Question 1

The esophageal opening in the diaphragm is at?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Diaphragmatic openings: IVC at T8, esophageal hiatus at T10, and aortic hiatus at T12. Therefore, the esophageal opening is at T10.

Question 2

The esophagus positioned _______ to trachea?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The esophagus lies posterior to the trachea in normal cervical and thoracic anatomy. The trachea is positioned in front, carrying air to the lungs, while the esophagus runs behind it, transporting food to the stomach. Cross-sectional anatomy of the neck and mediastinum consistently shows this posterior alignment.

Question 3

The hilum, where structures?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The hilum (or “root”) of an organ — such as the lung, kidney, or spleen — is the anatomical region where structures enter and exit the organ. These structures typically include blood vessels, nerves, ducts, and lymphatics. Because the hilum functions as both an entry and exit point, “enter & leave” is the accurate description.

Question 4

The apex of lungs projects above?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The apex of each lung rises superiorly into the root of the neck and extends above the level of the 1st rib. In fact, the lung apex projects about 2–3 cm above the clavicle, making it clinically important during procedures like central line insertion. None of the other ribs extend high enough for the lung apex to project above them.

Question 5

The superficial fascia of abdominal cavity is divided into?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The superficial fascia of the abdominal wall is classically divided into two layers:

Camper’s fascia – the superficial, fatty layer

Scarpa’s fascia – the deeper, membranous layer

These two layers are distinct in the lower abdominal region and are important in surgical anatomy, fluid tracking, and trauma assessment.

Question 6

The muscles of the anterior abdominal wall consist of broad thin sheets?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The anterior abdominal wall is composed of four broad, thin, sheet-like muscles:

External oblique

Internal oblique

Transversus abdominis

Rectus abdominis (vertical but still considered part of the anterior abdominal musculature)

These muscles work together to provide abdominal wall support, trunk flexion, and protection of abdominal organs.

Question 7

Shape of obstetrical outlet is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The obstetrical outlet (pelvic outlet) has a characteristic diamond-shaped (rhombus-shaped) appearance when viewed from below. It is bounded by:

Pubic arch anteriorly

Ischial tuberosities laterally

Tip of the coccyx posteriorly

This gives it a distinct diamond configuration, essential for childbirth mechanics.

Question 8

How many quadrants are there of an abdomen?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The abdomen is clinically divided into four quadrants using two intersecting lines:

A vertical line through the midline

A horizontal line through the umbilicus

This creates the classic four quadrants:

Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)

Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)

Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)

Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)

Question 9

The ____________ peritoneum lines the internal surface of the abdominal wall?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The parietal peritoneum is the layer of the peritoneal membrane that lines the internal surface of the abdominal wall.
In contrast, the visceral peritoneum covers the abdominal organs themselves. Mesentery is a double layer of peritoneum, and pleura refers to the thoracic cavity — not the abdomen.

Question 10

Which of the following is not intraperitoneal organs?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The kidneys are retroperitoneal, meaning they lie behind the peritoneum, not within the intraperitoneal cavity.
In contrast:

Liver — intraperitoneal

Spleen — intraperitoneal

Stomach — intraperitoneal

Rectum — partly retroperitoneal but not the best answer here; among the listed choices, kidneys are the classic and clearly non-intraperitoneal organ.

Question 11

Duodenum is divided into the following part(s)?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The duodenum is anatomically divided into four distinct parts:

Superior part (1st)

Descending part (2nd)

Horizontal/transverse part (3rd)

Ascending part (4th)

These four segments form the characteristic “C-shape” that curves around the head of the pancreas.

Question 12

Duodenum is C-shape and is about ________ inches in length?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The duodenum is approximately 10 inches long (about 25 cm).
This length corresponds to its four segments that curve around the head of the pancreas, forming the classic C-shape.
“Ten inches” is the standard anatomical measurement found in textbooks and clinical references.

Question 13

Ilium is an example of?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The ilium, a major component of the pelvic bone, does not fit into the categories of long, short, or flat bones.
Instead, the pelvic bones (ilium, ischium, pubis) have complex shapes, multiple surfaces, and irregular contours — all characteristics of irregular bones.

Question 14

First part of small intestine is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The duodenum is the first part of the small intestine, beginning immediately after the pylorus of the stomach.
It is followed sequentially by the jejunum and then the ileum.
The duodenum plays a key role in the initial phase of digestion, receiving chyme from the stomach along with bile and pancreatic enzymes.

