prevent dengue by?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason:  Destroying breeding places of the vector Dengue prevention is best achieved through vector control, specifically eliminating Aedes mosquito breeding sites (standing water in containers, tires, gutters) to reduce mosquito population and transmission risk. Personal protective measures like repellents and protective clothing help but are secondary and less effective at the community level if breeding persists. Burning dried leaves is not an evidence-based dengue prevention strategy and may introduce respiratory hazards. Therefore, focusing health teaching on destroying breeding places addresses the root cause and has the greatest public health impact.

Question 27

A community health nurse is planning an educational program on primary prevention strategies for hypertension in a local community. Which of the following topics should the nurse include?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Promoting a low-sodium diet and regular physical activity. Primary prevention aims to prevent disease from developing by reducing risk factors before hypertension occurs. Lifestyle modification (e.g., DASH-style/low-sodium diet, weight control, and regular exercise) is evidence-based and directly targets modifiable determinants of blood pressure. Routine BP screening is secondary prevention (early detection), medication teaching is tertiary/management after diagnosis, and monitoring for complications addresses tertiary prevention.

Question 28

Which of the following is a nursing intervention for a patient with hypertension?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Recommend regular exercise Regular aerobic physical activity is a key nonpharmacologic intervention that lowers blood pressure and reduces cardiovascular risk in patients with hypertension. In contrast, encouraging high salt intake can worsen hypertension, and “avoid medication” is unsafe when antihypertensives are indicated. Routine fluid restriction is not a standard intervention for uncomplicated hypertension unless there is a specific comorbidity (e.g., heart failure, advanced kidney disease) requiring it.

Question 29

The choice of Prelacteals may be specific to a ...?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The practice of giving prelacteal feeds is influenced by cultural beliefs, family traditions, and social structures such as caste, especially in certain communities.

Question 30

The nurse is assisting in developing a teaching plan for the client with glaucoma. Which instruction should the nurse suggest to include in the plan of care?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Eye medications will need to be administered for the rest of your life. Glaucoma is a chronic condition in which controlling intraocular pressure usually requires long-term, often lifelong, use of prescribed ophthalmic medications and ongoing follow-up to prevent optic nerve damage and vision loss. Decreasing salt or restricting fluids does not treat glaucoma or reliably reduce intraocular pressure and may create other health risks. Avoiding reading or television is unnecessary; patients are encouraged to maintain normal activities while adhering to therapy and monitoring.

Question 31

Which type of exercise is safe during pregnancy?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Swimming/Walking Low-impact aerobic activities like walking and swimming are generally recommended during uncomplicated pregnancy because they improve cardiovascular fitness while minimizing joint stress and risk of falls. Swimming also provides buoyancy and reduces back strain as pregnancy progresses. In contrast, heavy weight lifting and high-intensity workouts can increase injury risk and may not be appropriate without individualized medical guidance; jogging may be acceptable for some experienced runners but is less universally “safe” than low-impact options.

Question 32

The client is being discharged from the hospital after being admitted because of hypertension. The nurse is talking to the client about dietary modifications to address hypertension. The nurse should reinforce the teaching when the client states which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: “I should stop eating canned foods” Many canned and processed foods are high in sodium, which increases fluid retention and can worsen hypertension; limiting these foods supports blood pressure control. A key dietary strategy for hypertension is sodium restriction (as in DASH-style patterns). The other statements are less clearly correct: eating beef and pork every day increases saturated fat intake, and yogurt or fruits/vegetables can be part of a healthy plan but do not directly demonstrate understanding of sodium reduction as clearly as avoiding canned foods.

Question 33

Which statement by a patient with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes indicates a need for further education?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Normal glucose readings reflect that the treatment plan is working, not that diabetes has resolved. Stopping antidiabetic medication without provider guidance commonly leads to recurrent hyperglycemia and increases risk for acute and chronic complications. Ongoing lifestyle measures and prescribed medications are typically needed long term, with adjustments based on trends in home glucose monitoring and A1C. Patient education should reinforce adherence and when to contact the healthcare provider for medication changes.

Question 34

A nurse is teaching a client with varicose veins. Which statement indicates correct understanding?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Regular walking activates the calf muscle pump, improving venous return and reducing venous stasis that worsens varicosities. Graduated compression stockings support superficial veins, decrease venous pooling, and help reduce symptoms such as aching and edema. In contrast, leg crossing and prolonged standing increase venous pressure, and leg elevation is beneficial rather than something to avoid.

Question 35

A nurse is providing discharge teaching to a client with Addison's disease. Which statement indicates correct understanding?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: " Addison’s disease causes chronic adrenal insufficiency, so clients are at risk for adrenal crisis during stress, illness, vomiting, or trauma. Having an emergency injectable glucocorticoid available helps prevent life-threatening hypotension, shock, and electrolyte disturbances when oral dosing cannot be taken or is inadequate. Teaching also includes never abruptly stopping steroids, following stress-dose instructions, and monitoring blood pressure and symptoms of dehydration.

Question 36

A nurse is teaching a patient with diabetes about foot care. Which of the following instructions should be included in the teaching?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: This reduces the risk of ingrown toenails and skin breaks that can lead to infection, which is especially dangerous with diabetic neuropathy and impaired wound healing. Hot water soaking and heating pads increase burn risk due to decreased sensation. Lotion should be applied to dry skin but avoided between toes because excess moisture promotes fungal growth and skin breakdown.

Question 37

Which contraceptive method provides protection from both pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Barrier protection reduces transmission of many STIs by limiting exposure to infectious genital secretions and mucosal contact, while also decreasing pregnancy risk by preventing sperm from reaching the cervix. Hormonal methods (oral pills, injections) and the copper IUD (Copper-T) are effective for contraception but do not provide STI protection. For highest protection, consistent and correct use is essential, and condoms are the only option listed that addresses both goals.