Question 15

The widest part of the uterine tube is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason:The ampulla is the widest and longest part of the uterine (fallopian) tube.
It is also the site where fertilization most commonly occurs, due to its wide lumen and optimal environment for sperm–oocyte interaction.

Other segments:

Infundibulum: funnel-shaped portion with fimbriae

Fimbriae: finger-like projections

Isthmus: narrow, thick-walled portion leading to the uterus.

Question 16

First part of the small intestine is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The duodenum is the first portion of the small intestine, beginning immediately after the pylorus of the stomach.
It receives acidic chyme and mixes it with bile and pancreatic enzymes, initiating the major phase of digestion.

Question 17

A small shallow depression is known as?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: A fovea is defined as a small, shallow depression on a bone.
Examples include the fovea capitis on the head of the femur.

In comparison:

Fossa: a larger, deeper depression

Tubercle: a small rounded projection

Tuberosity: a larger roughened projection

Thus, the term specifically describing a small shallow depression is fovea.

Question 18

A narrow cleft or deep opening called?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: A fissure is defined as a narrow, slit-like opening or deep cleft between bones or within a bone.
Examples include the superior orbital fissure and inferior orbital fissure in the skull.

Other options:

Fossa: broad, shallow depression

Tubercle: small rounded projection

Tuberosity: large roughened projection

Question 19

Kidney are of weight about?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: An adult human kidney typically weighs about 150 grams.
Average ranges:

Male kidney: ~150–170 g

Female kidney: ~130–150 g

Therefore, 150 g is the closest and most accurate single-value answer.

Question 20

Hepaticpancreatic ampulla are open into?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The hepatopancreatic ampulla (also called the ampulla of Vater) is the dilated junction where the common bile duct and main pancreatic duct merge.
This ampulla opens into the descending (2nd) part of the duodenum at the major duodenal papilla.

This is the primary entry point for bile and pancreatic enzymes into the small intestine.

Question 21

Osteoblasts cells secreted?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Osteoblasts are bone-forming cells responsible for secreting the organic component of bone matrix, also called osteoid.
This organic portion is mainly composed of:

Type I collagen (major structural protein)

Proteoglycans

Glycoproteins

Osteoblasts do not secrete the inorganic mineral component (hydroxyapatite crystals); mineralization occurs afterward.

Question 22

Fit of head _________ glenoid cavity?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The head of the humerus fits into the glenoid cavity (glenoid fossa) of the scapula to form the glenohumeral joint, which is the main shoulder joint.
None of the other bones articulate with the glenoid cavity.

Femur → fits in the acetabulum

Tibia → forms knee joint with femur

Radius → articulates with capitulum of humerus and radial notch

Question 23

Heel of foot from by?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The calcaneus is the largest tarsal bone and forms the heel of the foot.
It provides attachment for the Achilles tendon and is essential for weight-bearing and gait mechanics.

Other bones:

Talus: forms ankle joint

Navicular & Cuboid: midfoot bones, not the heel

Question 24

Contractile part of the muscle?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The contractile part of a muscle is its fleshy part, also called the muscle belly.
This portion contains the muscle fibers responsible for contraction.

Other terms:

Origin: the fixed attachment point of the muscle

Insertion: the movable attachment point

Inversion: a foot movement, unrelated to muscle structure

Thus, only the fleshy part represents the contractile portion.

Question 25

Lungs are surrounded by?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The lungs are surrounded by the pleura, a double-layered serous membrane consisting of:

Visceral pleura → directly covers the lung surface

Parietal pleura → lines the thoracic cavity

Other options are incorrect:

Pericardium surrounds the heart

Peritoneum surrounds abdominal organs

Question 26

Superior mediastinum contain all of the following accept?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The superior mediastinum contains:

Thymus

Trachea

Esophagus (upper part)

Great vessels (aortic arch, SVC, brachiocephalic veins)

Vagus and phrenic nerves

Thoracic duct

However, the heart is NOT in the superior mediastinum.
The heart lies in the middle mediastinum within the pericardial sac.

Thus, heart is the structure not found in the superior mediastinum.

Question 27

Bone looks like a honey comb?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Spongy bone (cancellous bone) has a honeycomb-like structure made of a network of trabeculae with marrow-filled spaces.
This porous, lattice-like pattern is characteristic and allows the bone to be lightweight yet strong.

In contrast:

Compact bone → dense, solid, arranged in osteons

Both A and B → incorrect because only spongy bone has the honeycomb appearance.

Question 28

Bladder is roughly ---- shaped?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The urinary bladder in adults is often described as being pear-shaped (pyriform), with a wider upper part (the fundus) and a narrower lower part (the neck).
Its shape changes slightly depending on how full it is, but the classic anatomical description is pear-shaped.

Other shapes:

Apple → not used for bladder anatomy

Oval → more common for ovaries, not bladder

None of these → incorrect

Question 29

Largest gland in the body is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The liver is the largest gland in the human body.
It has both exocrine (bile secretion) and endocrine/metabolic functions, which is why it is classified as a gland in anatomical terms.

Other glands are much smaller:

Pituitary: pea-sized

Thymus: small and shrinks after puberty

Thyroid: ~20–25 grams

Question 30

Largest sesamoid bone of the body is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The patella (kneecap) is the largest sesamoid bone in the human body.
Sesamoid bones develop within tendons, and the patella forms within the quadriceps femoris tendon, improving leverage of the knee joint.

Other listed bones are not sesamoid bones.

Question 31

Deep fascia is well defined in?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Deep fascia is a dense, well-organized connective tissue layer that is most well-defined in the neck and limbs.
In these regions, it forms strong compartments, sheaths, and septa that:

Surround muscles

Provide structural support

Form neurovascular pathways

Deep fascia is poorly developed in areas like the face and eyelids and is less prominent in the trunk.

Question 32

The median portion of thoracic cavity?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: None of these (Correct anatomical term = Mediastinum)



The median (central) portion of the thoracic cavity is the mediastinum.
It contains:

Heart

Great vessels

Trachea

Esophagus

Thymus

Lymph nodes

None of the listed answer choices (parietal cavity, visceral cavity, intrapleural, outer pleural) represent the central or median part of the thorax.

Pleural cavities (parietal, visceral, intrapleural) are lateral, surrounding each lung — not median.

Therefore, the correct anatomical concept is mediastinum, which is not listed, so the true answer is:

None of these

Question 33

The mediastinal surface lies against the mediastinum?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Each lung has a mediastinal surface, which is the surface that faces the mediastinum.
Since the mediastinum is located between the two lungs, the surface that lies against it must be directed medially.

Other directions do not make anatomical sense:

Superiorly → toward the apex

Inferiorly → toward the diaphragm

Posteriorly → toward the vertebrae

Thus, the correct orientation is medially.

Question 34

The first rib articulates with?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The first rib articulates only with the manubrium of the sternum at the 1st sternocostal joint.
This joint is:

Primary cartilaginous (synchondrosis)

Non-movable

Other options:

Sternal angle → between manubrium & sternal body (2nd rib attaches here)

Body of sternum → articulates with ribs 2–7

Histogram → not an anatomical structure

Question 35

The second rib articulates with?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The second rib articulates at the sternal angle (also called the Angle of Louis), which is the junction between the manubrium and the body of the sternum.

This landmark is clinically important because:

It marks the articulation of the 2nd costal cartilage

It is used to count ribs and intercostal spaces

It aligns with the T4–T5 vertebral level

Other options are incorrect:

Sternoclavicular joint → clavicle + manubrium

Body of sternum → ribs 3–7

Histogram → not an anatomical structure

Question 36

Pleura is a membrane which folds back onto itself?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The pleura is a serous membrane that folds back onto itself to form:

Parietal pleura → lines the thoracic cavity

Visceral pleura → covers the lungs

This double-layered arrangement creates the pleural cavity and allows smooth lung movement during respiration.

Other options:

Visceral → one layer of the pleura, not the membrane type

Hard / Soft → not membrane classifications

Question 37

Acetabulum, ischial tuberosity, ischial spine are parts of?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The ischium is the part of the hip bone that includes:

Ischial tuberosity → the “sitting bone”

Ischial spine → a pointed projection between greater & lesser sciatic notches

Part of the acetabulum (the socket for the femoral head)

While the acetabulum is formed by all three hip bones (ilium, ischium, pubis), the ischium contributes significantly, and the other two listed structures (ischial spine, ischial tuberosity) are exclusively from the ischium.