Question 38

A nurse is using the Levels of Prevention model in community health. Which of the following is an example of tertiary prevention?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Tertiary prevention focuses on reducing complications, improving function, and enhancing quality of life after a disease has occurred. A support group for survivors addresses long-term psychosocial and functional needs and helps prevent disability and relapse-related consequences. In contrast, screening is secondary prevention, and immunizations and safety teaching are primary prevention aimed at preventing initial disease or injury.

Question 39

Weaning should be started at the age of?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Introducing complementary foods is generally recommended around 6 months, when infants typically show developmental readiness (good head control, ability to sit with support, diminished tongue-thrust reflex). Starting in this window supports adequate energy and micronutrient intake (notably iron and zinc) as breast milk alone may become insufficient. Beginning much earlier can increase choking and allergy risks, while delaying too long can contribute to nutrient deficiencies and feeding difficulties.

Question 40

Which of the following is the most effective method to prevent both pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (STIs)?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Barrier methods reduce exposure to infected genital secretions and mucosal contact, making them the primary method among the choices that can lower STI transmission risk. They also provide contraception, though typical-use pregnancy prevention is less effective than hormonal methods or IUDs. Oral contraceptives and IUDs do not protect against STIs, and withdrawal is unreliable for pregnancy prevention and does not prevent STI transmission. Consistent and correct use is essential to maximize protection.

Question 41

CHN is a community-based practice. Which best explains this statement?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Community-based practice means delivering care where people live, work, and socialize, allowing nurses to assess real-life conditions and context affecting health. Providing services in the client’s usual setting supports prevention, early detection, and tailored interventions that fit community norms and constraints. The other options describe activities within community health nursing (assessment, resource use, prioritization) but do not define what makes the practice community-based.

Question 42

A nurse is working as a public health nurse. What will be the nurse’s primary focus?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Public health nursing is population-focused, aiming to assess community-level health needs, reduce disease burden, and improve outcomes through prevention and system-level interventions. The unit of care is the population (including aggregates and communities), rather than only individual clients or single families. While health promotion is a major strategy, the broader primary focus is identifying and addressing population needs using epidemiology, surveillance, and community resources.

Question 43

Exclusive Breastfeeding Is Recommend for?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Exclusive breastfeeding is recommended for the first 6 months of life by major health authorities (e.g., WHO/UNICEF) because breast milk alone provides adequate nutrition, hydration, and immune protection during this period. Introducing other liquids or foods earlier can increase the risk of infections and reduce breast milk intake. After 6 months, complementary foods are added while breastfeeding continues alongside them.

Question 44

In following which is a individual approach of health education-?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Individual approaches to health education are delivered one-on-one and tailored to the client’s specific needs, literacy level, and home environment. Home visits allow individualized assessment, teaching, and immediate feedback in the client’s real-life context, improving relevance and adherence. In contrast, lectures and symposiums are group methods, and demonstrations are commonly used in group or class settings even though they can be individual.

Question 45

The nurse has been teaching adult clients about cardiac risks when they visit the hypertension clinic. Which form of evaluation would best measure learning?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Behavior change reflects application of knowledge and skills in real-life health management, which is the most meaningful indicator that teaching has been integrated into daily decision-making. Written tests and verbal questions primarily measure recall/understanding, not whether clients translate learning into risk-reducing actions. Mailed surveys assess satisfaction or self-reported impressions and are indirect and vulnerable to low response rates and bias. For cardiac-risk education in hypertension care, sustained changes such as improved diet, exercise, medication adherence, and smoking cessation best demonstrate learning outcomes.

Question 46

A client and her partner ask the nurse for information about permanent contraception. Which of the following statements should the nurse include in the counseling?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Sterilization (tubal ligation or vasectomy) is intended as a permanent form of contraception, so counseling must emphasize that reversal is not guaranteed and success rates vary. After tubal ligation, contraception is not typically needed once the procedure is completed because it works immediately (unlike methods that require time to become effective). After vasectomy, sperm can remain in the vas deferens for weeks; backup contraception is required until post-procedure semen analyses confirm azoospermia. Tubal ligation does not shorten the menstrual cycle; typical cycle patterns generally remain unchanged.

Question 47

What is the most important consideration when teaching parents how to reduce risks in the home?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Home safety risks and preventive teaching must match the child’s developmental abilities (e.g., choking/poisoning for toddlers, falls/burns for preschoolers, firearm/peer-risk issues for adolescents). As children gain mobility and curiosity, the type of hazards and supervision needs change substantially. Teaching that is developmentally tailored is more likely to prevent injury than focusing on fixed factors like distance to emergency services or household size. Parent knowledge matters, but the primary driver of specific home-risk reduction strategies is the child’s age/developmental stage.

Question 48

Which of the following is an example of social mobility?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Social mobility refers to movement of individuals or groups within a society’s stratification system, most commonly upward or downward changes in socioeconomic status. Moving from a lower to a middle class reflects upward mobility because it represents a change in social position and access to resources. The other options describe geographic migration, clinical unit transfer, or social participation without a change in socioeconomic class position.

Question 49

Which of the following best describes the primary goal of community health nursing?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Community health nursing is population-focused and emphasizes primary prevention, health promotion, and reducing disease burden across communities. Its priorities include surveillance, education, immunizations/screenings, and addressing social determinants to prevent illness rather than primarily treating it after onset. The other choices reflect individual acute care, restorative/tertiary care, or end-of-life care, which are not the primary population-level goal.

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