Thus, the answer with all three structures correctly fitting is ischium.

Question 38

Short gastric artery supplies which part of the stomach?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The short gastric arteries arise from the splenic artery and pass through the gastrosplenic ligament to supply the fundus of the stomach.
They specifically supply the superior portion near the left side of the greater curvature.

Other parts are supplied by different arteries:

Antrum & Pylorus → right/left gastric & gastroepiploic arteries

Body → gastric & gastroepiploic arteries

Rugae → mucosal folds, not a region

Question 39

Superior mesenteric plexus provides nerve supply to?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The superior mesenteric plexus is derived from the celiac plexus and mainly innervates organs supplied by the superior mesenteric artery (SMA).
These include:

Duodenum (distal part — 3rd & 4th portions)

Jejunum

Ileum

Ascending colon

Proximal 2/3 of transverse colon

The other options receive innervation from different plexuses:

Stomach & Spleen → Celiac plexus

Kidneys & Ureters → Renal plexus

Thus, duodenum is the correct match.

Question 40

Pancreas are _________ long?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The pancreas in an adult is typically 12–15 cm long, extending from the curve of the duodenum (head) to the spleen (tail).
This measurement is consistent across standard anatomical references.

Other options are less accurate:

10–16 cm → wider and less precise range

8–12 cm → too short for a normal adult pancreas

Thus, 12–15 cm is the most correct answer.

Question 41

Axial skeleton consists?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The axial skeleton is made up of three major components:

Skull and facial bones

Vertebral column

Thoracic cage (ribs + sternum)

These structures form the central axis of the body, protecting vital organs such as the brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs.

Since both option A and option B are correct, the combined answer (both A and B) is the proper choice.

Question 42

The shoulder and hip joints are of this type?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Both the shoulder joint (glenohumeral joint) and the hip joint (acetabulofemoral joint) are classic examples of ball-and-socket synovial joints.
They allow the widest range of motion, including:

Flexion / Extension

Abduction / Adduction

Internal / External rotation

Circumduction

Other joint types do not match:

Pivot → atlas-axis joint

Saddle → thumb carpometacarpal joint

Gliding → intercarpal joints

Question 43

The pelvis occurs frequently in men?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The android pelvis is the type that occurs most frequently in males.
It is characterized by:

A heart-shaped pelvic inlet

Narrow subpubic angle

Prominent ischial spines

A generally tall and funnel-shaped pelvis

In contrast:

Gynecoid → most common in females

Anthropoid → oval, common in some populations

Platypelloid → least common pelvic type

Question 44

Posterior boundary of pelvic inlet?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The pelvic inlet (brim) is the opening that marks the boundary between the false pelvis and true pelvis.
Its posterior boundary is formed by the:

Sacral promontory

Ala (wings) of the sacrum

Other options belong to different boundaries:

Pubic symphysis → anterior boundary

Linea terminalis → lateral boundary (arcuate line + pectineal line)

Ischial tuberosity → part of the pelvic outlet, not inlet

Thus, the correct posterior boundary is the sacrum.

Question 45

Spleen is located __________ to the stomach?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The spleen is located posterior and lateral to the stomach, in the left upper quadrant beneath ribs 9–11.
More precisely:

The stomach lies anterior to the spleen.

The spleen sits posteriorly in the left hypochondrium.

This position is clinically important because splenic injury often occurs with trauma to the lower left ribs.

Question 46

The first cervical vertebra is called?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The first cervical vertebra is called the Atlas. While Atlas is a slightly non-standard phrasing, it is clearly intended to refer to the Atlas and is the correct anatomical answer.

Question 47

Small intestine is ______ long?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: The small intestine is approximately 6 meters long in an adult human, making option 6 meters the correct answer.

Question 48

The human body contains skeletal muscles is?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Standard anatomical reference: humans have approximately 600 skeletal muscles.

Question 49

Which one of the following is an atypical rib?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: Atypical ribs include 1st, 2nd, 10th, 11th, and 12th. Among the given options, the 1st rib is atypical (and is commonly selected when a single answer is requested).

Question 50

Kidney are long?

Accepted Answer

Answer reason: In standard anatomy, an adult kidney typically measures about 11 cm in length (approximately 11 × 6 × 3 cm).

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